基于卡尔曼滤波的移动机器人运动目标跟踪

提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的运动目标快速跟踪算法。针对复杂背景下彩色运动目标跟踪问题,采用基于颜色特征和形状特征相结合的方法进行目标识别。利用卡尔曼滤波器的预测功能,预测运动目标在下一帧中的位置,将图像全局搜索问题转换为局部搜索,提高了系统的实时性。实验结果表明:该算法满足移动机器人运动控制的实时性要求,实现了对运动目标的快速跟踪。     

自主移动机器人定位系统中Kalman滤波算法改进*

为了解决常规Kalman滤波算法在移动机器人定位过程中运算量大、精度不高的问题,在分析传统Kalman滤波器缺点的基础上,提出了一种基于UT参数变换的方法对常规Kalman滤波算法进行了改进。改进后的Kalman滤波算法消减了传统Kalman滤波器高阶项无法忽略而带来的误差。实验结果表明,改进型的Kalman滤波算法使机器人的最大位置偏差得到减小,对移动机器人的定位精度有明显改善,误差仿真曲线表明,改进后的定位结果误差波动不明显,使定位系统的稳定性得到了较大提高。     

IEKF滤波在移动机器人定位中的应用

针对EKF中观测噪声方差估计不准确导致滤波器性能下降甚至发散的问题,提出了基于环境特征的迭代扩展卡尔曼滤波(IEKF)融合算法。该算法融合了里程计采集的机器人内部数据和激光雷达传感器采集的外部环境特征,在测量更新阶段多次迭代状态估计值并对机器人的位姿进行修正,减少了非线性误差,提高了定位精度。     

基于模糊自适应卡尔曼滤波的移动机器人定位方法*

针对移动机器人定位过程中噪声统计特性不确定的问题,提出一种模糊自适应扩展卡尔曼滤波定位方法。利用模糊理论和协方差匹配技术对扩展卡尔曼滤波算法中的观测噪声协方差R进行自适应调整,实现定位算法性能的在线改进;同时采用传感器故障诊断与修复算法来监测传感器的工作状态,提高定位算法的鲁棒性。将该方法用于观测噪声统计特性未知情况下的移动机器人定位。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地降低观测噪声先验信息不确定的影响,提高机器人定位的精度。     

基于卡尔曼与改进SVM移动机器人定位研究

用四轮差动驱动轮式机器人作为试验平台,以编码器和陀螺仪作为机器人的定位系统,建立了机器人的运动学方程。采用卡尔曼滤波器对两种传感器的数据进行融合,以减小编码器和陀螺仪的误差,再通过最小二乘支持向量机建立回归曲线模型,获得机器人的位姿信息。     

Improved Rao-Blackwellized particle filter for simultaneous robot localization and person-tracking with single mobile sensor

A probabilistic algorithm is proposed for the problem of simultaneous robot localization and people-tracking (SLAP) using single onboard sensor in situations with sensor noise and global uncertainties over the observer’s pose. By the decomposition of the joint distribution according to the Rao-Blackwell theorem, posteriors of the robot pose are sequentially estimated over time by a smoothed laser perception model and an improved resampling scheme with evolution strategies; the conditional distribution of the person’s position is estimated using unscented Kalman filter (UKF) to deal with the nonlinear dynamic of human motion. Experiments conducted in a real indoor service robot scenario validate the favorable performance of the positional accuracy as well as the improved computational efficiency.     

Intelligent control for the vision-based indoor navigation of an A-life mobile robot

Realizing steady and reliable navigation is a prerequisite for a mobile robot, but this facility is often weakened by an unavoidable slip or some irreparable drift errors of sensors in long-distance navigation. Although perceptual landmarks were solutions to such problems, it is impossible not to miss landmarks occasionally at some specific spots when the robot moves at different speeds, especially at higher speeds. If the landmarks are put at random intervals, or if the illumination conditions are not good, the landmarks will be easier to miss. In order to detect and extract artificial landmarks robustly under multiple illumination conditions, some low-level but robust image processing techniques were implemented. The moving speed and self-location were controlled by the visual servo control method. In cases where a robot suddenly misses some specific landmarks when it is moving, it will find them again in a short time based on its intelligence and the inertia of the previous search motion. These methods were verified by the reliable vision-based indoor navigation of an A-life mobile robot.This work was presented in part at the 8th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 24–26, 2003     

Indoor navigation of a non-holonomic mobile robot using a visual memory

When navigating in an unknown environment for the first time, a natural behavior consists on memorizing some key views along the performed path, in order to use these references as checkpoints for a future navigation mission. The navigation framework for wheeled mobile robots presented in this paper is based on this assumption. During a human-guided learning step, the robot performs paths which are sampled and stored as a set of ordered key images, acquired by an embedded camera. The set of these obtained visual paths is topologically organized and provides a visual memory of the environment. Given an image of one of the visual paths as a target, the robot navigation mission is defined as a concatenation of visual path subsets, called visual route. When running autonomously, the robot is controlled by a visual servoing law adapted to its nonholonomic constraint. Based on the regulation of successive homographies, this control guides the robot along the reference visual route without explicitly planning any trajectory. The proposed framework has been designed for the entire class of central catadioptric cameras (including conventional cameras). It has been validated onto two architectures. In the first one, algorithms have been implemented onto a dedicated hardware and the robot is equipped with a standard perspective camera. In the second one, they have been implemented on a standard PC and an omnidirectional camera is considered.

提高轮式移动机器人性能的AKF 和滑模相结合控制方法

针对轮式移动机器人在实际工作中不可避免地受到环境因素影响的问题,采用Sage-Husa自适应卡尔曼滤波对带有白噪声的参考轨迹进行估计,以提高测量信息的真实性;同时在速度控制的基础上,考虑机器人动力学模型及其外界干扰,利用滑模控制思想设计出具有渐近收敛性的力矩反馈控制规律来跟踪滤波后的估计值.仿真结果表明,该控制方法能有效抑制测量噪声和外界干扰的影响,快速跟踪任意参考轨迹.     

基于ARM的移动机器人组合导航系统设计与实现

为了实现室外自主移动机器人的导航定位需求,利用微惯性测量单元(MIMU)和全球卫星定位系统(GPS)接收机,设计并实现了一种基于ARM Cortex M4内核的SINS/GPS组合导航系统。详细介绍了系统硬件组成、软件结构,并在此基础上实现了Kalman滤波的SINS/GPS组合导航算法。将该组合导航系统安装于旅行者II移动机器人,采用差分GPS对组合导航系统性能进行评估。实验结果表明:该系统具有较高的精度,达到了设计要求,具有良好的实用性。     

基于模糊卡尔曼滤波的移动机器人定位研究

为了满足移动机器人准确定位的要求,提出了一种基于模糊卡尔曼滤波（FKF）的自定位算法。利用扩展卡尔曼滤波（EKF）算法融合里程计和声纳的观测数据,并针对EKF中观测噪声方差估计不准确导致滤波器性能下降甚至发散的问题,提出了基于模糊逻辑的自适应调节算法。该算法通过监测新息实际方差和理论方差的一致程度,在线调整观测噪声的方差值。仿真结果表明,此方法较EKF提高了系统的定位精度和鲁棒性。     

基于RSSI的机器人室内卡尔曼滤波定位算法研究

针对移动机器人在室内环境中定位难的问题,提出了一种基于RSSI（Receive Signal Strength Indicator）的卡尔曼滤波定位算法。利用基于RSSI的定位方法估算用户的位置坐标,利用卡尔曼滤波算法对用户的估算位置坐标进行优化处理,以提高室内定位系统的性能和稳定性。实验结果表明,卡尔曼滤波算法是鲁棒的,可以有效改善系统的定位精度,达到了预期的目的。     

Control of a nonholonomic mobile robot using an RBF network

This article deals with handling unknown factors, such as external disturbance and unknown dynamics, for mobile robot control. We propose a radial-basis function (RBF) network-based controller to compensate for these. The stability of the proposed controller is proven using the Lyapunov function. To show the effectiveness of the proposed controller, several simulation results are presented. Through the simulations, we show that the proposed controller can overcome the modelling uncertainty and the disturbances. The proposed RBF controller also outperforms previous work from the viewpoint of computation time, which is a crucial fact for real-time applications.This work was presented in part at the 8th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 24–26, 2003     

Extended complex Kalman filter for sensorless control of an induction motor

This paper deals with the design of an extended complex Kalman filter (ECKF) for estimating the state of an induction motor (IM) model, and for sensorless control of systems employing this type of motor as an actuator. A complex-valued model is adopted that simultaneously allows a simpler observability analysis of the system and a more effective state estimation. The observability analysis of this model is first performed by assuming that a third order ECKF has to be designed, by neglecting the mechanical equation of the IM model, which is a valid hypothesis when the motor is operated at constant rotor speed. It is shown that this analysis is more effective and easier than the one performed on the corresponding real-valued model, as it allows the observability conditions to be directly obtained in terms of stator current and rotor flux complex-valued vectors. Necessary observability conditions are also obtained along with the well-known sufficient ones. It is also shown that the complex-valued implementation allows a reduction of 35% in the computation time w.r.t. the standard real-valued one, which is obtained thanks to the lower dimensions of the matrices of the ECKF w.r.t. the ones of the real-valued implementation and the fact that no matrix inversion is required. The effectiveness of the proposed ECKF is shown by means of simulation in Matlab/Simulink environment and through experiments on a real low-power drive.     

Kalman滤波在无人直升机辅助实验中的设计与实现

介绍Kalman滤波在无人直升机辅助实验中的设计与实现。重点是状态方程和观测方程的确定,以及Kalman滤波方程的推导和飞行模拟器。该系统基于Linux上以C++为开发平台,通过硬回路连接从IMU读取原始数据,引进守护进程确保信息完整性,滤波结果经实验验证,符合设计要求。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的室内定位可信指纹库研究与实现

在基于iBeacon技术的指纹库室内定位算法中,由于室内环境中人员走动、多径效应等因素所带来的噪声影响,需要加以抑制。卡尔曼滤波算法可以用来抑制这些噪声,进而建立可信（即更接近真实值）的指纹库。重点研究在使用卡尔曼滤波算法时,根据具体的室内环境进行测量,估算出不同iBeacon节点的观测噪声以及卡尔曼滤波算法的迭代初值,使卡尔曼滤波算法更快收敛。实验结果表明,通过卡尔曼滤波算法建立的指纹库比通过平均值建立的指纹库,定位精确度和稳定度均有明显的提升。     

Development of a stair-climbing mobile robot with legs and wheels

This paper deals with the development of a stair-climbing mobile robot with legs and wheels. The main technical issues in developing this type of robot are the stability and speed of the robot while climbing stairs. The robot has two wheels in the front of the body to support its weight when it moves on flat terrain, and it also has arms between the wheels to hook onto the tread of stairs. There are two pairs of legs in the rear of the body. Using not only the rorational torque of the arms and the wheels, but also the force of the legs, the robot goes up and down stairs. It measures the size of stairs when going up and down the first step, and therefore the measurement process does not cause this robot to lose any time. The computer which controls the motion of the robot needs no complicated calculations as other legged robots do. The mechanism of this robot and the control algorithm are described in this paper. This robot will be developed as a wheelchair with a stair climbing mechanism for disabled and elderly people in the near future. This work was presented, in part, at the International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, February 18–20, 1996     

Fuzzy extended Kalman filter for dynamic mobile localization in urban area using wireless network

The problem of accurate mobile positioning in cellular network is very challenging and still subject to intensive research, especially given the uncertainty pervading the signal strength measurements. This paper advocates the use of fuzzy based reasoning in conjunction with Kalman filtering like approach in order to enhance the localization accuracy. The methodology uses TEMS Investigation software to retrieve network information including signal strength and cell-identities of various base transmitter stations (BTS). The distances from the mobile station (MS) to each BTS are therefore generated using Walfish-Ikigami radio propagation model. The performances of the established hybrid estimator −fuzzy extended Kalman filter (FEKF)- are compared with extended Kalman filter approach and fuzzy-control based approach. Both simulation and real-time testing results demonstrate the feasibility and superiority of the FEKF localization based approach.     

无模型容积卡尔曼滤波及其应用

提出一种融合高斯过程回归(GPR)的无模型容积卡尔曼滤波(MF-CKF)方法.容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)是一种新的非线性高斯滤波方法,比无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)更具优势.为了克服建模不准确时容积卡尔曼滤波精度下降问题,通过将高斯过程回归引入到容积卡尔曼滤波之中,对训练数据学习建立系统非线性模型,从而有效地避免模型不准确造成的滤波性能下降.仿真结果验证了无模型容积卡尔曼滤波在系统模型不准确情况下的优越性.     

Real-time panospheric image dewarping and presentation for remote mobile robot control

The panospheric camera used by novice drivers in the United States to navigate the Nomad robot across a desert in Chile provides an omnidirectional, ground-to-sky view of the remote robot's environment. This paper describes the texture mapping techniques used to continuously dewarp and display the image for tele-explorers in Pittsburgh, PA and Mountain View, CA.