氧化亚氮-氧气混合吸入镇静在老年 口腔治疗中的应用

目的 探讨氧化亚氮-氧气混合吸入镇静在老年口腔治疗中的临床应用效果.方法 以134例老年口腔临床治疗患者为研究对象,按治疗方式分为2组,对照组采取单纯局部麻醉方式,研究组采取局部麻醉配合氧化亚氮-氧气混合吸入镇静.通过心电监护仪观察患者治疗过程中的心率、血压、血氧饱和度,对患者进行Ramsay镇静评分、VAS疼痛评分DAS焦虑评分,比较两种治疗方式的镇静、镇痛、减轻焦虑效果以及安全性.结果 研究组患者术中同术前比较,心率明显减慢,血氧饱和度明显增加,血压稳定,同对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05).对照组轻度疼痛者(VAS疼痛评分<4)63人(94.03％),研究组轻度疼痛者仅为11人(16.42％),研究组镇痛效果有明显优势(P<0.05).对照组和研究组Ramsay镇静程度评分分别为1.12±0.16和2.34±0.18,研究组的镇静状态显著高于对照组(P<0.05).DAS焦虑程度评分,对照组患者<15分者42人(62.69％),研究组<15分者64人(95.52％),研究组的焦虑程度要明显低于对照组(P<0.05).结论 氧化亚氮-氧气混合吸入镇静在老年口腔临床应用中镇痛、镇静效果好,能缓解老年人焦虑状态,提高治疗的安全性和舒适性.     

笑氧混合气吸入与局麻联合用于阻生牙拔除术的临床观察

目的：总结笑氧混合气吸入镇静加局部麻醉用于阻生牙拔除术的临床效果。方法：114例低位阻生或水平阻生牙拔除病例应用笑氧混合气吸入镇静加局部麻醉拔除阻生牙患者进行临床研究,测定笑气吸入前、后及手术中的心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SPO2）,并进行Ramsay镇静评分,满意度调查数据进行统计学处理。结果,笑氧混合气吸入镇静下均顺利完成阻生牙拔除手术,吸入笑氧前、后和术中心率、血氧饱和度、相比无显著差异（P〉0.05）。结论：笑氧混合气吸入清醒镇静加局部麻醉在阻生牙拔除术中可以取得满意的效果。     

笑气/氧气混合吸入镇静镇痛在拔牙术中的应用

目的探讨笑气/氧气混合吸入镇静镇痛技术在牙拔除术中的临床应用效果。方法需行双侧下颌阻生智齿及双侧正畸减数拔牙患者各50例,同一患者随机选择一侧行笑气/氧气镇静镇痛加局部麻醉,该侧为实验组。另一侧只行局部麻醉,为对照组。记录拔牙过程中患者血压、心率及血氧饱和度变化,并进行疼痛程度评分(VAS评分)。结果患者在两种不同麻醉方法下行牙拔除术的过程中,镇静镇痛的效果、生命体征变化评估比较均有显著统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论笑气/氧气混合吸入镇静镇痛技术减轻了患者的疼痛和恐惧,具有良好的镇静镇痛作用,安全、作用快而安全,苏醒也快,值得临床推广使用。     

笑气-氧气吸入在口腔颌面外科手术中镇静对Narcotrend指数的影响

目的采用Narcotrend麻醉深度监测仪在笑气对口腔颌面外科手术镇静时进行监测,观察笑气镇静时是否引起Narcotrend指数（NI）变化。方法选择择期接受口腔颌面外科手术的患者134例,年龄6岁～66岁,ASA分级I～Ⅱ级。随机分为两组：笑气＋局麻组（笑气组,n=67）和单纯局麻组（对照组,n=67）。分别观察笑气组和对照组患者术中配合情况,并记录笑气组患者入室即刻T1、平静5分钟后1、2、笑气-氧气吸入起效时T3、消毒时T4、局麻时T5、手术开始T6、术中T7、手术结束时T8以及术后5分钟时四的心率、血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率和NI指数及对照组患者在上述对应时间点的心率、血压、血氧饱和度和呼吸频率。结果笑气组患者对器械敲打、疼痛等刺激无不适感,容易接受治疗并且配合手术完成。对照组有6位患者在术中表示对器械敲打、疼痛等刺激产生不适感,但也能够配合完成手术。笑气组血氧饱和度高于对照组,呼吸频率低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组中心率、血压相差不明显,仅个别时间点有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;NI指数无明显变化,基本在清醒范围内。结论笑气一氧气吸入镇静技术可改善手术过程中患者的紧张焦虑状况,对血压、心率、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率以及NI指数无明显影响。     

笑气吸入对控制儿童局部麻醉注射疼痛的影响

目的 观察笑气吸入对儿童上前牙区埋伏多生牙拔除术前局麻注射疼痛的影响。方法 对60例需行上前牙区埋伏多生牙拔除术的患儿（6～10岁）采用随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的方法进行研究。随机分为2组：笑气吸入组(A组,n=30)和氧气吸入组（B组,n=30）。局部麻醉过程中监测患儿的心率（HR）、呼吸频率（RR）及血氧饱和度（SPO2）,根据Frankl治疗依从性量表评价患儿的配合程度,改良警觉与镇静评分评价镇静深度,FLACC疼痛行为量表评价患儿镇痛程度。结果 局麻操作过程中Frankl治疗依从性评分A组优于B组（P<0.05）,A组FLACC疼痛行为量表值低于B组,A组患儿镇静程度优于B组（P<0.05）,2组HR、RR及SPO2变化无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。结论 笑气吸入可以明显减轻局麻过程中患儿的疼痛程度。     

氧化亚氮镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉在小儿埋伏牙拔除术中的应用

目的:观察氧化亚氮(N2O,笑气)镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉用于小儿埋伏牙拔除术的临床效果。方法:对64例应用氧化亚氮镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉拔除埋伏牙的小儿进行临床研究,测定笑气吸入前、后及手术中的心率(HR)、血压(BP)和脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2),并进行Ramsay镇静评分,采用t检验数据进行统计学处理。结果:64例小儿均顺利完成拔牙术;吸入前、后和手术中心率、舒张压及脉搏氧相比,P>0.05;吸入前收缩压与吸入后收缩压、吸入前收缩压与术中收缩压相比,P<0.01;而吸入后收缩压与术中收缩压相比P>0.05;吸入前、后和手术中的Ramsay镇静评分相比,P>0.05。结论:氧化亚氮镇静复合神经阻滞麻醉具有很好的镇静作用,对于解除需拔除埋伏牙小儿的恐惧心理有良好的效果。     

氧化亚氮/氧吸入镇静在老年高血压患者拔牙术中的应用

目的：探讨氧化亚氮/氧吸入镇静辅助局麻在老年高血压患者拔牙术中的应用价值。方法：选取40例老年高血压患者,年龄70~90岁,随机分为对照组和实验组,每组20例。对照组单纯采用局麻进行手术,实验组采用氧化亚氮/氧吸入镇静配合局麻进行手术。观察2组患者术前、术中和术后收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率(HR)变化以及术后有无不良反应。应用SPSS 11.0软件包进行t检验。结果：2组患者术前和术后SBP、DBP和HR无显著差异。对照组术中SBP、DBP和HR均显著高于实验组(P<0.05)。实验组在整个操作过程中,SBP、DBP和HR比较平稳(P>0.05)。结论：氧化亚氮/氧吸入镇静辅助局麻拔牙能够维持老年高血压患者的血流动力学平稳,安全、有效。     

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提要：回顾近年来国内外相关文献及权威教科书,结合作者临床经验,介绍疼痛管理与镇静技术在口腔门诊牙拔除术中的应用。本文简介了术前焦虑缓解、行为镇静,术中有效的局麻操作、镇静术相关知识及口腔门诊常用的吸入和静脉镇静技术,强调了术后合理、持续镇痛的理念。     

笑气吸入与靶控输注异丙酚镇静在小儿埋伏多生牙拔除术中应用的比较

目的对笑气吸入和靶控输注异丙酚两种镇静方法在小儿埋伏多生牙拔除术中应用进行比较。方法选择择期接受上前牙区埋伏多生牙拔除手术的患儿60例,年龄6岁~14岁,ASA分级Ⅰ级。随机分为两组：P组（异丙酚组,n=30）和N组（对照组,n=30）。异丙酚组：滴定法靶控输注异丙酚,初始血浆浓度0.8g/ml,每5分钟增加浓度0.2g/ml。至OAA/S评分4分时,2利多卡因与1：200000肾上腺素混合液局麻后进行手术。笑气组：滴定法吸入笑气,至OAA/S评分4分时,2利多卡因与1：200000肾上腺素混合液局麻后进行手术。采用Houpt行为治疗效果评分两组患儿术中配合情况,并记录两组患者入室平静后（T0）、输注异丙酚或吸入笑气起效时（T1）、局麻时（T2）、手术开始（T3）、术中（T4）、手术结束时（T5）以及出室时（T6）的心率、血压、血氧饱和度和呼吸频率和NI指数,并记录相关反应情况。结果Houpt3~4分者P组5人,N组4人;Houpt5~6分者P组25人,N组26人。差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。T1~5时心率、收缩压、舒张压及NI指数P组明显低于N组（P〈0.05）;血氧饱和度及呼吸频率两组无明显差异,均在正常范围内。不良反应P组低于N组。结论在小儿埋伏多生牙拔除手术中应用靶控输注异丙酚镇静略优于笑气吸入镇静。     

氧化亚氮吸入和异丙酚静脉超浅麻醉在拔牙应用中的比较

目的研究氧化亚氮吸入与异丙酚静脉超浅麻醉在拔牙中的效果。方法选择门诊ASAI级（美国麻醉学会组1组）下颌智齿拔除患者40例，随机分为两组，一组为氧化亚氮组，年龄20～36岁，另一组为异丙酚组，年龄21～35岁，在超浅麻醉辅以局麻下拔牙。结果两组患者，术前、术中、术后的血压、脉搏、呼吸、血氧饱和度维持平稳，治疗操作在患者配合下顺利完成，术后有一定的遗忘作用，副作用小，30min内都达到了离院回家标准。结论两组患者拔牙过程中均获得了满意的效果，但氧化亚氮组的止痛作用优于异丙酚组。     

Acceptance and side effects of nitrous oxide oxygen sedation for oral surgical procedures.

Two hundred and forty-one treatment sessions with nitrous oxide oxygen sedation were performed in 194 patients undergoing ambulatory oral surgery procedures. Removal of mesiodentes and tooth transplants were the most frequent procedures in age groups under 13 years, while removal of impacted teeth was predominant in older age groups. Local anesthesia was used in addition to inhalation sedation in 238 sessions. Median gas volume rate was 10 l/min, median concentration 50% and median duration of procedures 31 min. In 10 sessions (4.1%) sedation was not accepted, while in 25 (10.4%) sessions the procedure could be completed with some difficulty. No potentially dangerous complications were noted. Side effects occurred in 18 sessions in 16 patients. All side effects were minor and easily handled. Logistic regression analysis revealed that failure, defined as poor acceptance and/or presence of side effects, was associated with ASA class 2 and general apprehension, especially based on previous negative experience with medical or dental treatment. Nitrous oxide oxygen sedation is a reliable, efficient and safe adjunct to local anesthesia in both healthy children and adults undergoing ambulatory oral surgery procedures.     

2种不同舒适化技术在60例高血压患者阻生牙拔除术中的应用评价

目的:比较氧化亚氮/氧吸入镇静镇痛、右美托咪定联合氟比洛芬酯辅助镇静镇痛2种舒适化技术在高血压患者阻生牙拔除术中的效果.方法:将60例高血压阻生牙拔除术患者随机分为2组(n=30),X组(氧化亚氮/氧吸入镇静镇痛组)和Y组(右美托咪定联合氟比洛芬酯辅助镇静镇痛组).记录T0(术前)、T1(局部麻醉)、T2(手术操作)、...     

Improved sedation for oral surgery by combining nitrous oxide and intravenous Midazolam: a randomized, controlled trial

The objective is to investigate whether sedation techniques for oral surgery can be improved by combining the use of inhalation of nitrous oxide/oxygen with intravenous Midazolam. Prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial: Patients requiring extractions or surgery were randomly allocated to subgroups receiving either intravenous Midazolam or nitrous oxide/oxygen or a combined technique using nitrous oxide/oxygen and intravenous Midazolam. Safety parameters, amount of sedative agents administered, recovery time and co-operation scores were recorded. Patients receiving the combined sedation technique were initially titrated with 10% nitrous oxide, increasing by increments of 10% up to a maximum of 40% nitrous oxide and 60% oxygen. Midazolam was then titrated (initially 2 mg wait 2 min with increments of 1mg every minute until appropriately sedated) whilst still administering 40% nitrous oxide. When a combined technique of N(2)O/O(2) and Midazolam was used there was a statistically significant reduction in the amount of Midazolam required to achieve effective sedation (P<0.001), an overall significant reduction in recovery time (P<0.001) and a significant improvement in co-operation (P<0.01) and arterial oxygen saturation (P<0.001). This combined technique was found to be safe and reliable, requiring reduced doses of Midazolam and demonstrable improvement in patient recovery and co-operation.     

A study of the effectiveness of oral midazolam sedation for orthodontic extraction of permanent teeth in children: a prospective,randomised, controlled,crossover trial

OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety, effectiveness and acceptability of o:ral midazolam sedation for orthodontic extraction of permanent teeth in children. DESIGN: A prospective, randomised, controlled, crossover trial. METHODS: A total of 26 children aged 10-16 (ASA I), referred for orthodontic extraction of premolar or canine teeth under sedation, were included in the study. Each child required two treatment sessions for the extraction of equivalent teeth on opposite sides of the mouth. Each subject was sedated with either ora midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) or nitrous oxide and oxygen (30%/70%) at the first visit and the alternative form at the second visit. At each visit two teeth were extracted, one upper and one lower. Heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation, respiration rate, sedation and behavioural scores were recorded every five minutes. Overall behaviour, patient acceptance and patient satisfaction were recorded at the end of treatment. RESULTS: Of the 26 children included in the study there were 12 males and 14 females. The mean age was 12.5 years. The mean heart rate and respiratory rate for both groups were similar and within acceptable clinical limits. The lowest mean arterial oxygen saturation levels for nitrous oxide and midazolam sedation were 97.7% and 95.0% respectively. Although midazolam caused greater oxygen desaturation, the range (91%-100%) was within safe limits for conscious sedation. The mean level of sedation was greater in the midazolam group compared with the nitrous oxide group and all but one case completed treatment. A total of 23 patients (88%) said they would be prepared to have ora midazolam sedation again and 17 (65%) actually preferred oral midazolam to nitrous oxide sedation. CONCLUSION: Oral midazolam (0.5mg/kg) appears to be a safe and acceptable form of sedation for 10-16 year old paediatric dental patients.     

A comparative study of sevoflurane sedation with nitrous oxide sedation for dental surgery

This study compares the use of inhalation sedation using sevoflurane (group S) with inhalation sedation using nitrous oxide (group N) in patients undergoing bilateral extraction of third molar teeth under local anaesthesia. The study was designed as a cross-over study. Seventeen ASA I, day surgery patients were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either 8 l/min 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen (group N) or same flow of 1% sevoflurane (group S) for the first procedure. Each patient then had the alternate method of sedation for the second procedure. There were no significant differences between the methods in patient co-operation and surgeon's satisfaction with sedation. Psychomotor tests were comparable in both groups. The patients were significantly more sedated in the group S compared to group N (P=0.004). Significantly more patients complained of an unpleasant odour group S (P<0.01) but none withdrew from the study for this reason. No adverse cardiorespiratory effects resulted from sevoflurane or nitrous oxide sedation. Both methods gave good amnesia during the procedure. There was high acceptance of both methods and the patients rated the technique as equally satisfactory. We conclude that inhalation sedation with sevoflurane is a suitable alternative method to nitrous oxide sedation.