凡纳滨对虾（Litopenaeus vannamei）不同世代养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星位点对凡纳滨对虾的海南群体（进口亲虾繁育的第1世代：G1）、山东和饶平群体（G2）、湛江2和湛江3群体（G3）、湛江1和上海群体（G4）共4个世代7个养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。从21对微卫星引物中筛选出12对有效扩增引物,对7个群体共280个个体进行扩增,得到10个多态位点,共获得等位基因数63个。各位点的等位基因数在2-15个之间,各群体的平均等位基因数在4．70—5．80之间。平均观测（期望）杂合度在0.36—0．43（0．53—0．65）之间。杂合子偏离指数（D）为负值,表明存在杂合子缺失现象。对7个群体、10个多态位点进行Hardy—Weinberng平衡检测,共有54个偏离平衡。对7个群体间的遗传分化水平进行检测,得到近交系数FIS在9个多态位点均为正值,两两群体间的固定指数FST值在0．149-O．375之间。FST显著性检验表明,各群体之间的遗传分化极显著（P〈0．01）。分子方差分析结果显示,大部分遗传变异（72．17％）来自于群体内,来自于群体间的遗传变异（27．83％）较小。凡纳滨对虾不同世代间遗传变异大,随着繁育世代的增加,遗传多样性降低。     

青岛近海魁蚶群体等位基因酶遗传变异研究

采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了青岛近海魁蚶自然群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。在十种等位基因酶中共检测到了二十二个基因座位，多态位点比例为45．5％，位点有效等位基因数分布从1．000～2．469（平均值1．415），位点杂合度观察值分布为0．000～0．595（平均杂合度0．105±0．023），在六个基因座位上存在相当明显的杂合子缺失现象。文中讨论了杂合子缺失的原因。     

半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)群体遗传结构的研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对半滑舌鳎野生和养殖4个群体的遗传结构进行了比较研究.结果表明,半滑舌鳎养殖群体遗传变异水平低于野生群体,两个野生群体的多态位点百分数、观察杂合度、期望杂合度、平均有效等位基因数的平均值(分别为21.275%、0.1177、0.0854和1.1499)分别高于两个养殖群体的平均值(分别为18....     

广东沿海杂色鲍养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

实验选取的7个杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)养殖群体分别来自广东汕头、汕尾、惠东、湛江和徐闻,深圳野生驯养,利用7对微卫星引物对上述群体进行了遗传多样性和群体遗传结构的分析。结果显示:7个位点产生的等位基因数从7～13个不等,共检测到68个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数为9.71个。有效等位基因数的范围为3.8～8.1,平均观测杂合度范围为0.422～0.906,平均期望杂合度范围为0.748～0.917。7个群体的多态信息含量变化范围为0.657～0.883,PIC值均在0.500以上,表现为高度多态性。与两个野生驯养的养殖群体相比,其他5个养殖群体均存在不同程度的遗传多样性降低。AMOVA分析显示,4.79%的遗传变异来自于群体之间,95.21%的变异来自于群体内的个体之间。研究表明,广东沿岸的杂色鲍具有较高的遗传多样性水平,7个群体之间呈现一定的遗传分化。     

ALLOZYME VARIATION IN SCAPHARCA SUBCRENATA FROM QINGDAO COASTAL WATERS

采用淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了青岛近海毛蚶自然群体的等位基因酶遗传变异。在十二种等位基因酶中共检测到了二十七个基因座位，多态位点比例为５１．８５％，位点有效等位基因数分布从１．０３０…２．５７７（平均值１．３８１±０．３４５），位点杂合度观察值分布为０．０２９…０．６１２（平均杂合度０．１３３±０．０３６），在六个基因座位上存在相当明显的杂合子缺失现象。文中讨论了杂合子缺失的原因。     

菲律宾蛤仔不同地理群体生化遗传结构与变异的研究

采用聚丙稀酰胺凝胶电泳技术对福建平潭岛、浙江象山港、江苏海州湾和辽宁辽东湾4个海区菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes philippinarum)野生群体的生化遗传特征进行了分析.结果表明,菲律宾蛤仔4个群体的多态位点比例为62.5%～75.0%,平均杂合度观测值在0.274 3～0.338 7之间,与平均杂合度期望值相近;平均有效等位基因数在1.489 1～1.632 5之间,遗传变异水平较高;杂合子缺失不显著.比较群体间的遗传分化指数和群体每代迁移数发现,平潭岛、象山港和海州湾3个群体间的遗传分化不显著,而辽东湾群体与3个群体间出现遗传差异.聚类分析同样表明,平潭岛群体首先与象山港群体聚类,再与海州湾群体相聚,最后与辽东湾群体相汇.讨论了杂合子缺失不显著原因和群体间遗传分化机制.     

欧洲牡蛎两个种群的遗传变异

用淀粉凝胶电泳检测和比较了来自爱尔兰自然群体和威尔土养殖群体的欧洲牡蛎Ostreaedulis11个基因位点的遗传变异。结果表明,两群体的平均杂合度观察值分别为0．081和0．144,多态位点比例（P0.99）分别为57．9％和42．1％,平均等位基因数分别为1．7和1．6,与已报道的欧洲牡额其他群体很接近,但与其他种类的牡蛎相比却很低。两群体之间相比,威尔土养殖群体的平均杂合度观察值明显大于爱尔兰自然群体的。这说明人为作用可以引起欧洲牡蛎群体的遗传差异。     

马氏珠母贝金黄壳色系F3和基础群体

2003年4月,从广东湛江流沙港养殖群体选取金黄壳色个体为亲本建立育种基础群体,2004-2007年期间,按照壳色性状对基础群体进行连续3代选择建立选系F3。2009年5月,利用10对微卫星引物分析了金黄壳色系F3和基础群体的遗传结构。结果表明:在10个位点中共检测出40个等位基因,每个位点产生的等位基因数2~6个,平均每个位点产生4个等位基因;金黄壳色系F3和基础群体的平均有效等位基因数分别为2.286 2和2.264 6,平均表观杂合度分别为0.411 9和0.440 3,平均期望杂合度分别为0.533 3和0.546 4,平均多态信息含量分别为0.472 2和0.465 5;两个群体的平均遗传分化系数为0.038 9,属于轻度偏中度分化水平。本研究说明了,经过3代连续选择后选系具有较高的遗传多样性。     

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannanamei)不同世代养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

采用微卫星位点对凡纳滨对虾的海南群体(进口亲虾繁育的第1世代:G1)、山东和饶平群体(G2)、湛江2和湛江3群体(G3)、湛江1和上海群体(G4)共4个世代7个养殖群体的遗传多样性进行了分析.从21对微卫星引物中筛选出12对有效扩增引物,对7个群体共280个个体进行扩增,得到10个多态位点,共获得等位基因数63个.各位点的等位基因数在2-15个之间,各群体的平均等位基因数在4.70-5.80之间.平均观测(期望)杂合度在0.36-0.43(0.53-0.65)之间.杂合子偏离指数(D)为负值,表明存在杂合子缺失现象.对7个群体、10个多态位点进行Hardy-wleinberng平衡检测,共有54个偏离平衡.对7个群体间的遗传分化水平进行检测,得到近交系数FIS在9个多态位点均为正值,两两群体间的固定指数FST值在0.149-0.375之间.FST显著性检验表明,各群体之间的遗传分化极显著(P<0.01).分子方差分析结果显示,大部分遗传变异(72.17%)来自于群体内,来自于群体间的遗传变异(27.83%)较小.凡纳滨对虾不同世代间遗传变异大,随着繁育世代的增加,遗传多样性降低.     

魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)等位基因酶遗传变异研究

采用水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术研究了秦皇岛、大连、青岛和韩国釜山４个魁蚶群体样本的等位基因酶遗传变异。在四个群体的１０～１２种等位基因酶中分别检测到了２２、２６、２２和２７个基因位点,４个群体的多态位点比例（Ｐ０．９９）分别为５０．００、５７．６９、４５．５０和６２．９６％,平均杂合度（观察值）则分别为０．０８７±０．０２４、０．１２３±０．０３８、０．１０５±０．０２３和０．０９１±０．０３１;平均位点有效等位基因数分别是１．２３０、１．３９８、１．４１５和１．２５３。另外,计算４个群体之间的遗传相似度（Ⅰ）和遗传距离（ＤＮｅｉ）,表明遗传同一性以秦皇岛和大连群体之间最大,其次为秦皇岛与青岛及大连与青岛群体之间,韩国釜山与其它３个群体之间存在一定的遗传分岐。４个群体在多个位点上都存在明显的杂合子缺失现象。文中初步探讨了引起杂合子缺失的可能原因     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.