雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤杂交克隆品系建立

研究了雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤第2代(G₂)产生的二倍体卵子在无染色体加倍情况下形成第3代(G3)的雌核发育细胞学行为,G₃,G₂×散鳞镜鲤和G₂×四倍体鲫鲤的染色体数目.研究结果表明:(ⅰ)G₂产生的二倍体卵子无需染色体加倍处理,仅在灭活散鳞镜鲤精子激活下,形成了大量G₃.(ⅱ)G₃和雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤第1代(G₁)、G₂一样,也表现出杂交特征,并且都是二倍体(2n=100);G₂与二倍体散鳞镜鲤和四倍体鲫鲤分别交配形成了三倍体(3n=150)和四倍体(4n=200)鱼;(ⅲ)二倍体G₂产生的二倍体卵子在雌核发育过程中,有明显第二极体排出,排除了二倍体卵子源于第二极体保留的可能.另外,还对二倍体鲫鲤产生二倍体卵子的机制进行了讨论.雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤杂交克隆品系建立证明二倍体卵子通过雌核发育形式可形成一个能产生二倍体卵子的新型二倍体鲫鲤品系,二倍体鲫鲤产生二倍体卵子的特殊繁殖方式在生物进化和生产应用方面都具有重要意义.     

湖南师范大学鱼类发育学研究室最新研究成果展示

湖南师范大学鱼类发育生物学研究室在成功研制了四倍体鲫鲤群体(F3-F18)的基础上,利用四倍体鲫鲤群体产生的二倍体卵子本身具有2套染色体组的特点,通过雌核发育技术,在没有染色体加倍处理情况下,经灭活的散鳞镜鲤精子刺激,建立了一个能大量产生二倍体卵子的雌核发育二倍体克隆体系(G1-G5)。有关该研究     

异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育后代及其亲本RAPD分析

异源四倍体鲫鲤是湖南师范大学鱼类发育生物学实验室和湖南湘阴县东湖渔场在红鲫(♀)和湘江野鲤(♂)的杂交后代中选育出来的四倍体鱼,目前已连续繁殖14代(F3-F16),已形成一个四倍体性能代代相传、遗传性状稳定的四倍体鱼群体,这是世界上唯一人工培育的两性可育的异源四倍体鱼[1—2]。利用四倍体鱼与二倍体白鲫、二倍体鲤鱼杂交,可获得生长快、肉质鲜美、抗病力强等优良性状的不育三倍体湘云鲫、三倍体湘云鲤[3],并已在全国28个省市推广养殖,取得了显著的经济和社会效益。异源四倍体鲫鲤雌性个体产生的二倍体卵子具有两套染色体,在没有染色…     

远缘杂交导致不同倍性鱼的形成

远缘杂交可以使基因组从一个物种转移到另一个物种中,从而导致杂交后代的表现型和基因型都发生改变.本文描述了在红鲫(♀)与鲤鱼(♂)的远缘杂交后代中,形成了F3~F18两性可育异源四倍体鲫鲤群体(4n=200,简称为4nAT).4nAT的雌、雄个体分别产生的二倍体卵子和二倍体精子,经过雌核发育和雄核发育,在没有染色体加倍处理情况下,分别发育成雌核发育二倍体后代和雄核发育二倍体后代.其中雌核发育体系衍生出具有遗传变异的改良四倍体鲫鲤和改良二倍体鱼,二倍体杂交鱼产生不减数的配子的现象与减数分裂前核内复制或者核内有丝分裂或者生殖细胞融合有关.用雄性4nAT与雌性二倍体鱼进行倍间交配大规模制备了不育三倍体鱼.在红鲫(♀)与团头鲂(♂)的远缘杂交后代中,成功地获得两性可育的天然雌核发育红鲫(2n=100),不育的三倍体鲫鲂(3n=124)以及两性可育的四倍体鲫鲂(4n=148),此外,还制备了两种五倍体鲫鲂(5n=172;5n=198).该文在细胞和分子水平上对不同倍性鱼的生物学特点和形成机制进行了比较,揭示了远缘杂交或者将远缘杂交与雌核发育和雄核发育相结合的方法在具有遗传变异的不同倍性鱼的形成中发挥着积极作用,这在生物进化和鱼类遗传育种方面都具有重要意义.     

二倍体鲫鲤F2产生不同倍性卵子的证据

在检测到鲫鲤F2产生3种不同大小(直径分别为0.13 cm,0.17cm和0.2 cm)类型的卵子基础上,进行了F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)及F2(♀)×四倍体鲫鲤(♂)的交配实验.通过染色体计数和流式细胞仪分析,在F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)后代中获得了四倍体、三倍体、二倍体鱼;在F2(♀)×四倍体鲫鲤(♂)后代中获得了四倍体和三倍体鱼.这两个交配组合后代中出现的不同倍性的鱼类为证明鲫鲤F2能产生三倍体、二倍体和单倍体卵子提供了进一步证据.F2(♀)×红鲫(♂)中雄性四倍体鱼的存在说明在四倍体后代中存在基因型为XXXY的个体.对上述两个交配组合后代的四倍体鱼和三倍体鱼的性腺结构观察表明四倍体鱼是可育的,而三倍体鱼是不育的.作者认为鲫鲤F2能够产生二倍体和三倍体卵子与核内复制机制和生殖细胞的融合有关.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤F9～F11染色体和性腺观察

采用肾细胞染色体制片技术,检测了异源四倍体鲫鲤F9-F11代的染色体数目及组型,结果表明：其染色体数目为4n=200,核型公式为44m 68sm 44st 44t,证明F9—F11继续保持四倍体性。观察异源四倍体鲫鲤F9—F11成熟性腺,在这3代四倍体鱼中仍然保持正常卵巢和精巢,分别形成正常二倍体卵子和二倍体精于。在自然环境下,观察了异源四倍体鲫鲤自行产卵受精井产生存活后代过程,证明该四倍体鱼群体在自然环境下能够自行繁殖传代。异源四倍体鲫鲤稳定的染色体数目和正常的性腺结构以及自然条件下的生殖传代行为,说明该异源四倍体鲫鲤已成为一个染色体数目为4n＝200、遗传性状稳定的新型四倍体鱼群体,具备形成新种所需的关键因素。     

由鲤(Cyprinus carpio)和鲫(Carassius auratus)染色体组叠加构建的 两个单性人工多倍体克隆

具有天然雌核发育的多倍体杂种鱼可防止杂种优势的分离并保持其后代的杂种优势. 由于假设诱发的多倍体鱼类的生殖模式是天然雌核发育的, 我们进行了鲤鲫杂种的多倍体诱发, 目的是描述经染色体组叠加由有性鲤鲫二倍体转化为异源三倍体及异源四倍体克隆谱系. 鲤鲫杂种产生未减数而具有两亲本染色体组杂种卵子, 未减数的雌核可与入卵的雄核融合叠加形成三倍体合子. 鲤鲫异源三倍体胚胎发育正常, 部分异源三倍体雌性个体可产生未减数的、仍保留母本的三套染色体的成熟卵子. 绝大部分鲤鲫异源人工三倍体个体的成熟卵子的雌核不与入卵的雄核融合, 具有天然雌核发育特性. 异源三倍体卵子在入卵精子的激动下由雌核发育产生全雌后代, 并形成一个单性克隆系, 后代保留异源三倍体母本的形态特征, 并靠雌核发育的生殖方式形成异源三倍体克隆系. 极少数异源三倍体个体的成熟卵子的雌核可与入卵的雄核融合, 再通过染色体组叠加形成鲤鲫异源四倍体. 所有异源四倍体的雌性产生未减数的、含有4个染色体组的成熟卵子. 异源四倍体的成熟卵子保持雌核发育特性, 在近类的精子诱发下产生单性后代, 形成一个异源四倍体单性克隆.     

二倍体雌核发育鱼产生二倍体卵子的证据

二倍体雌核发育第 1代 (G1)产生的二倍体卵子经紫外线灭活的散鳞镜鲤精子诱导 ,无需染色体加倍处理 ,发育成二倍体雌核发育第 2代 (G2 ) ;G1 产生的二倍体卵子与雄性异源四倍体鲫鲤 (AT)产生的二倍体精子结合 ,形成新型两性可育的异源四倍体鲫鲤 (G1 ×AT)。对G2 和新四倍体 (G1 ×AT)的体细胞染色体数目、生殖细胞染色体行为及性腺结构、外形、生长速度等生物学特征进行了研究。结果表明 :G2 体细胞染色体数目为 2n =1 0 0。在 6～ 1 2月龄G2 中 ,没有发现性成熟的个体 ,组织学切片结果表明 ,G2 性腺处于卵原细胞增殖阶段 ,与 1龄G1 的性腺发育相似 ,性腺发育迟缓。对 6～ 8个月龄G2 性腺染色体制片进行观察 ,结果表明 ,G2 生殖细胞的染色体没有二价体的形成 ,只有有丝分裂的迹象 ,其有丝分裂中期不但有 2n =1 0 0的染色体分裂相 ,还有 4n =2 0 0的染色体分裂相 ,甚至有接近 8n(380 )的分裂相 ,说明 1龄G2 的性腺中存在 2n、4n等多种类型的生殖细胞 ,其中 4n的生殖细胞经正常的减数分裂后可产生二倍体卵子。核内复制 (pre meioticendoreduplication)学说可以较好地解释这种不减半配子产生的现象。新四倍体 (G1 ×AT)体细胞染色体数目为 4n =2 0 0 ,雌雄新四倍体 (G1 ×AT)具有正常的性腺发育 ,在繁殖季     

用雄核发育方法制备改良异源四倍体鲫鲤群体

用UV照射金鱼的卵子使其卵核的遗传物质失活, 再与异源四倍体鲫鲤(AT)产生的二倍体精子受精, 在无雄核染色体加倍处理情况下, 成功地获得了两性可育的二倍体雄核发育鱼(A₀). Ⅱ龄性成熟的A₀自交形成了雄核发育鱼自交子一代(A₁). 本研究对10月龄A₁的染色体数目、性腺的显微和亚显微结构以及外型特征进行了观察, 实验结果表明: (ⅰ) A₁中包含有四倍体(A₁-4n)、三倍体(A₁-3n)以及二倍体后代(A₁-2n), 他们所占比例分别为85%, 10%和5%, 其染色体数目分别为4n=200, 3n=150和2n=100. 其中四倍体和三倍体的形成证明二倍体A₀能产生二倍体配子. 二倍体雄核发育鲫鲤杂交鱼产生二倍体配子的原因与早期生殖细胞的核内复制机制有关. (ⅱ) A₁-4n的性腺为两性型且发育正常. 其中雄性个体能挤出白色精液, 其中的二倍体精子头部明显比红鲫的单倍体精子头部大. 这些二倍体精子具有正常结构, 由头部和尾部组成, 头部与尾部交接处有多个线粒体, 精子尾巴的中央轴有典型的“9+2”微管结构. A₁-4n雌性个体的卵巢发育饱满, 其中含有大量Ⅱ, Ⅲ和Ⅳ时相的卵母细胞. 在Ⅳ时相卵母细胞的放射膜上能观察到受精孔. 同时期的A₁-2n, A₁-3n的性腺发育异常, 均表现为不育. A₁-2n的不育性与其为远源杂交二倍体有关, A₁-3n的不育性与其为远源杂交三倍体有关. (ⅲ) 与AT相比, A₁-4n不仅具有生长速度快、抗逆性强的优点, 而且在外型上具有体背高、尾柄短、头部小等优良性状. 本实验说明运用雄核发育技术不仅能获得两性可育的四倍体鱼, 而且能对异源四倍体鲫鲤进行有效的遗传改良, 这在细胞遗传研究和鱼类育种方面都具有重要意义.     

异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父母本线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因遗传变异的分析

采用质粒克隆测序方法,获得了异源四倍体鲫鲤5个个体、异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体的线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因的全序列。经对比发现,异源四倍体5个个体共享2种单元型,异源四倍体鲫鲤雌核发育二倍体后代2个个体、三倍体湘云鲫2个个体以及红鲫、湘江野鲤和日本白鲫各1个个体分别共享1种单元型。用MEGA 1.0 软件分析了它们的碱基组成和核苷酸序列差异,用邻接法构建系统进化树。它们间的序列同源性在95%~99%之间,异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们母本（分别为红鲫和日本白鲫）之间的序列同源性大于异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和它们父本（分别为湘江野鲤和异源四倍体鲫鲤）之间的序列同源性,结果表明：异源四倍体鲫鲤和三倍体湘云鲫在线粒体DNA 12S rRNA基因上具有母性遗传特征。本研究另一值得注意地方的是异源四倍体鲫鲤经过9代(F3-F11)繁殖后,在5个个体中发现了2种单元型,说明在四倍体基因库中存在遗传多样性,为四倍体基因库的繁殖、保护和种群复壮提供了一些有价值的信息。     

Establishment of the diploid gynogenetic hybrid clonal line of red crucian carp × common carp

This study investigated the gynogenetic cytobiological behavior of the third gynogenetic generation (G3), which was generated from the diploid eggs produced by the second gynogenetic generation (G2)of red crucian carp × common carp, and determined the chromosomal numbers of G3, G2×scatter scale carp and G2×allotetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp. The results showed that the diploid eggs of G2 with 100 chromosomes, activated by UV-irradiated sperm from scatter scale carp and without the treatment for doubling the chromosomes, could develop into G3 with 100 chromosomes.Similar to the first and second gynogenetic generations (G1 and G2), G3 was also diploid (2n=100) and presented the hybrid traits. The triploids (3n=150) and tetraploids (4n=200) were produced by crossing G2 with scatter scale carp, and crossing G2 with allotetraploids, respectively. The extrusion of the second polar body in the eggs of G2 ruled out the possibility that the retention of the second polar body led to the formation of the diploid eggs. In addition, we discussed the mechanism of the formation of the diploid eggs generated by G2. The establishment of the diploid gynogenesis clonal line (G1, G2 and G3) provided the evidence that the diploid eggs were able to develop into a new diploid hybrid clonal line by gynogenesis. By producing the diploid eggs as a unique reproductive way, the diploid gynogenetic progeny of allotetrapioid hybrids of red crucian carp × common carp had important significances in both biological evolution and production application.     

Evidence of Different Ploidy Eggs Produced by Diploid F2 Hybrids of Carassius auratus (♀) × Cyprinus carpio (♂)

Based on the presence of three types of eggs with different diameters 0.13, 0.17 and 0.2 cm, we made two crosses: F₂ (♀) × diploid red crucian carp (♂), and F₂ (♀) × F₁₀ tetraploid (♂). The ploidy levels of the progeny of the two crosses were examined by chromosome counting and DNA content measurement by flow cytometer. In the offspring of the former cross, tetraploids, trip-loids, and diploid were obtained. In the progeny of the latter cross, tetraploids and triploids were observed. The production of the different ploidy level fish in the progeny of the two crosses provided a further evidence that F₂ might generate triploid, diploid and haploid eggs. The presence of the male tetraploid found in F₂ (♀) × diploid red crucian carp (♂) suggested that the genotype of XXXY probably existed in the tetraploid progeny. The gonadal structures of the tetraploids and triploids indicated that both female and male tetraploids were fertile and the triploids were sterile. We concluded that the formations of different ploidy level eggs from F₂ were contributed by endoreduplication and fusion of germ cells.     

四类不同倍性鲫鱼在胚胎发育期间同工酶基因表达的比较分析

Isozyme zymograms of esterase (EST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis at different developmental stages of embryogenesis in 4 types of various ploidy crucian carp embryos, including haploids, diploids, natural triploids, and multiple tetraploids, and 2 types of haploid and diploid common carp embryos. Haploid embryos of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) were produced by treating eggs with UV-irradiated milt from blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala). Natural triploid embryos were obtained from the eggs of gynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) inseminated with milt from red common carp. Multiple tetraploid embryos were also produced by gynogenesis from eggs of the newly discovered multiple tetraploid females inseminated with milt from red common carp. Gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that the band types and staining intensity of 4 isozymes expressed in haploid embryos of crucian carp and red common carp were similar to that in the correlative diploid embryos. In natural triploid silver crucian carp embryos, the zymograms of MDH and SOD isozymes were identical with that of diploid crucian carp embryos, but the EST and LDH isozymes manifested more new enzyme bands in comparison with diploid embryos. The corresponding expressed products of some bands in the triploid embryos, such as EST5 and EST6, could be observed also in red common carp embryos, which provided evidence for hybrid origin about the gynogenetic fish. The multiple tetraploids incorporated one foreign genome of red common carp, therefore, the effects of genes from the foreign genome could be observed in the multiple tetraploid embryos. Gene expression of the isozymes in the tetraploid embryos was somewhat similar to that in hybrids. Owing to interaction of triploid silver crucian carp genomes and common carp haploid genome, some isozyme bands, such as EST5 and EST6, changed in quantity, and some bands increased, such as s-SOD1, s-SOD2, s-SOD3 and s-SOD4 in the tetraploid embryos. Moreover, the heterogeneity was revealed among embryos developed from gynogenetic eggs of 3 different multiple tetraploid individuals.     

四类不同倍性鲫鱼在胚胎发育期间同工酶基因表达的比较分析

用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳比较分析了单倍体、二倍体、三倍体和复合四倍体4类不同倍性鲫鱼以及单倍体和二倍体鲤鱼在胚胎发育时期4种同工酶(EST,LDH,MDH,SOD)酶谱。结果表明,单倍体鲫鱼和单倍体鲤鱼胚胎与各自的二倍体胚胎相比,同工酶酶谱看不出差异;天然三倍体银鲫胚胎的MDH和SOD同工酶酶谱与二倍体鲫相似,但EST和LDH同工酶比二倍体增多了酶带,有的酶带如EST5和EST6还可在鲤鱼胚胎中找到相应的表达产物,提供了天然雌核发育三倍体银鲫杂交起源的证据;复合四倍体由于含有鲤鱼的一个外来基因组,其胚胎的基因表达有些与杂种类似,在所分析的4种同工酶酶谱中,都可观察到来自鲤鱼基因的影响。此外,在由源于不同复合四倍体个体的卵子发育形成的胚胎间,还观察到同工酶基因表达的异质性。     

Formation and biological characterization of three new types of improved crucian carp

The improved tetraploids (G1×AT) were obtained by distant crossing and gynogenesis and the high-body individuals accounted for 2% among G1×AT. After mating with each other, the high-body in- dividuals produced three kinds of bisexual fertile diploid fishes: high-body red crucian carp, high-body fork-like-tails goldfish and gray common carp. The high-body red crucian carp mating with each other formed three types of improved crucian carp (ICC) including improved red crucian carp (IRCC), im- proved color crucian carp (ICCC) and improved gray crucian carp (IGCC). The phenotypes, chromo- some numbers, gonadal structure and fertility of the three kinds of ICC and their offspring were observed. All the three kinds of ICC possessed some improved phenotypes such as higher body, smaller head and shorter tail. The ratios of the body height to body length of IRCC, ICCC and IGCC were 0.54, 0.51 and 0.54, respectively. All of them were obviously higher than that of red crucian carp 0.41 (P<0.01). Three kinds of ICC had the same chromosome number as red crucian carp with 100 chromosomes. All the ICC possessed normal gonads producing mature eggs or sperm, which was important for the production of an improved diploid population. Compared with red crucian carp, all the ICC had stronger fertility such as higher gametes production, higher fertilization rate and higher hatchery rate. Three types of improved diploid fish population were generated from the three kinds of ICC by self-crossing, respectively. The ICC can serve as ornamental fish and edible fish. They are also ideal parents to produce triploids by mating with tetraploids. The new ICC plays an important role in biological evolution and fish genetic breeding.     

四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫染色体减数分裂观察

用精巢细胞直接制片法观察了异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和二倍体红鲫、湘江野鲤精母细胞染色体第一次减数分裂中期配对情况 ;作为对照 ,观察了上述四种鱼肾细胞的有丝分裂中期染色体。在精母细胞第一次减数分裂中 ,异源四倍体鲫鲤同源染色体两两配对 ,形成 10 0个二价体 ,没有观察到单价体、三价体和四价体 ;三倍体湘云鲫精母细胞形成 5 0个二价体和 5 0个单价体 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤精母细胞分别形成 5 0个二价体。肾细胞检测表明异源四倍体的染色体数目为 4n =2 0 0 ;湘云鲫为 3n =15 0 ;红鲫和湘江野鲤分别为 2n =10 0。减数分裂时染色体分布情况与肾细胞染色体检测结果相吻合。具有四套染色体的异源四倍体鲫鲤在减数分裂中只形成 10 0个二价体 ,而不形成 2 5个四价体或其它形式 ,为产生稳定一致的二倍体配子提供了重要的遗传保障 ,也为人工培育的异源四倍体鲫鲤群体能够世世代代自身繁衍下去提供了重要的遗传学证据。三倍体湘云鲫在减数分裂过程中出现二价体、单价体共存 ,同源染色体在配对和分离中出现紊乱 ,导致非整倍体生殖细胞的产生 ,为湘云鲫的不育性提供了染色体水平上的证据     

Comparative and Evolutionary Analysis of the Cytochrome b Sequences in Cyprinids with Different Ploidy Levels Derived from Crosses

The mitochondrial cyt b genes in the allotetraploid and triploid crucian carp as well as triploid common carp were isolated and completely sequenced. Their DNA sequences were compared with those derived from the cyt b genes of the red crucian carp, Japanese crucian carp, and common carp with MEGA 1.0 software. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the sister relationships between allotetraploid and diploid red crucian carp, between the triploid crucian carp and diploid Japanese crucian carp, and between triploid common carp and diploid common carp. Our results indicated the cyt b genes in the allotetraploid, triploid crucian carp, and triploid common carp were maternally inherited. Through maternal inheritance, the cyt b gene in the F11 tetraploid displayed extremely high similarity to that in the female parent red crucian carp after 11 generations (from F1 to F11 hybrids). Since the establishment of the new tetraploid stocks has great significance in analyzing evolutionary theory of vertebrate and in improving aquaculture industry, analysis of the cyt b gene and the elucidation of the variation of the cyt b gene DNA in different cyprinids prove that cyt b is a useful genetic marker to monitor the variations in the progeny of the crosses.     

远缘杂交形成的二倍体鱼和多倍体鱼生殖细胞染色体研究

本文采用性腺染色体制片及组织学切片方法,系统地研究了不同发育时期的鲫鲤杂交第二代(F2) (2n=100)、异源四倍体鲫鲤(4n=200)、三倍体鲫鱼(3n=150))、雌核发育二倍体鲫鲤第二代(G2)(2n=100)及鲤鱼(Cypninus carpio L)(2n=100)(对照组)生殖细胞的染色体特征.研究结果表明,对照组中鲤鱼精原细胞染色体数与体细胞染色体数一致,为二倍体精原细胞(2n=100),而远缘杂交形成的二倍体鱼和多倍体鱼的生殖细胞中则观察到明显的染色体数加倍现象,其中,鲫鲤杂交第二代(F2)精巢生殖细胞染色体数加倍现象特别丰富,占检测的染色体分裂相的21.6%,为其产生不减半的二倍体配子提供了直接的细胞学证据,同时也说明远缘杂交是导致生殖细胞染色体数加倍的一个重要因素.该研究在探讨多倍体鱼的发生及鱼类遗传育种方面具有重要意义.     

从ATPase8-6基因研究杂交多倍体鱼线粒体母性遗传

异源四倍体鲫鲤是世界上首例人工培育的两性可育并形成群体的且能自然繁殖的四倍体鱼。本文采用质粒克隆测序法测定了红鲫、异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和三倍体湘云鲤的ATPase8和ATPase6基因全序列 ,结合鲤鱼、日本白鲫和斑马鱼的同源序列 ,对不同倍性水平鲤科鱼类的ATPase8和ATPase6基因进行了比较 ,分析了碱基组成、变异情况以及核苷酸和氨基酸序列差异。红鲫、鲤鱼、异源四倍体鲫鲤、日本白鲫、三倍体湘云鲫和三倍体湘云鲤之间的序列差异为 0 0 % - 1 3 4 % ,它们与外群斑马鱼之间的序列差异为 2 7 9% -31 0 %。用MEGA软件中的MP法、ME法、NJ法和UPGMA法构建分子系统树 ,得到了相似的拓扑结构。结果分析表明 ,人工杂交多倍体异源四倍体鲫鲤、三倍体湘云鲫和三倍体湘云鲤在线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因上具有严格的母性遗传特征。值得注意的是 ,异源四倍体鲫鲤经过 1 1代的繁育后 ,与其原始母本红鲫仍然保持了非常高的同源性 ,说明了新的异源四倍体基因库在线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因上拥有稳定的遗传特性。对不同倍性鲤科鱼类线粒体ATPase8和ATPase6基因的研究表明 ,ATPase8和ATPase6基因是杂交鱼后代遗传变异研究的一个很好的分子标记