生物质粗燃气自热重整调变的热力学分析

运用吉布斯自由能最小化方法对生物质粗燃气自热重整过程进行了热力学分析,研究了重整反应过程中的温度,O2/CH4摩尔比及焦油摩尔分数等因素对平衡产物组成的影响规律。研究结果表明:低温有利于CO歧化与加氢反应,而高温促进了CH4和CO2的转化,提高合成气H2+CO摩尔分数,降低H2/CO摩尔比。O2/CH4摩尔比的增加有利于生物质燃气从部分氧化反应向完全氧化反应转变,促进了CH4的重整反应而抑制了CO2的转化;O2/CH4摩尔比的增加降低了合成气H2+CO摩尔分数,降低了H2/CO摩尔比,在重整后的生物质粗燃气中,n(H2)/n(CO)≈1。积碳量随温度升高和O2/CH4摩尔比的增加逐渐减少,随着焦油(C10H8)物质的量的增加而增加。焦油物质的量增加提高了合成气中H2与CO摩尔分数,是重整反应的重要原料。优化的生物质燃气自热重整反应条件为温度1 023 K,O2/CH4摩尔比0.7,焦油摩尔分数<1%。     

Na2CO3-K2CO3熔盐法同时制取合成气和金属锌

针对传统的甲烷转化制合成气及金属锌制备技术的缺陷,提出了一种新型的熔融盐反应体系,在熔融盐反应器中以熔融盐(质量比为1:1的Na2CO3/K2CO3)为反应介质对CH4与ZnO反应同时生成金属锌和合成气作了实验研究,利用气相色谱对气体组分进行了分析. 结果表明,反应尾气组分主要是H2, CO和CH4,未检测到CO2,其中合成气的量及H2/CO比例随反应温度的升高而增加,在1198 K左右获得了H2/CO比为2的合成气. 合成气和金属锌分别从气相和熔融盐中获得. 用XRD, SEM及EDS对金属锌产品和熔融盐进行了表征,发现反应后的熔融盐含有少量Na2O和NaOH,来自于CH4与熔融盐之间的微弱反应,由此推断熔融盐还具有消碳功能.     

煤种对煤与天然气共气化过程的影响

以移动床为反应器,进行煤与天然气共气化热态模拟实验,对无烟煤、瘦煤、肥煤与焦炭进行了对比研究,考察了煤种在不同喷吹参数H2O/CH4/O2时对高温火焰区温度、合成气有效成分H2+CO和H2/CO、以及CH4与水蒸汽转化率的影响. 结果表明,相对于焦炭,煤为原料时,高温火焰区温度略高,粗合成气有效成分H2+CO体积含量较高,且H2/CO更接近于热力学平衡值. 通过不同煤种的实验,可以直接制备H2/CO在1~2之间可调、有效成分H2+CO体积含量大于92%、残留CH4小于2%的粗合成气,CH4转化率超过90%,水蒸汽转化率高达75%. 煤种中高灰分含量有利于煤与天然气共气化过程.     

耐硫甲烷化催化剂的研究

煤制天然气采用耐硫甲烷化催化剂,减小了反应设备体积,对节省投资和降低能耗有积极意义。采用等体积浸渍法制备系列Mo-Ni/γ-Al2O3耐硫甲烷化催化剂,并对催化剂活性及耐硫性进行评价,考察浸渍液中不同Co和W元素添加量对催化剂活性的影响。结果表明,耐硫甲烷化催化剂活性中心MoS2和WS2的生成有利于提高CO转化率和CH4选择性,促进合成气生成CH4,Co的添加不利于提高催化剂的CO转化率和CH4选择性,而W元素的添加有利于提高催化剂的CO转化率和CH4选择性。在反应温度550℃、压力2 MPa和空速1 800 h-1条件下,n（H2）∶n（CO）=1∶1时,CO转化率为64.24%,CH4选择性为52.00%。n（H2）∶n（CO）=3∶1时,CO转化率为77.90%,CH4选择性为68.41%。     

淮南煤气化工艺过程模拟

采用Aspen Plus软件对淮南煤气化进行了稳态流程模拟研究,结果表明:O2流量的增大导致气化温度快速升高;合成气中CO、H2以及有效合成气(CO+H2)的体积分率随O2流量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势;CO2和H2O的变化趋势则相反。氧煤比在0.03~0.17kg/kg区域内,有效气体积分率均大于60%;且在氧煤比为0.1kg/kg时,有效合成气体积分率达到最大值64.2%。氧煤比在0.06~0.14kg/kg区域内,汽氧比的增大会导致气化温度随之减小,并直接影响合成气组分。合成气中,CO、H2、CH4以及有效合成气(CO+H2)的体积分率随汽氧比的增大而降低;H2O和CO2体积分率则随之增大。     

煤与天然气气流床共气化制合成气试验研究

为提高煤、天然气资源综合利用效率,优化合成气成分,进行了煤与天然气气流床共气化技术研究。介绍了煤与天然气气流床共气化的试验装置及工艺流程,考察了气化温度、压力、水煤浆浓度、CH4与煤比对共气化反应的影响。结果表明,气化温度和CH4与煤比是共气化反应的主要影响因素,较高的气化温度对共气化反应有利,气化温度为1 350℃时,共气化指标较好,有效气体积分数大于90%;随着CH4与煤比的增大,合成气n(H2)/n(CO)增高。CH4与煤比为0.9 m3/kg时,合成气中n(H2)/n(CO)约1.2。根据后续合成工艺要求,通过调节气化温度和CH4与煤比,可获得n(H2)/n(CO)在0.8~2.0的合成气。     

煤层气甲烷部分氧化与CO_2耦合重整制合成气

采用共沉淀法制备Ni-ZrO2和Ni-Ce-ZrO2催化剂,并用BET、XRD和TPR技术对催化剂进行了表征。研究了催化剂在煤层甲烷部分氧化与CO2耦合重整制合成气反应中的催化性能;考察了反应温度和原料气组成对反应的影响。实验结果表明,Ni-Ce-ZrO2催化剂在反应温度800℃、常压、空速52200 mL.h-1.g-1、CH4/CO2/O2/N2=1/0.8/0.2/0.8的条件下,CH4转化率为92%,CO2转化率为82%,生成合成气n(H2)/n(CO)=1,在100小时试验中催化剂的稳定性良好。     

昭通褐煤半焦气化特性的研究

以O2/水蒸气作为气化剂,对褐煤半焦气化过程进行实验研究.结果表明,随着气化温度的提高,在生成的煤气组成中CO和H2含量增加,而CO2和CH4的含量减少,煤气热值和合成气产率均增加;在温度一定时,随着氧气流量的增加,煤气中CO含量和H2含量先增加然后逐渐减少,CO2含量增加,CH4含量减少,煤气热值和合成气产率均存在一个最大值.     

天然气非催化部分氧化转化炉模拟

O2/CH4比、操作压力和气化炉长度等因素对天然气非催化部分氧化转化炉的运行至关重要。研究建立了基于反应动力学的反应器网络模型和平衡模型。考察了O2/CH4摩尔比、压力与停留时间对合成气出口温度和组成的影响。结果表明,反应器网络模型的预测结果与工业运行数据吻合较好。随着O2/CH4摩尔比增大、压力的上升或停留时间的变长,两种模型模拟结果的差异逐渐变小。反应器网络模型模拟结果表明,O2/CH4摩尔比上升,合成气温度逐渐升高,出口甲烷含量逐渐降低,H2/CO摩尔比逐渐下降。在停留时间较短时,压力的上升会促进甲烷的转化,而在停留时间较长时,较高的压力会抑制甲烷的转化。     

Fe_2O_3氧载体四氢呋喃部分氧化制合成气的热力学分析

采用Gibbs自由能最小化法对Fe_2O_3氧载体四氢呋喃(C_4H_8O)部分氧化制合成气反应进行热化学平衡计算,考察了反应物摩尔比n(Fe_2O_3):n(C_4H_8O)、温度和压力等因素对Fe_2O_3氧载体C_4H_8O部分氧化制合成气反应产物的影响,结果表明:随反应物摩尔比增大,合成气摩尔分数及氢碳比(H_2/CO)先增大后减小,在反应物摩尔比为1时,合成气摩尔分数及氢碳比最大;随温度升高,合成气摩尔分数及氢碳比明显增大,800—1 200℃时,合成气摩尔分数较高,氢碳摩尔比在1附近,有利于合成气的制备;随压力增加,合成气摩尔分数及氢碳比减小,低压有利于合成气的制备。在反应物摩尔比为1,800—1 200℃、常压条件下,合成气摩尔分数 95%、氢碳比 0. 94。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.