一种双正则项全变差高光谱图像去噪算法

受传感器特性影响,高光谱图像中的噪声在各个维度都有体现。噪声的存在降低了高光谱图像中信息的有效性,在进行地物分类前必须采用适当的算法对噪声予以去除。文章针对高光谱图像的噪声特性,提出了一种基于全变差的高光谱图像去噪算法。该算法将经典二维图像全变差去噪模型推广至三维形式,提出了采用双正则项及相应的调整参数的目标函数,在三维空间中完成新目标函数的离散化,并采用基于优化-最小化算法的迭代方法对目标函数进行优化与求解。对星载Hyperion成像光谱仪数据的实验表明,适当的设置调整参数,该方法可很好地提高高光谱图像的各波段信噪比、平滑光谱曲线并保留细节特征,其去噪效果优于经典的MNF去噪算法及Savitzky-Golay滤波方法。     

南疆沙尘区骏枣叶片水分含量检测的近红外光谱预处理方法对比

南疆地区沙尘多、灰尘大,枣树叶片表面经常覆盖一定程度的粗颗粒度沙尘,为了有效去除沙尘、灰尘在枣树叶片水分光谱测量过程中产生的散射噪声和基线漂移,研究一种适用于风沙较大地区的枣树叶片水分含量的快速检测方法,以不同灌溉梯度下的枣树叶片为研究对象,通过近红外光谱仪获取120个叶片样本的1 000～1 800 nm的光谱数据,并同步测量叶片水分含量,采用归一化、移动窗口平滑、SavitZky-Golay（SG）卷积平滑、SG求导、标准正态变量校正(SNV)和多元散射校正(MSC)等方法对原始光谱进行预处理,分析对比不同方法对散射噪声的处理能力,采用偏最小二乘回归分析方法筛选了敏感波段和建立预测模型。实验结果表明,枣树叶片水分含量强吸收峰为1 443 nm,波谷为1 661 nm;归一化光谱并未消除1 000～1 400 nm波段的散射噪声;移动窗口平滑和SG卷积平滑并未改进光谱曲线,散射噪声仍然存在;SG导数光谱的光谱特征峰和特征谷明显左移,光谱曲线不够平滑,噪声明显;SNV和MSC方法具有较好的散射噪声消除能力。偏最小回归分析方法筛选特征波长的结果表明（设置筛选波长数量为5）,基于原始光谱未筛选到1 443 nm的强波峰和1 661 nm的波谷附近的波段;基于归一化光谱在1 450 nm波峰附近筛选的波长有一定的偏差,在1 661 nm波谷附近的筛选的波长明显高于1 700 nm;基于移动窗口和SG卷积平滑光谱在1 443 nm具有一定的筛选能力,但并未筛选到1 661 nm附近的波长;导数光谱并未筛选到1 443和1 661 nm波段;SNV和MSC在波峰和波谷位置附近均筛选了敏感的光谱波段,其中MSC略优于SNV方法恰好在波峰和波谷位置,共筛选了1 002, 1 383, 1 411, 1 443和1 661 nm五个特征波段,也证明了MSC方法散射噪声和基线漂移处理能力最优,提高了敏感波长的筛选能力。偏最小二乘回归模型结果表明,不同预处理方法的RMSE值均较低,SNV和MSC方法改进了模型的预测结果,R2高于0.7,其中基于MSC方法的模型具有最高的R2和最低的RMSEP和RMSEPCV,R2=0.750 4,RMSEP=0.034 3,RMSECV=0.021 5,预测结果较优。证明MSC方法对沙尘和颗粒度引入的散射噪声具有较好的去除能力,可改进波长的筛选、提高预测模型精度,为南疆沙尘区的枣树叶片水分含量的无损检测提供了有效方法。     

南疆沙尘区骏枣叶片水分含量检测的近红外光谱预处理方法对比（英文）

南疆地区沙尘多、灰尘大,枣树叶片表面经常覆盖一定程度的粗颗粒度沙尘,为了有效去除沙尘、灰尘在枣树叶片水分光谱测量过程中产生的散射噪声和基线漂移,研究一种适用于风沙较大地区的枣树叶片水分含量的快速检测方法,以不同灌溉梯度下的枣树叶片为研究对象,通过近红外光谱仪获取120个叶片样本的1 000～1 800 nm的光谱数据,并同步测量叶片水分含量,采用归一化、移动窗口平滑、 SavitZky-Golay(SG)卷积平滑、 SG求导、标准正态变量校正(SNV)和多元散射校正(MSC)等方法对原始光谱进行预处理,分析对比不同方法对散射噪声的处理能力,采用偏最小二乘回归分析方法筛选了敏感波段和建立预测模型。实验结果表明,枣树叶片水分含量强吸收峰为1 443 nm,波谷为1 661 nm;归一化光谱并未消除1 000～1 400 nm波段的散射噪声;移动窗口平滑和SG卷积平滑并未改进光谱曲线,散射噪声仍然存在; SG导数光谱的光谱特征峰和特征谷明显左移,光谱曲线不够平滑,噪声明显; SNV和MSC方法具有较好的散射噪声消除能力。偏最小回归分析方法筛选特征波长的结果表明(设置筛选波长数量为5),基于原始光谱未筛选到1 443 nm的强波峰和1 661 nm的波谷附近的波段;基于归一化光谱在1 450 nm波峰附近筛选的波长有一定的偏差,在1 661 nm波谷附近的筛选的波长明显高于1 700 nm;基于移动窗口和SG卷积平滑光谱在1 443 nm具有一定的筛选能力,但并未筛选到1 661 nm附近的波长;导数光谱并未筛选到1 443和1 661 nm波段; SNV和MSC在波峰和波谷位置附近均筛选了敏感的光谱波段,其中MSC略优于SNV方法恰好在波峰和波谷位置,共筛选了1 002, 1 383, 1 411, 1 443和1 661 nm五个特征波段,也证明了MSC方法散射噪声和基线漂移处理能力最优,提高了敏感波长的筛选能力。偏最小二乘回归模型结果表明,不同预处理方法的RMSE值均较低, SNV和MSC方法改进了模型的预测结果,R~2高于0.7,其中基于MSC方法的模型具有最高的R~2和最低的RMSEP和RMSEPCV,R~2=0.750 4, RMSEP=0.034 3, RMSECV=0.021 5,预测结果较优。证明MSC方法对沙尘和颗粒度引入的散射噪声具有较好的去除能力,可改进波长的筛选、提高预测模型精度,为南疆沙尘区的枣树叶片水分含量的无损检测提供了有效方法。     

四旋翼直升机爬升速度检测方法与实验研究

为实现四旋翼直升机爬升速度的精确测量,提出了一种新型的检测方法;该方法首先采用加权平均法和均值滤波方法测量高度值,然后采用平滑鲁棒噪声微分法计算爬升速度,通过对实时数据的采集与处理,得到精确的信息;基于MEAS公司MS5611-01BA气压传感器的实验结果表明,经过平滑鲁棒噪声微分法处理后的爬升速度精度明显提高,标准差只有中心差分法的34%,比Lanczos微分法减少了13%,具有较好的鲁棒性,满足实际应用要求。     

基于Projection算法的激光粒度测试反演算法研究

 针对Projection迭代反演算法对噪声极其敏感,及在实际应用中造成粒度测量失真的问题,引入Vondrak数据平滑算法对Projection反演进行平滑处理。借助Visual C++6.0开发平台,编写测试软件对算法应用进行了仿真研究。通过分析比较平滑处理前后的反演结果,得出Vondrak数据平滑处理算法的引入有效提高了Projection反演的抗干扰性能。实验结果表明：基于Vondrak数据平滑处理的Projection反演结果能够反映粒度的真实分布,满足现代粉体工业粒度测量的稳定可靠、精度高、抗干扰能力强的要求。     

基于特征提取的低信噪比拉曼光谱去噪方法研究

为了提高拉曼光谱检测系统的时间分辨率,常常需要采用较短的采样积分时间,此时带有分子结构振动谱的有用拉曼信号可能完全淹没在噪声中,严重影响信号的进一步分析,因此有必要对测量所得的光谱信号进行噪声消除处理。传统的消噪方法是基于信号与噪声在频域或统计特性之间的差异,通过平滑滤波或取平均值的方法来消除噪声,一般适用于噪声强度不高的情况,对于信噪比较低的情况处理效果并不理想。针对传统去噪方法的不足,从信号重构的角度,利用基于小波变换的谱峰识别、半峰宽检测提取光谱特征参数,再利用最小二乘拟合的方法,能够有效地提取淹没于强噪声背景下的有用拉曼信号。在仿真中,运用该算法得到的光谱曲线光滑,峰位置准确,信噪比改善明显。在实验中,分别利用该方法处理头孢呋辛酯片和罗红霉素拉曼光谱数据,得到了清晰的谱峰位置、幅值及半峰宽信息,实现了对短积分时间、强噪声背景的拉曼信号的有效还原,提高了检测系统的时间分辨率。仿真和实验结果表明,该方法需要调整参数少,易于实现,在信噪比比较低的情况下依然能够得到良好的去噪效果,为进一步分析光谱数据提供准确可靠的信息。     

基于中值滤波和提升小波分析的图像去噪方法研究

针对现有算法大多对单一高斯噪声或脉冲噪声进行图像滤波的问题,在对二维图像平滑去噪的过程中,采用基于中值滤波和提升小波变换相结合的图像去噪方法。在中值滤波基础上,构造基于脉冲检测的中值滤波器,找出混合噪声中脉冲噪声并进行滤波;与此同时,对原始小波进行提升,构造提升小波,然后采用提升小波阈值去噪方法抑制高斯噪声。实验结果表明:采用本文方法,混合噪声得到有效抑制,去噪效果好。     

基于小波的超声斑纹噪声抑制与对比度增强

提出了一种基于小波变换的降低超声图像斑纹噪声,同时完成对比度增强的非线性处理新方法。斑纹噪声属于乘性噪声,是造成超声图像质量退化的主要原因,采用Jain提出的斑纹噪声模型,完成对数化处理后的超声图像的小波变换,然后在最细分辨级上完成小波变换系数的软阈值方法处理,而在中间分辨级上采用硬阈值方法处理,并采用GAG特性曲线对图像细节特征进行增强。算法在预处理阶段还采用了平滑滤波器对最粗分辨级的平滑小波系数进行滤波,以减少脉冲能量对处理结果的干扰。对多幅超声图象的实验结果显示,相对于现有的去噪方法,该方法可以同时实现降噪与局部特征增强的两重目的,具有更佳的适用性。     

具有组分梯度的HgCdTe探测器在激光测量中的潜在应用

该文将组分梯度引入HgCdTe探测器结构设计中,提出了一种可以降低PN结附近热激发载流子浓度的方法。建立暗电流机制模型,分析高温下暗电流成份,分析结果表明,降低热激发载流子浓度对结区的影响是提高器件工作温度的关键。利用组分梯度在PN结附近构建不同的电场,不同电场下样品暗电流和噪声电流随温度的变化曲线表明,构建的电场越强,降低结区附近热激发载流子浓度的效果越明显。通过数据分析,提出构建10³ V/cm量级的组分梯度内建电场可抑制热激发载流子向结区的扩散运动,有效地降低结区附近热激发载流子浓度。     

中子数字成像FPGA抗辐照技术研究

中子数字成像试验中,现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）是重要的成像逻辑控制器件。然而,中子辐照易引起FPGA的单粒子效应,对中子成像引入本底噪声,因此必须采取措施,减少中子辐照对FPGA成像的影响。结合图像周期性的特点,采用三判二的技术方法替代三模冗余,裁决成像关键信号;采用硬件实现的中值滤波算法,平滑由于RAM区单粒子翻转等原因呈现在图像上的噪点。仿真结果表明,本文采用的两种技术方法不但降低资金成本,提高FPGA资源冗余度,而且在取得良好的抗辐照滤波效果的同时,保留图像细节。时序仿真和硬件平台验证了设计的正确性。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.