循环流化床二次风射流及床料粒径对流化特性的影响

NOx的生成控制与流化床流化特性及气固流动有关,而冷态试验能更直观地反映气固流动状态和流化效果,因此冷态试验的研究结果可为流化床脱硝反应热态试验的参数选取提供参考。前人研究大多使用窄筛分床料颗粒,且较多针对传统的墙式布置二次风,鲜有学者综合研究中心布置二次风的穿透性能及其对炉膛流化特性的影响。因此,在循环流化床冷态试验台上,研究了中心布置二次风和宽、窄筛分的床料对流化特性的影响,采用无量纲剩余温度、物料循环流率和表观颗粒体积分数来定量描述二次风穿透性能、物料循环效率和颗粒浓度的分布。结果表明:喷射高度附近的颗粒浓度会随二次风射流增大而增大。二次风喷射高度为15 cm时,在35 cm以下的密相区,二次风占比越大,颗粒浓度的增长越明显。增大二次风占比、提高二次风射流的速度、提高二次风射流的喷射位置等可以有效提高二次风射流的穿透性能。其中,当二次风喷射高度距炉膛底部5 cm处,射流穿透率为0.4;喷射高度为15 cm时,射流穿透率为0.84;当喷射高度继续上升10 cm后,射流穿透率达到1.0。造成这个现象的原因是越靠近炉膛底部,床料颗粒的浓度越大,二次风所受的阻力急剧增加。随着窄筛分床料的平均粒径减小,炉膛整体的压降上升,且压降会在炉膛更高位置趋于平稳,物料循环流率也随之提高。这说明更多的颗粒能够随流化风的扬析被带到炉膛外,进入分离器参与炉外循环。与窄筛分床料不同的是,床料组分中,细颗粒占比也决定了宽筛分床料的炉膛压降、颗粒浓度分布和物料循环流率等参数。细颗粒占比越高,炉膛压降和物料的循环流率越大。宽筛分中,平均粒径大的床料颗粒浓度分布和物料循环流率不一定小,这是由于试验风速下,300μm颗粒更易随流化风的扬折作用,被携带至炉膛出口。这部分细颗粒占比越高,造成颗粒浓度分布和物料循环流率越大,而粗颗粒更倾向于聚集在炉膛底部。     

60米高矩形截面循环流化床内物料分布冷态试验

为研究超高提升管内的气固流动特性,依托四川白马电厂600MW超临界循环流化床锅炉现有钢架,将原有60m高的提升管冷模试验台的上部20m改为矩形截面的循环流化床提升管试验台。本文重点研究了提升管流化风速对上部颗粒浓度的轴向/截面分布特性及其影响因素。试验结果表明：颗粒浓度和颗粒粒径的分布特性与流化风速和几何结构密切相关,在一定初始床料高度下,随着风速的增加,提升管上部的空隙率沿轴向先不变然后减少,并最终呈现倒C形分布;截面浓度从均匀分布逐渐变为近短边壁处的颗粒浓度要明显大于近长边壁处的不均匀分布;平均颗粒粒径则随风速的增加而增大,沿截面分布均匀,但是沿提升管高度方向平均颗粒粒径沿轴向会略微减小,且提升管上部近短边壁的颗粒粒径要稍小于近长边壁的。     

循环床锅炉炉膛压降及轴向固体浓度的计算

本文提出了循环流化床锅炉炉膛的轴向压力及固体浓度分布的计算式。当给出表观气、循环固体流率以及颗粒性质时，可准确地预测炉膛压降与轴向固体浓度分布，为炉膛设计提供了计算依据。     

循环流化床锅炉循环流率在线测量方法研究

高温床料的循环流率是循环流化床锅炉的重要参数,但目前鲜有能应用于实际锅炉中的测量技术。为此,笔者提出了一种新型冲击式循环流率的在线测量方法,并研制了原理样机;建立了测量过程的理论模型并进行了实验室冷态试验,将新型循环流率测量方法应用于某116 MWth循环流化床锅炉中进行热态试验。测量装置具有悬臂梁式几何结构,其整体布置于循环流化床锅炉立管底部。悬臂梁型装置的一端固定于锅炉外壁面,另一端固定有靶片并伸入至立管密相区中。装置通过测量立管物料下落时冲击靶片而造成的形变来计算颗粒冲击力并反推颗粒冲击速度,进而获得循环流率。同时,通过仪表风吹扫冷却装置并防止堵塞。该方法具有耐受高温、可在线测量和不影响锅炉正常运行等优点。冷态试验测量得到不同冲击速度下的气固两相流绕流阻力和阻力系数,随着冲击速度增大,气固绕流阻力随之增大而阻力系数减小,且存在"剪切变稀"现象。在实际锅炉的热态测试中,该测量装置能较好地捕捉到锅炉起停炉、变负荷时循环流率变化趋势。通过量级分析并利用炉膛稀相区压差与炉膛截面风速之积校核测量结果,验证了该方法在实际循环流化床锅炉中在线应用的可行性。     

循环流化床U型回料阀的特性

实验对循环流化床物料回送系统的关键部件——U型回料阀的工作特性进行了研究,具体研究了系统中循环流率与主床流化风速和松动风量的关系,以及通过改变U型阀横段开口尺寸,研究横段结构特征对U型阀返料特性的影响。当主床流化风速不变时,随着松动风量的增加,循环流率先线性增大,然后基本保持恒定;当松动风量一定时,系统的最大循环流率与主床流化风速基本为线性关系;实验中得出最佳孔口面积约为料腿截面面积的25%。     

循环流化床U型回料阀的特性

实验对循环流化床物料回送系统的关键部件——U型回料阀的工作特性进行了研究，具体研究了系统中循环流率与主床流化风速和松动风量的关系，以及通过改变U型阀横段开口尺寸，研究横段结构特征对U型阀返料特性的影响。当主床流化风速不变时，随着松动风量的增加，循环流率先线性增大，然后基本保持恒定；当松动风量一定时，系统的最大循环流率与主床流化风速基本为线性关系；实验中得出最佳孔口面积约为料腿截面面积的25%。     

在具有锥形料腿的循环流化床中流化CaCO3超细颗粒

根据粘附性颗粒在流化过程中形成的聚团具有较宽粒径分布并因此导致大聚团在流化床中沉积和死床的问题,提出了循环流化床的锥形回料系统设计. 该回料系统包括两部分：锥形料腿和带辅助进气的V型阀. 实验证明,锥形料腿通过提供变化的表观流化气速,克服了流化聚团沉积死床等现象;而V型阀的辅助进气,对于保证V型阀顺利输送粘附性颗粒具有关键性作用. 借助这种回料系统,实现了高粘附性超细CaCO3颗粒在循环流化床的稳定快速流化. 从提升管内部拍摄的照片显示,尽管提升管采用较高的流化气体速度,但超细CaCO3颗粒仍然是以聚团的形式被流化. 对在提升管不同高度采集的聚团分析表明,处于快速流化状态的CaCO3聚团的直径远小于传统流化床中聚团的直径,并且在提升管高度方向聚团直径没有较大的变化. 同时实验还显示,提升管轴向空隙率呈S型分布,而径向则体现环-核结构,具有典型的快速床特征.     

60米高循环流化床内物料浓度分布的冷态试验

利用电厂循环流化床锅炉现有的结构和设备, 搭建提升管高度60m、内径400mm的超高循环流化床冷态实验台, 重点研究了流化风速和颗粒密度对提升管内轴向和径向空隙率分布的影响。实验结果表明:空隙率分布形式与流化风速和物料密度密切相关, 对于一定的床料高度, 在底部密相区一直有床料堆积的情况下, 随着流化风速的增加, 提升管底部密相区空隙率增大, 上部稀相区的空隙率减小并且其在径向的分布变得更加不均匀;在一定的流化风速下, 密度较小的物料将更多的被带入上部稀相区, 上部稀相区的空隙率减小, 其在径向分布将变得更加不均匀。     

煤矸石及石煤循环流化床锅炉的设计

<正> 一、概述循环流化床燃烧是近十年发展起来的一项新的燃烧技术。在循环流化床锅炉炉膛中充满了燃烧着的气-固双相流,浓度沿流程呈有规律的变化。炉膛出口或某尾部受热面区段,未燃尽的固体物料被分离器从烟气流中分离出来,并由回送机构返送至炉膛,形成循环流化燃烧。在煤炭燃烧与利用技术中,循环流化床锅炉由于其燃料适应性广、低污染燃烧并满足环保要求、锅炉燃烧效率高而引起行业的高度关注。循环流化床燃烧是在流化床燃烧的基础     

气固流化床中细长颗粒数量浓度分布的数值研究

细长颗粒的循环流化在工业生产中具有非常广泛的应用背景,如生物质秸秆在循环流化床中的燃烧、烟丝在循环流化床中的干燥或加湿等。由于细长颗粒具有六自由度,因此,其运动姿态比球形颗粒复杂,其在流化床内的流化特性也不同于球形颗粒。细长颗粒的数量浓度分布是细长颗粒流化特性的重要特征之一。根据直接模拟Monte Carlo(DSMC)方法的基本思想及刚体动力学原理,建立了考虑细长颗粒间相互碰撞的三维细长颗粒流化运动数学模型,并采用此模型对某一实际流化床内的气固两相流场进行了模拟研究。在实验提升管内,所有物料中小长径比的细长颗粒最先由提升管的近壁处到达提升管出口。细长颗粒在流化过程中有明显的迁移和絮团现象。在流化状态下,细长颗粒的数量浓度分布基本不随入口风速发生变化。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.