堆载预压过程中的地基稳定性计算方法

在分期堆载预压过程中,需要对每一级堆载以及对下一级堆载高度下进行地基稳定性计算,并根据计算结果确定加堆高度和时间。计算时,根据不同堆载高度下的比奥固结理论有限单元法计算结果,用考虑地基强度增长总应力法和考虑超孔隙水压力的有效应力法分别进行地基稳定性计算,以保证地基在每一次加载时的稳定性。结合具体的工程实例,得到了一个很有用的结论：考虑地基土强度增长的总应力法和考虑超孔隙水压力的有效应力法进行地基稳定性计算所得的安全系数趋于相等。     

舟山国家石油储备基地堆载预压加固效果分析

介绍了舟山国家石油储备基地试验区软基堆载预压大型现场试验结果,根据现场试验测得的数据,分析了软土地基堆载预压下沉降变化规律、分层沉降变化规律、深层土体位移变化规律、超静孔隙水压力变化规律,进一步探讨了根据应力和应变分析得到的地基固结性状,其中通过应变分析得到适用于储备基地的沉降经验系数m。结果表明,打设塑料排水板结合堆载预压处理软弱地基具有良好的效果。     

漳州后石电厂软土地基加固稳定性分析

根据漳州后石电厂B区地基堆载预压法处理后的软土地基监测数据,包括孔隙水压力,侧向位移和沉降速率,利用孔隙水压力观测结果计算固结度,根据沉降速率观测计算固结沉降量,根据空隙水压力,分层沉降量,侧向位移观测和沉降速率进行稳定性分析。     

沉桩引起的三维超静孔隙水压力计算及其应用

引入时间、深度参数分析在饱和软粘土中沉桩时引起的超静孔隙水压力,给出了考虑固结效应的超静孔隙水压力的三维解析解;分析了超静孔隙水压力的消散过程中桩周土发生曼德尔效应的时间和区域,提出了在群桩施工过程中土体中的超静孔隙水压力是消散与累加的综合过程,施工完毕后则变为单一的消散的计算模型,并给出计算公式。通过算例,分析了桩群不同桩距、不同入桩顺序对超静孔隙水压力的影响。     

连续排水边界下考虑变荷载的软土一维非线性固结分析

土体往往具有非线性压缩特性,不同压缩特性下土体的固结规律存在差异。综合考虑土体非线性特性、变荷载作用以及连续排水边界条件建立了一维固结方程。采用无条件稳定的有限差分法和半解析法对固结方程进行了求解,两种解答方法的可靠性通过连续排水边界条件退化以及两种解答结果对比得到验证。在有限差分法解答的基础上,详细分析了界面参数、荷载参数以及非线性参数对土体固结的影响。结果表明：连续排水边界的界面参数取值越大,则超静孔隙水消散速率及土体沉降速率越大,但界面参数取值对最终沉降量没有影响;超静孔隙水压力在加载阶段逐渐增大,在恒载阶段逐渐消散;加载速率越大,则超静孔隙水压力峰值越大,并且土体固结速率越快,说明延长施工周期有利于降低超静孔隙水压力的影响;工程中要准确预测土体固结速率绝非易事,采用固结理论预测时需保证土体模型、边界条件以及土体计算参数等因素的准确性。     

深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析

由于可液化砂质土应力-应变特性模拟的复杂性及数值计算的不稳定性,深厚砂质覆盖层土坝的弹塑性地震反应分析是土坝抗震研究中的一个尚未完全解决的课题。采用u-p完全耦合的饱和多孔介质有限元分析方法和砂土多重机构弹塑性模型,对遭受M6.7级地震的国外某深厚砂质覆盖层土坝进行弹塑性地震反应分析,研究了坝体和地基的动力反应特性及其超静孔隙水压力产生、扩散和消散的变化规律。结果表明：计算得到的坝体加速度和永久变形与实测值存在一定的差异,但基本上反映了坝体加速度与永久变形的实际分布情况,从而说明采用的本构模型和计算方法具有一定的精度;由于坝体和坝基的超静孔隙水压力较小,且坝体永久变形不大,可以不对坝体和坝基进行加固处理;坝趾附近浅层地基的超静孔隙水压力较大,有可能发生液化,因此,须采取相应的抗液化加固措施。     

排水板和砂井联合堆载预压加固海相软土地基的工作性状的现场试验

针对场地内夹杂岸堤、塘埂和人行道路网的深厚海相软土地基处理,提出塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压加固方法,并通过现场试验研究该类地基在路堤填筑及堆载预压过程中的地表及深层沉降特性、超孔隙水压力消散机制和地基水平位移规律等工作性状。结果表明,采用该方法处理深厚海相软土地基具有良好的加固效果,地基沉降大部分在填筑期和预压期间发生,有效降低了场地的工后沉降和施工工期,可为沿海深厚复杂海相软土地基加固处理提供参考;塑料排水板和袋装砂井联合堆载预压处理地基的沉降-时间曲线呈多级式发展,袋装砂井处理部位的沉降量小于塑料排水板处;软基上部土体的排水效果明显优于中、下部土体,排水板处理区域的超孔隙水压力大于砂井处理区域;软基顶部土体向堆载区域移动,地表3 m以下的软土层被挤向堆载处理区域外。     

软黏土层一维有限应变固结的超静孔压消散研究

根据土力学固结理论计算分析软黏土层固结过程的超静孔隙水压力值,确定软黏土体固结过程的强度增长,对排水固结法处理软土地基至关重要。软黏土层固结过程中土体变形较大时,有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土固结所得结果差异较大。利用非线性有限元法及程序,通过对软黏土层固结工程算例的计算结果分析,研究了有限应变固结理论和小应变固结理论计算分析软黏土层一维固结超静孔压值消散的差异;探讨了软黏土体一维固结过程中,几何非线性、土体渗透性变化和压缩性变化对超静孔隙水压力消散的影响。研究结果表明,当土体的变形较大时,有限应变固结理论计算出的超静孔压要比小应变固结理论得到的值消散的更快。考虑土体固结过程中渗透性的变化时,超静孔压消散变慢;可用软黏土渗透性变化指数ck 反映渗透性变化对超静孔压消散的影响,渗透性变化指数ck值越小、超静孔压消散越慢。固结过程中软黏土压缩性的大小及变化也影响超静孔压的消散,可用软黏土的压缩指数cc反映固结过程中压缩性的大小及变化对超静孔压消散的影响,软黏土的压缩指数cc越小,固结过程软黏土层中的超静孔压消散越快。     

真空预压加固软土地基作用机理分析

真空预压技术已在港口、道路工程领域得到应用,但长期以来在作用机理的认识上还存在争论或不明确。结合工程试验资料,对真空预压加固区应力场、孔隙水压力变化以及有效加固范围进行了分析,结果表明,真空预压使加固区土体与膜上及周围土体间产生一个大气压差?P,在?P作用下地基土产生正的超静孔隙水压力?u,随着?u的逐渐消散而转化为有效应力,力学关系符合有效应力原理;真空预压作用下孔隙水压力测试应考虑?P的影响;真空预压与堆载预压在应力特点、附加应力传递、有效加固深度等方面有明显区别,工程应用中应充分考虑。     

有明黏土中搅拌桩施工时的孔隙水压力

深层搅拌桩施工时,固化剂的注入与叶片的搅拌作用不可避免地会扰动周围土体,改变桩周土体中的应力状态,产生超静孔隙水压力。在高灵敏性的日本有明黏土中搅拌桩施工时对周围土体中的孔隙水压力进行了现场监测。监测结果表明周围土体中产生了很高的超静孔隙水压力,其量值较土体的初始上覆压力还要大,使土体中的有效应力为零,处于张拉状态,但是该超静孔隙水压力在初始阶段消散得非常快。为分析施工引起的超静孔隙水压力,将搅拌桩施工时和周围土体的相互作用采用受剪的孔穴扩张过程来模拟,提出一种简单的方法来计算搅拌桩施工时周围土体中的超静孔隙水压力,同时考虑了固化剂注入时的膨胀压力与旋转叶片在搅拌时所产生的剪切力的作用。超静孔隙水压力由土的不排水抗剪强度、剪切力、注浆压力和孔隙压力系数所确定。所提出的计算方法得到实测数据的验证。     

考虑加载过程的真空预压轴对称解析解

本文在砂井地基轴对称等应变方程的基础上,推导了真空预压荷载下的轴对称孔压、固结度解析解,该解析解利用函数模拟孔压在地表的初始条件,以考虑真空荷载的施加过程,解决了以往真空预压解孔压边界条件和初始条件在地表处的矛盾。同时也可考虑涂抹和井阻等因素,更加接近实际工程情况。通过例题与其他解答及数值解进行了验证、比较,证明了该解答的适用性,可进一步用于实际工程的设计计算。     

夯扩挤密碎石桩加固液化砂土地基的动力数值分析

砂土液化问题一直是土动力学与岩土地震工程研究领域的重要课题之一。基于南水北调中线某工程,通过现场和室内试验获取土体的物理力学参数,利用岩土数值分析软件FLAC3D对夯扩挤密碎石桩加固干渠液化砂土地基进行了动力数值分析。结果表明,由于夯扩挤密碎石桩的排水作用,干渠底部饱和砂土地基中的超静孔隙水压力和孔压比与加固前相比明显减小;干渠渠道底部饱和砂土中的监测曲线表明,随着地震荷载持续时间的增加,饱和砂土地基中超静孔隙水压力和孔压比峰值较加固前大幅值降低,且时程曲线达到峰值之后也由加固前的基本保持不变改为迅速消减降低;由于夯扩挤密碎石桩的排水和挤密作用,有效消除了干渠渠道底部以及渠堤坡面外侧平台至坡脚底部砂土层的液化现象,加固后干渠底部饱和砂土地基中没有液化现象产生。     

冲击作用下饱和土性状的试验研究

在三轴条件下,对饱和土（砂土和黏土）进行排水与不排水条件下的冲击试验及冲击后再固结试验,对比研究了不同渗透性土在不同排水条件下的冲击动力响应和冲击后再固结性状。结果表明：饱和黏土不排水冲击时的孔隙水压力随冲击击数增加而升高并逐渐稳定,排水冲击时的孔隙水压力则是先达到峰值然后有所下降;砂土不排水冲击时的冲击能量对孔隙水压力影响最明显;饱和砂土不排水冲击时的轴向应变与冲击击数呈近似线性关系,饱和黏土冲击及饱和砂土排水冲击则呈近二次曲线关系;饱和砂土不排水冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力立即消散为0,同时体变迅速增大到一定值;饱和黏土在冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力在一定时间内逐渐消散完毕,同时体变逐渐增大;饱和黏土排水冲击时,冲击阶段产生的体变占冲击引起总体变的39%～49%,冲击后再固结阶段产生的体变占51%～61%;砂土和黏土的总体变均表现为排水冲击明显大于不排水冲击,改善冲击时的排水条件有利于提高加固效果。     

底部抽真空预压法砂井地基固结解析解

基于谢康和等应变条件砂井地基固结理论和Hansbo砂井固结理论,考虑底部抽真空预压法加固方法中真空作用面位于固结土层底部的实际边界条件,推导出忽略竖向渗流情况下的底部真空预压加固地基固结方程解析解答。根据超孔压固结方程形成过程以及其解析解表达式,分析其与一般负压径向固结解答的区别。通过室内模型试验实测数据与解析模型计算结果的对比表明,不同位置处孔压和固结度计算值与实测结果吻合较好,从而验证了该模型的合理性,同时运用该模型也可有效验证已有关于底部抽真空室内模拟及现场原位试验结果。底部抽真空轴对称固结解析解可为底部抽真空技术的实际工程应用提供基础性的理论支持,推动底部抽真空技术的大规模推广应用。     

An experimental database for the development,calibration and verification of constitutive models for sand with focus to cyclic loading: part I—tests with monotonic loading and stress cycles

For numerical studies of geotechnical structures under earthquake loading, aiming to examine a possible failure due to liquefaction, using a sophisticated constitutive model for the soil is indispensable. Such a model must adequately describe the material response to a cyclic loading under constant volume (undrained) conditions, amongst others the relaxation of effective stress (pore pressure accumulation) or the effective stress loops repeatedly passed through after a sufficiently large number of cycles (cyclic mobility, stress attractors). The soil behaviour under undrained cyclic loading is manifold, depending on the initial conditions (e.g. density, fabric, effective mean pressure, stress ratio) and the load characteristics (e.g. amplitude of the cycles, application of stress or strain cycles). In order to develop, calibrate and verify a constitutive model with focus to undrained cyclic loading, the data from high-quality laboratory tests comprising a variety of initial conditions and load characteristics are necessary. The purpose of these two companion papers was to provide such database collected for a fine sand. The database consists of numerous undrained cyclic triaxial tests with stress or strain cycles applied to samples consolidated isotropically or anisotropically. Monotonic triaxial tests with drained or undrained conditions have also been performed. Furthermore, drained triaxial, oedometric or isotropic compression tests with several un- and reloading cycles are presented. Part I concentrates on the triaxial tests with monotonic loading or stress cycles. All test data presented herein will be available from the homepage of the first author. As an example of the examination of an existing constitutive model, the experimental data are compared to element test simulations using hypoplasticity with intergranular strain.     

Two-phase Material Point Method applied to the study of cone penetration

This paper presents numerical simulations of Cone Penetration Test (CPT) in water-saturated soft soils taking into account pore pressure dissipation during installation. Besides modelling interaction between soil skeleton and pore fluid, the problem involves large soil deformations in the vicinity of the penetrometer, soil–structure interaction, and complex non-linear response of soil. This makes such simulations challenging. Depending on the soil’s permeability and compressibility, undrained, partially drained or drained conditions might occur. Partially drained conditions are commonly encountered in soils such as silts and sand–clay mixtures. However, this is often neglected in CPT interpretation, which may lead to inaccurate estimates of soil properties. This paper aims at improving the understanding of the penetration process in different drainage conditions through advanced numerical analyses. A two-phase Material Point Method is applied to simulate large soil deformations and generation and dissipation of excess pore pressures during penetration. The constitutive behaviour of soil is modelled with the Modified Cam Clay model. Numerical results are compared with experimental data showing good agreement.     

竖向荷载下加筋碎石桩复合地基数值分析

采用三维有限元程序建立了一长为6 m、直径为0.8 m的加筋碎石桩复合地基流固耦合数值模型,分析了其在堆载和孔压消散过程中的荷载传递和变形特性。较传统碎石桩,加筋碎石桩复合地基桩土应力比显著增大,超孔压、沉降和桩身侧向变形显著减小,且随筋材刚度的增大,其性能进一步改善。加筋碎石桩复合地基在桩间土固结过程中产生明显的桩土差异沉降,形成土拱效应,使得堆载结束后桩土应力比变化很小。筋材长度对加筋碎石桩复合地基桩土应力比和沉降影响显著,应对其全长加筋才能保证桩体刚度和有效减少沉降。     

Evaluation of shear strength of cohesionless soil due to excess pore water pressure

The shear strength of cohesionless soil is reduced as the water pressure inside the pores of the soil mass increases. The mathematical relationship between the shear strength and the pore water pressure was derived using Mohr–Coulomb failure criteria as a function of the confining pressure and the effective angle of friction. Experimentally, a series of consolidated drained triaxial tests with back pore water pressure was run on samples of saturated uniform dense sand. The tests were conducted at different confining pressures in the range of 100–400 kPa with an increment of 100 kPa. At each level of confining pressure, the tests were repeated at different values of back pore water pressure in the range of 0–100 kPa with an increment of 25 kPa. For each test, the initial applied back pore water pressure was kept constant during the test for comparing the results at the same effective confining pressure. This study concludes that the mathematical relationship gives accurate results at any level of confining pressure and/or pore water pressure as a function of the effective angle of friction that can be evaluated using single consolidated drained triaxial test at zero back pore water pressure.     

Comparative study of the compression and uplift of shallow foundations

This paper compares the compression and uplift capacity of a strip foundation from numerical coupled analyses using the Modified Cam Clay (MCC) soil model. The focus is on the failure mechanism and pore pressure development in the soil. Triaxial compression and tension tests were first modelled to develop a rigorous understanding of the pore pressure responses; then, the compression and uplift of a strip foundation were modelled. The results show that the balance of excess pore pressures due to the changes in mean total stress and deviatoric stress during the compression and uplift of a strip foundation are different, although the ultimate undrained capacities are identical. Furthermore, the resistance and excess pore pressure responses during uplift differ from those in compression under the K₀-consolidated condition because of the elastic unloading. Although the failure mechanisms have identical shape and size between undrained compression and uplift, the pore pressure distribution in the soil is different and affects the load–displacement behaviours under partially drained compression and uplift.