具有局部特性的传感网链路质量估计方法

重编程是实现无线传感器网络中软件更新的重要手段。传统的重编程协议性能评价方法仍然存在通过实验床和仿真平台评价其性能的优劣。目前,通过对重编程协议的软件更新过程建模并建立分析模型的性能评价方法,相对于传统的实验床和仿真平台,既能准确灵活地评价大规模部署的网络的性能,又能快速高效地给出性能分析结果,是当前重编程协议性能评价方法的新领域。然而,这一分析模型依赖于传感网链路质量的估计值。当前的传感网链路质量估计方法没有考虑到软件更新过程存在的局部特性,因而网络适应性差,无法广泛使用。提出了一种具有局部特性的网络链路质量估计方法,将软件更新过程中任一节点的局部邻居区域的链路质量期望作为这一节点的局部链路质量,能够更准确地反映软件更新过程的网络特征。使用这一具有局部特性的网络链路质量估计方法计算的估计值,将使得分析模型所计算出的重编程性能指标即完成时间与实验床运行时间的吻合度提高。将这一估计方法应用于分析模型,对线型和网格型网络的分析结果显示,分析结果与实验床的运行结果的误差低于5%。因此,与现有的估计方法相比,提出的方法在线型和网格型网络中适用性更强。     

一个低开销的无线传感器网络多径路由协议

针对多对一的周期性数据收集应用，提出一个低开销的逐跳多径路由协议LOMP，综合利用定期和实时估计器评估链路质量，在此基础上实现高质量的多径路由。与现有的多径路由协议相比，LOMP并不提供端到端的节点独立的多径路由，而只是确保在报文的每一跳转发过程中都有多条路径可用。仿真结果表明LOMP能够提高选路质量，以较小的能量开销提高数据传输的可靠性。     

基于贴近度等级的链路质量评估方法

无线传感器网络中,链路具有波动性,为提高数据传输的准确率,可以通过链路质量评估避开差的链路。在目前的链路质量评估研究中,针对链路等级划分存在主观性和无统一性的问题,利用熵值法计算评估参数权重,消除主观因素在参数权重计算中的干扰。由于链路质量受多特征属性影响,采用贴近度分析法综合各种特征属性划分链路质量等级。在此基础上,提出一种基于贴近度等级的链路质量评估方法,采用类间离散度二叉决策树进行链路分类,建立了链路质量4级二叉树的支持向量机SVM评估模型。同时提出一种混合优化算法对核函数的参数寻优。实验结果表明,改进的参数寻优方法有效提高了模型评估的准确性,训练时间短;在多网络环境下,与基于LQI的链路质量评估模型和BP神经网络评估模型相比,该模型以较少的探测包更为准确地评估出链路质量,避免因发送大量探测包带来的能量开销,降低了能耗,具有很好的环境适应能力。     

An elastic compensation model for frame-based scheduling algorithms in wireless networks

Scheduling algorithms for high-speed wireless networks need to be simple to implement for serving packets while ensuring quality-of-service (QoS). The ordinary frame-based scheduling principle is well-known for providing fair service with low implementation complexity. However, existing frame-based scheduling algorithms cannot properly handle location-dependent burst errors in wireless networks. To utilize the advantages of frame-based scheduling algorithms in error-prone wireless networks, we propose an elastic compensation model that provides not only smooth compensations without any service disruptions of flows but also flexible compensations to flows that experience frequent errors to provide flows with fairness of service. From our analysis and simulation studies, we found that the proposed compensation model shows smooth compensation performance without any service disruption periods and good fairness performance when channel errors occur.     

基于RTP速率控制单元的无线视频传输控制*

第三代无线移动通信中视频传输成为重要的业务。提出了一种有线网络与无线网络边界的RTP速率控制单元方案,实现了在无线流媒体传输中有效区分拥塞丢包与无线网络信道丢包。通过仿真实验证明,此方案能够较好地判断网络状态,合理地进行速率控制和鲁棒性控制,为无线视频传输提供较高的QoS保障。     

一种符合3GPP标准的动态带宽适配算法

3GPP的PSS规范定义了移动流媒体动态带宽适配技术的框架,其具体的适配算法一直是研究的热点;提出一套符合3GPP技术标准的流媒体服务器端的无线网络带宽估计和适配算法;带宽估计算法利用探测和缓冲滤波判断是否达到上切标准;适配算法根据剩余媒体时间重新计算编码流速率,并保证在任何信道容量变化模型下都不发生缓冲区下溢;提出的算法提高了接收端的服务质量且快捷、可靠,不增加网络负担;最后,结合3GPP的技术标准TS26.234给出算法的实现方案和仿真结果。     

基于线性回归的无线传感器网络链路质量估计方法研究

针对无线传感器网络链路质量估计模型中回归算法复杂度高、缺少统一分类标准和公开数据集等问题,提出了一种基于EWMA和线性回归的链路质量估计方法ELR-LQE。以物理层获取的RSSI、LQI和SNR,以及包接收率PRR作为度量参数,分别在多种实验环境中采用不同的发射功率、竞争条件和部署方式采集数据,建立了链路质量估计数据集。通过最小值填充和EWMA对数据进行预处理,明显提高了回归模型的输入特征与链路质量的相关性。与现有方法相比,提出方法易于和网络层协议适配,并且复杂度较低,适合在资源有限的无线传感器网络节点中实现。实验结果显示,ELR-LQE具有较高的精度,在多种实验条件下平均的ME为4.6×10-2,R2为0.99。     

Improving TCP performance in heterogeneous mobile environments by exploiting the explicit cooperation between server and mobile host

In recent years, many different kinds of wireless access networks have been deployed and become inseparable parts of the Internet. But TCP, the most widely used transport protocol of the Internet, was designed for stationery hosts. It faces severe challenges when user moves around in these networks and handoff occurs frequently. In this paper, we investigate the potential benefits of bringing explicit cooperation between TCP server and mobile host.For this purpose, TCP HandOff (TCP-HO), a practical end-to-end mechanism, is designed for improving TCP performance in heterogeneous mobile environments. TCP-HO assumes that a mobile host is able to detect the completion of handoff immediately and has a coarse estimation of new wireless link’s bandwidth. When a mobile host detects handoff completion, it will immediately notify the server through two duplicate ACKs, whose TCP option also carries the bandwidth of new wireless link. After receiving this notification, the server begins to transmit immediately and keeps updating ssthresh according to the bandwidth from mobile host and its new RTT samples. This update will end after four RTT samples or after congestion is detected.TCP-HO has been implemented in FreeBSD 5.4. Experimental results indicate that in heterogeneous mobile environments, TCP-HO can improve TCP performance a lot without adversely affecting cross traffic even when mobile host only has a coarse estimation of new wireless link’s bandwidth. Considering that more and more users are accessing the Internet through heterogeneous wireless networks and mobile host could have a coarse estimation of wireless link’s bandwidth, it should be worthwhile to change both server and mobile host for improving TCP performance.     

基于Bayes与多层Bayes估计的WSN链路选择算法

无线传感器网络（WSN）节点能量有限,采用传统的链路选择的方法（经验法）进行链路选择,需要发送大量的数据包作为测试样本,这在WSN中是不合适的。设计了两种基于Bayes估计与一种基于多层Bayes估计的WSN链路选择算法,分别记为BLSP-B1、BLSP-B2、BLSP-HE。仿真实验发现,在小样本的条件下,BLSP-B1、BLSP-B2、BLSP-HE选择高质量的链路的概率比经验法要高出10%～20%,其中BLSP-HE算法最稳健,性能较好。     

无线传感器网络的链路评估分簇路由算法

提出了一种链路评估分簇路由算法（LQ-CR）,该算法利用基于高斯分布的链路质量评估模型,将无线链路质量作为簇首选择度量,并采用滑动窗口机制实时评估链路质量。仿真实验表明,与LEACH、HEED分簇协议相比,采取链路质量作为路由度量可以有效延长网络的生命周期,提高数据传输可靠性。     

GPS-less location algorithm for wireless sensor networks

The node location problem in wireless networks has been a research interest in the last years. In environments where GPS is not an option (e.g., for consumption reasons or because there is no direct link with the satellite constellation), the estimation of a node position using only RF signals is not a trivial task. Although some other systems have been proposed (ultrasonic signals, IR, etc.), these require additional hardware that is only useful for location purposes. According to this point, some algorithms have been proposed for providing sensible position estimations in the presence of distance errors. These methods normally require heavy computational processes to overcome the presence of these errors or easily degrade when the distance measurements have a certain magnitude. This paper describes an algorithm to compute the location of a node in the presence of severe distance estimation errors and analyzes its performance and computational cost. To make the implementation of this algorithm feasible in wireless sensor networks, different optimization techniques are proposed, in order to speed-up the location estimation of a node, without losing its estimating power.     

一个能量收集无线传感器网络路由协议

针对周期性数据收集无线传感器网络应用,提出一个能量收集无线传感网络路由协议EHRP,以高效的能量估计和链路评估为基础,通过基于收集能量优先的选路实现多跳报文转发,构建起能量均衡消耗的多跳传感器网络.仿真结果表明在具有能量收集能力的传感器网络中,EHRP能够充分利用节点的能量收集能力,实现网络能量均衡,延长网络的生命周期,同时提高了数据传输的可靠性.     

Sensitivity analysis of an optimal routing policy in an ad hoc wireless network

We examine the sensitivity of optimal routing policies in ad hoc wireless networks with respect to estimation errors in channel quality. We consider an ad hoc wireless network where the wireless links from each node to its neighbors are modeled by a probability distribution describing the local broadcast nature of wireless transmissions. These probability distributions are estimated in real-time. We investigate the impact of estimation errors on the performance of a set of proposed routing policies.     

一种面向用电信息采集系统的WSNs多信道MAC协议

由于无线传感器网络（WSNs）单信道介质访问控制（MAC）协议无法满足用电信息采集系统的数据量大和并发性强的特点,提出了一种面向分簇网络的多信道MAC协议.网络簇间通信采用多信道并行传输方式,簇内通信采用基于信道质量实时评估的自适应信道切换机制.基于OMNeT＋＋的仿真结果表明：与单信道MAC协议相比,该MAC协议可以有效提高网络吞吐量和抗干扰能力.     

无线网络中一种智能控制的组播拥塞控制机制

针对现有组播拥塞控制算法应用到无线网络中存在的性能下降问题,提出一种基于新的智能组播拥塞控制机制ECMCC。ECMCC机制根据网络相对队列时延和数据包丢失检测网络的拥塞状态,采用代表集合机制反馈信息,利用专家控制器的推理判断区分丢包原因和当前的网络状态,进而采取不同的控制策略调节组播源端发送速率。仿真结果表明,ECMCC机制收敛速度快、灵敏性好、速率变化平滑,在有线网络中具有良好的TCP友好性。同时,ECMCC能有效区分网络拥塞和随机差错,提高了网络的吞吐量,适用于无线网络环境,且在无线网络较低误码率时具有一定的TCP友好性。     

Big Data Based Self-optimization Networking: A Novel Approach Beyond Cognition

It is essential to satisfy class-specific QoS constraints to provide broadband services for new generation wireless networks. A self-optimization technique is introduced as the only viable solution for controlling and managing this type of huge data networks. This technique allows control of resources and key performance indicators without human intervention, based solely on the network intelligence. The present study proposes a big data based self optimization networking (BD-SON) model for wireless networks in which the KPI parameters affecting the QoS are assumed to be controlled through a multidimensional decision-making process. Also, Resource Management Center (RMC) was used to allocate the required resources to each part of the network based on made decision in SON engine, which can satisfy QoS constraints of a multicast session in which satisfying interference constraints is the main challenge. A load-balanced gradient power allocation (L-GPA) scheme was also applied for the QoS-aware multicast model to accommodate the effect of transmission power level based on link capacity requirements. Experimental results confirm that the proposed power allocation techniques considerably increase the chances of finding an optimal solution. Also, results confirm that proposed model achieves significant gain in terms of quality of service and capacity along with low complexity and load balancing optimality in the network.     

一种分形与小波混合视频编码算法FEZW*

将小波变换与分形理论相结合成为一种具有可伸缩性的混合视频编码算法FEZW(分形-嵌入式零树小波编码),该算法在嵌入式零树小波编码的基础上,应用分形理论进行帧间预测,不需运动估计和补偿.实验结果表明,该算法具有较好的视频质量可伸缩性,能有效改进图像码率下降时视频质量下降迅速的情况,适合于无线网络等高差错网络的视频传输.     

一种基于数据流跟踪的无线传感网能量模型及网络优化

提出了一种基于数据流跟踪的能量模型,通过跟踪数据流在网络中的整个过程来计算全网的能量消耗,是一种不受网络结构限制的普遍适用的能量模型;在此基础上.建立了基于能耗的网络优化模型,针对链式和簇式结构进行了拓扑、功率和路由方面的优化设计,仿真结果证明了理论分析的正确性.     

一种基于误差修正的改进DV-Hop算法

节点定位技术是无线传感器网络中的一项关键技术,针对DV-Hop算法对不规则随机分布网络定位误差较大的问题,提出了一种基于误差修正的改进算法。该算法借鉴差分GPS思想,在DV-Hop算法距离估计阶段,利用信标节点的误差差分修正估计距离;同时充分考虑网络实际,通过多信标误差加权的方式获得估计距离修正值,以提高算法定位精度。通过仿真研究验证了改进算法的有效性。     

Optimal delay estimation using complete bipartite graph method for VoIP over WLAN environments

Voice over wireless LAN (WLAN) is widely applied in modern Internet networks. In real-time wireless environments, the primary cause of an impaired speech quality is transmission delays. In wireless communications, the parameters employed for quality of service (QoS) estimations include the delay, the throughput, the blocking rate and the link cost. These parameters are significantly dependent on the type of topology pattern adopted. This study focuses primarily on the delay guarantee and optimal delay aspects of wireless communications. A tradeoff exists between the link number and the delay guarantee. A greater number of links is beneficial in reducing transmission delays, but leads to an increased cost. Conversely, a lower number of links reduces the system cost, but increases the delay. This study employs graph theory to determine the node topology pattern which minimizes the delay for voice over IP (VoIP) transmission in WLAN environments. The topology is optimized both for a variable link delay and a constant link delay. The optimization method presented in this study can be widely applied to the link topology design for multiparty conferencing in modern wireless networks.