甜菜粕的营养价值及在畜禽生产中的应用

甜菜粕是一种甜菜制糖工业的副产物。甜菜粕适口性好,营养物质较丰富,是一种优质廉价的饲料资源,常作为反刍动物饲养中的能量饲料补充料。我国甜菜资源丰富,但在实际生产中大部分甜菜粕未能得到合理高效的利用。本文主要介绍了甜菜粕的营养价值并总结了近年来甜菜粕在畜禽生产中的应用进展。     

甜菜粕的研究进展及发展前景

甜菜粕又名甜菜渣,是甜菜在制糖过程中,经切丝、渗出、充分提取糖后,含糖量很低的甜菜丝。我国甜菜资源丰富,但在实际生产中大部分甜菜粕未能科学合理利用而浪费。文章以甜菜粕的营养特性、深加工开发利用途径以及在动物饲料中的应用研究进展进行综述。     

甜菜粕资源在家畜饲料中的应用前景

甜菜粕是制糖工业糖分经充分提取后的废糖渣。甜菜粕营养丰富、适口性强、价格低廉,是一种良好的饲料原料。但受甜菜粕产地限制和人们对饲料资源认识不足,使其在家畜实际生产中未能得到有效利用。文章就甜菜粕在饲料中的应用研究进展进行综述,为其在家畜饲料中的合理使用提供理论支持。     

甜菜粕的资源化利用及其在猪营养中的应用

甜菜粕经干燥制粒后在母猪和肥育猪日粮中的应用越来越多。文章综述了甜菜粕资源化利用现状,比较了不同甜菜粕营养成分间的差异性,并综述近年来甜菜粕作为饲料资源在母猪和肥育猪上的应用研究,以期为进一步开发利用甜菜粕提供理论基础和参考。     

利用甜菜粕生产单细胞蛋白饲料

甜菜粕是甜菜榨糖后的副产品,每100公斤甜菜榨糖后大约剩余40公斤甜菜粕。目前甜菜粕主要用于饲料直接饲喂,但由于其主要成分是纤维素、半纤维素和果胶类物质,因而饲料报酬很低。如能将甜菜粕的纤维类物质转化为蛋白,就可以大大提高其作为饲料的质量。我们研究了先利用纤维素酶和果胶酶对甜菜粕进行酶解和糖化,然后再进行酵母发酵生产酵母饲料来提高其蛋白含量的方法。     

甜菜碱在反刍动物生产中的应用

甜菜碱作为一种饲料添加剂,因具有促进动物生长、调节脂肪代谢、改善胴体品质、提高饲料适口性等功效,目前已被广泛应用于猪、禽类及鱼类养殖生产中。虽然目前甜菜粕或甜菜渣已被广泛应用于反刍动物饲料中,但直接饲喂其活性物质甜菜碱的相关研究较少,使用效果尚不明确。因此,本文对甜菜碱在反刍动物生产中的应用效果及作用机制加以综述,以期促进甜菜碱在反刍动物生产中的开发利用。     

饲料

正国家质检总局批准进口乌克兰甜菜粕和葵粕近日,国家质检总局正式批准进口乌克兰甜菜粕和葵粕。据8月24日国家质检总局发布的《关于进口乌克兰甜菜粕和葵粕、哈萨克斯坦麦麸、坦桑尼亚木薯干检验检疫要求的公告》称,根据我国专家对乌克兰甜菜粕和葵粕、哈萨克斯坦麦麸、坦桑尼亚木薯干的风险分析结果,在实地     

应用体外产气法和尼龙袋法评价几种粮食加工副产物的营养价值

本试验旨在应用体外产气法和尼龙袋法评价4种粮食加工副产物玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮、甜菜粕和豆渣的营养价值。从东北地区不同牧场和加工厂采集了4种副产物,以3头安装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康荷斯坦奶牛作为瘤胃液供体动物,研究不同副产物的瘤胃发酵特性和降解特性。结果表明:(1)甜菜粕体外发酵48 h的总产气量最高,较大豆皮、玉米纤维饲料和豆渣分别提高3.0%、18.7%和23.5%(P0.05);玉米纤维饲料体外发酵48 h的乙酸含量最高,其余依次为大豆皮、甜菜粕和豆渣,其中甜菜粕和豆渣的乙酸含量差异不显著(P0.05);玉米纤维饲料体外发酵48 h的丙酸含量最高,其余依次为大豆皮、豆渣和甜菜粕;体外发酵48 h的NH_3-N浓度由高到低依次为豆渣、甜菜粕、玉米纤维饲料和大豆皮,豆渣较其他几种副产物分别提高25.9%、75.2%和99.8%(P0.05)。(2)豆渣的干物质有效降解率(ED_(DM))最高,其余依次为玉米纤维饲料、甜菜粕和大豆皮,豆渣的ED_(DM)高于大豆皮48.4%(P0.05);豆渣的中性洗涤纤维有效降解率(EDNDF)最高,分别较甜菜粕、玉米纤维饲料和大豆皮提高43.1%、46.8%和78.7%(P0.05);粗蛋白质有效降解率(ED_(CP))由高到低依次为甜菜粕、大豆皮、玉米纤维饲料和豆渣。研究结果表明,几种副产物均具有丰富的营养成分。豆渣可以作为奶牛的蛋白源饲料,玉米纤维饲料在提供能量方面具有优势,甜菜粕的消化性能最好。     

应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系和NRC模型评价4种粮食加工副产物的营养价值

本试验旨在应用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)和NRC模型评价4种粮食加工副产物的营养价值。从东北地区4个不同牧场采集了玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮、甜菜粕和豆渣4种粮食加工副产物,测定其营养成分,应用CNCPS模型对蛋白质和碳水化合物组分进行剖分,并预测其潜在营养价值供给量,应用NRC模型估测可消化养分和能值。结果表明:1)中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的含量由高到低依次为大豆皮、甜菜粕、玉米纤维饲料和豆渣;非蛋白氮(NPN)的含量由高到低依次为玉米纤维饲料、豆渣、甜菜粕和大豆皮;甜菜粕的酸性洗涤不溶粗蛋白质(ADICP)含量最高,其余依次为大豆皮、豆渣和玉米纤维饲料,其中玉米纤维饲料和豆渣的ADICP含量差异不显著(P0.05)。2)非蛋白氮(PA,即NPN)含量由高到低依次为玉米纤维饲料、豆渣、甜菜粕和大豆皮;真蛋白质(PB)含量由高到低依次为大豆皮、甜菜粕、豆渣和玉米纤维饲料;不可降解氮(PC)的含量由高到低依次为豆渣、甜菜粕、大豆皮和玉米纤维饲料。3)可代谢蛋白质(MP)含量由高到低依次为豆渣、大豆皮、甜菜粕和玉米纤维饲料。4)玉米纤维饲料和豆渣的维持水平总可消化养分(TDNm)含量较高,二者差异不显著(P0.05);生产水平泌乳净能(NELP)值由高到低依次为豆渣、玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮和甜菜粕,其中玉米纤维饲料的NELP值与豆渣、大豆皮差异均不显著(P0.05);生产水平代谢能(MEP)值由高到低依次为豆渣、玉米纤维饲料、甜菜粕和大豆皮。由此可见,玉米纤维饲料和大豆皮可以作为奶牛的纤维源饲料;豆渣的过瘤胃蛋白质(RUP)、MP含量最高,可以作为奶牛的蛋白质源饲料。4种粮食加工副产物的能值由高到低依次为豆渣、玉米纤维饲料、大豆皮、甜菜粕。     

茶籽饼粕提取物在动物生产中的研究进展

茶籽饼粕提取物包括茶皂素、茶籽多糖、鞣质（单宁）、生物碱、黄酮等生物活性物质,此文对这些物质的化学结构与性质、生物活性、在动物生产中的应用及其机理、构效关系等方面进行了综述,为茶粕提取物在动物生产中的合理应用以及茶籽饼粕的综合开发利用提供理论依据。     

甜菜碱的营养作用和应用效果

甜菜碱是于甜菜糖蜜中发现的季铵型生物碱,是动物体内的代谢中间产物,具有提供甲基、调节体内渗透压、促进脂肪代谢和蛋白质合成等营养作用,应用于饲料中能明显改善生产效果,促进动物生长、提高抗应激能力、降低料比、增加饲料适口性、提高抗球虫疗效等,并能替代部分DL-蛋氨酸以降低饲料成本,是一种安全高效的营养性饲料添加剂.     

Preference for condensed tannins by sheep in response to challenge infection with Haemonchus contortus

Herbivores prefer feeds that supply required nutrients and avoid those with excess nutrients and plant secondary compounds (PSC). Nevertheless, PSC such as condensed tannins can provide beneficial medicinal effects to herbivores as they act against infective diseases such as parasitism. The objectives of this study were to determine: (1) if parasitized lambs increased preference for a tannin-rich feed after they experienced the beneficial antiparasitic effects of condensed tannins relative to parasitized lambs that did not experience such benefits, and (2) if preference for the tannin-rich feed in the former group decreased when parasite burdens subsided. Twenty two lambs were familiarized with beet pulp and beet pulp+8% quebracho tannins (beet pulp+tannins) and choices were given between the two feeds (initial preference tests). Subsequently, all animals were dosed with 10,000 L(3) stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-two days later, animals were exposed to beet pulp (Control group; n=11) or beet pulp+tannins (Treatment group; n=11) during 24 d. After exposure (during a parasitic infection) animals in both groups were given choices between the two feeds. Lastly, animals in both groups received an antiparasitic drench and were again given a choice between both feeds (after a parasitic infection). Lambs preferred beet pulp to beet pulp+tannins throughout the study (P<0.001) and no difference in preference for the tannin-rich feed was detected between groups during initial preference tests (P>0.05). However, during a parasitic infection, intake of and preference for the tannin-rich feed was higher for lambs that experienced the beneficial effects of condensed tannins while parasitized (Treatment) than for lambs that did not (Control) (P<0.05). When parasitic infections were terminated by chemotherapy, differences between groups disappeared (P>0.05). Preference by the Treatment group for the tannin-rich feed was lower after than during a parasite infection (P<0.05). In contrast, preference by the Control group did not change during these periods (P>0.05). Lambs in the Treatment group displayed lower FEC than lambs in the Control group (Group × Sampling Date; P<0.05). These results show lambs learned about the antiparasitic effects of condensed tannins and increased their preference for the tannin-rich feed, which subsided after chemotherapy, indicating preference was due to parasite infection. These findings suggest management that allows animals to select tannin-rich feeds can enable parasitized animals to self-medicate.     

The provision of solid feeds to veal calves: II. Behavior, physiology, and abomasal damage

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of two roughage sources (wheat straw and beet pulp) to the milk replacer diet of veal calves, in order to reduce stress and improve animal welfare. We allocated 138 Polish Friesian male calves to three different feeding plans: a milk replacer diet (Control), 250 g/d of wheat straw in addition to the milk replacer, or 250 g/d of dried beet pulp in addition to the milk replacer. Within each feeding treatment, 16 calves were individually housed and 30 were kept in group pens (five calves/pen). Several behavioral, physiological, and health welfare indicators were monitored throughout the fattening period, which lasted for 160 d. Abnormal oral behavior around the meals was higher in Control calves (P < 0.01), while its lowest level was observed in straw-fed calves. At the beginning of the trial, chewing was higher in calves receiving solid feeds (P < 0.001), but the difference from the Control gradually decreased and disappeared at wk 13 for calves fed beet pulp and at wk 17 for those fed wheat straw. At the end of the fattening period, no differences among treatments were found in the frequency of chewing. Regardless of the diet, self-grooming decreased with age and no relationship was observed between this behavior and the presence of rumen hairballs. Cross-sucking was performed with low frequencies (from 4.70% at wk 2 to 1.05% at wk 23 around the meals, and even lower far from the meals) and was not affected by the provision of roughage. The time in contact with the bucket during the whole day was higher in Controls, whereas calves fed wheat straw maintained a lower level of this activity until the end of the trial (P < 0.01). The calves fed wheat straw spent more time in contact with the feed trough (P < 0.001) than those fed beet pulp and Control calves. No differences were found in cortisol curves due to the feeding treatment. In calves fed beet pulp, most hematological measures statistically differed from the other treatments, possibly in response to the higher iron intake and(or) to the higher hemoconcentration, probably due to the administration of beet pulp as dried feed. The incidence of abomasal ulcers and erosions was increased by the provision of the solid feeds, particularly by a structured fiber source such as straw. A roughage source able to satisfy calves' behavioral needs and to improve digestive processes without damaging the digestive apparatus still has to be identified.     

The provision of solid feeds to veal calves: I. Growth performance, forestomach development, and carcass and meat quality

Growth performance, forestomach development, and carcass and meat quality of veal calves fed a milk replacer diet (Control) were compared to those obtained from calves fed the same liquid diet plus 250 g x calf(-1) x d(-1) of dried beet pulp or wheat straw. Three groups of 46 Polish Friesian calves, balanced according to initial BW, were assigned to the three dietary treatments in a fattening trial, which lasted 160 d. The provision of either solid feed did not affect the milk replacer intake. However, calves' ADG was increased (P < 0.01) only by feeding the beet pulp diet. The administration of both solid feeds improved calves' health status; calves fed solid feeds required fewer iron treatments for low hemoglobin and needed less medical treatments for respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases. In comparison to the Control calves, the provision of wheat straw and beet pulp increased iron intake throughout the fattening period by 41 and 130%, respectively. However, only calves fed beet pulp showed higher levels of hemoglobin and plasma iron concentrations (P < 0.05), whereas the same blood parameters were similar between Control calves and those fed wheat straw. At slaughter, both solid feeds led to empty forestomach weights heavier than those of Controls without reducing dressing percentage. The reticulorumen was heaviest in calves fed beet pulp, whereas wheat straw promoted omasal development. The administration of beet pulp resulted in a better carcass conformation than did the Control diet or wheat straw, but it had a detrimental effect on carcass color, which was graded as the darkest (P < 0.001). Consistent with this result, meat color of calves fed beet pulp was darker than that of Control calves and those fed wheat straw, because of the higher hematin concentration measured at the muscle level. No differences in carcass and meat color were observed between Control calves and calves fed wheat straw. The administration of solid feeds for welfare purposes does not always prevent the production of veal meat fulfilling the color standards required by the market. There is not a straight-forward relationship between a solid feed's iron content and the "redness" of veal meat, which should be related to the capability of the calves to use the iron provided by the roughage.     

Energetic utilization of sugar beets, dried shreds, sucrose and apple pectin by growing swine. 1. Study overview and composition and digestibility of feed and rations

Total metabolism experiments with a basic ration were carried out over two measuring periods and with a basic ration plus supplements of raw sugar beets, steamed sugar beets, dried sugar beet pulp, sucrose and apple pectin resp. with 4 pigs per test group and 4 test groups (LW 40-135 kg). Live weight gain was approximately equal after the feeding of raw and steamed sugar beets. It amounted to 650 g/animal and day in the first experimental period and to 715 g in the second. After feeding dried sugar beet pulp as supplement the corresponding weight gain was 525 and 565 g/animal and day. In the course of the ontogenetic development up to a live weight of about 70 kg an increase of digestibility could be observed. Adaptation cannot be excluded. This question will be pursued in the following experiments, so that consequences for energetic feed evaluation have to be postponed. For both raw and steamed sugar beets the digestibility of the organic matter was 88%, of NFE 95% and of water soluble carbohydrates 95%.     

Effect of amount and degradability of dietary starch on animal performance and meat quality in beef bulls

Introduction   Even at a similar energy concentration of the diet, energy source may affect animal performance. O wens et al. (1997) reported that daily dry matter (DM) intake tended to be lowest for wheat-based diets and highest for milo and oat-based diets. O'M ara et al. (1997) found a lower pH and less ammonia in the rumen of lactating cows, when unmolassed beet pulp was replaced with ground wheat. Contrary to the results of O'M ara et al. (1997), M alestein et al. (1984) found a greater risk for lactic acidosis for citrus and beet pulp than for maize meal and tapioca. For years it has been known that rapidly degradable carbohydrates may provoke acidosis (H untington and B ritton 1979; F iems et al. 1993). Furthermore, low ruminal pH may inhibit cellulose digestion (M ould et al. 1983) and decrease efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (R ussell et al. 1979).
As energy concentration of the diet is important for finishing cattle (B oucqu & eacute ; et al. 1980), the amount of roughage is rather limited. This may result in sub-clinical acidosis with a negative impact on animal performance (O wens et al. 1998), especially when the diet is rich in rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. Therefore an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of energy source in the finishing diet on voluntary daily feed intake, daily liveweight gain, feed efficiency, blood metabolites and carcass quality.
Energy source may also affect meat quality. C asteels et al. (1969) found differences in meat colour when concentrates were based on cereals or sugarbeet pulp. W ood (1984) reported that the concentrate : forage ratio in the diet affects the fatty acid composition of body fat through an increase in propionate production in the rumen. Therefore the effect on meat quality was also studied.     

海藻在畜牧生产中的应用研究进展

海藻是海洋中藻类植物的总称,分布在低潮线以下的浅海区域,是植物界中的隐花植物。全世界已知藻类有3万余种,目前已被人类开发利用的藻类主要分为红藻、褐藻、绿藻和蓝藻4大类。随着常规饲料原料的供应紧张和价格上涨,开发非常规综合性功能饲料已成为解决畜牧业饲料资源有效供应的长期任务。海藻作为一种优质的非常规饲料资源,具有分布广、产量大、适应能力强等特点且含有大量陆地植物所缺乏的生物活性物质和营养物质,这些特性决定了其巨大的饲料经济开发价值。作者综述了海藻的区域分布、特性、分类及营养物质的种类、功能及其在动物上的应用,由于其富含蛋白质类、氨基酸类、矿物质、多不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质及多糖多酚类、萜类等功能性物质,在畜牧业生产应用中具有巨大的发展潜力。此外,作者指出了在使用海藻饲料原料过程中应注重的问题,探讨了海藻在动物生产中发挥的多种功能性应用价值与潜在市场,旨在为藻类资源在动物日粮中的应用提供参考。     

开发糖甜菜作饲料 促进畜牧业发展

糖甜菜不仅是糖料作物，而且其收获和制糖后的副产品都有很高的饲料价值，每公顷生产的饲料单位高于饲用甜菜等块根类饲料作物，其茎叶营养价值与苜蓿接近；糖甜菜抗逆性强，对温度适应范围广，耐旱、耐寒、抗盐碱，用于开发饲料具有重要的经济意义，在农业种植结构调整中，糖甜菜作为饲料作物纳入三元结构中有显著优势。     

番茄红素的功能及其在动物生产中的应用

番茄红素广泛存在于番茄、西瓜、葡萄柚等水果中,是成熟番茄中的主要色素,也是常见的类胡萝卜素之一,在所有类胡萝卜素中对单线态氧的猝灭活性最强。番茄红素具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗癌和预防心血管疾病的作用。番茄红素还可以作为饲料添加剂应用于动物生产中,具有提高免疫力、改善代谢和繁殖功能等作用。综述了番茄红素的作用机理及其在动物生产中的应用,以期为番茄红素作为饲料添加剂在动物生产中的应用提供参考。