深度镇静下治疗儿童口腔疾病过程中预防误吸的护理体会

目的探讨深度镇静下治疗儿童口腔疾病时降低误吸风险,保证患儿治疗安全的护理措施。方法170例不配合治疗的患有口腔疾病的儿童在深度镇静下进行口腔疾病治疗。术前确定患儿无手术禁忌证,准备相应的治疗器械及急救物品．患儿吸入镇静后,快速建立静脉通道。治疗中及时吸除口腔内液体,密切观察患儿的血氧饱和度．术后患儿去枕平卧,鼻导管吸氧,吸除口内分泌物,评估伤口渗血情况,结果170例患儿镇静后均顺利完成手术,术中无挣扎、哭闹．未出现呕吐、反流及误吸。1例患儿苏醒后出现呕吐,立即置头部于低、侧佗．及时吸除口内呕吐物及呼吸道分泌物,患儿恢复良好。170例患儿随访未见异常。结论深度镇静下治疗儿童口腔疾病是一种安全、有效的方法。术前准备充分,术中医护密切配合,术后伤口有效护理以及呕吐的正确处理能有效降低患儿呕吐和反流误吸的风险.     

七氟醚吸入麻醉辅助低龄儿童舌系带矫治术

目的　回顾性分析七氟醚吸入麻醉辅助低龄儿童舌系带矫治术中的应用效果, 探讨其临床应用特点和安全性。方法　选取2013年1月至2014年4月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心口腔科就诊、符合手术适应证的1~4周岁儿童共187例, 完善术前准备,术中以吸入七氟醚+氧气进行麻醉,完成舌系带矫治术,术中连续检测脉搏、呼吸频率、心电图、血压及末梢血氧饱和度,术后留院观察,直至Aldrete评分≥9分方可离院,术后进行随访,资料统计分析。结果　187例患儿均在理想的麻醉状态下完成手术,术中各项生命体征平稳,麻醉使患儿睫毛反射消失时间为30~90 s,平均时间为（48±9.3）s,手术时间为10~20 min,平均时间为（17.2±5.7）min,术后5~15 min苏醒,平均复苏时间为（7.4±8.3）min。复苏期52例患儿出现烦躁哭闹,占手术患儿的27.81%,2例（1.1%）患儿术后出现一过性发热症状,术中、术后均未发生恶心、呕吐等不良反应。术后随访未发现麻醉及手术不良并发症。结论　应用七氟醚吸入麻醉辅助低龄儿童舌系带矫治术,起效快、复苏快,不良反应少,临床效果显著。     

七氟醚和氯胺酮用于婴儿唇裂术后拆线的临床比较

目的:探讨七氟醚吸入麻醉在婴儿唇裂术后拆线的可行性。方法:选择年龄小于1岁唇裂术后拆线患儿60例,随机分为氯胺酮肌注组(K),七氟醚吸入组(S)和七氟醚复合笑气吸入组(SN)。K组给予肌注氯胺酮5mg/kg,咪唑安定0.05mg/kg,阿托品0.01mg/kg;S组以8%七氟醚,氧流量6L/min面罩吸入诱导;SN组以8%七氟醚,复合笑气4L/min,氧气2L/min吸入诱导,患儿入睡后改为4%七氟醚,氧流量3L/min维持,吸入2min后开始拆线。术中常规监测患儿HR,SpO2。记录患儿诱导时间、苏醒时间、术中发生体动情况及术中呼吸抑制、分泌物增多等并发症情况。结果:S组和SN组的诱导时间、苏醒时间短于K组,2组间差异无统计学意义。S组和SN组患儿术中体动的发生率小于K组。3组均有患儿发生舌后坠和分泌物增多,但差异无统计学意义。结论:七氟醚吸入诱导和苏醒时间均比肌注氯胺酮麻醉迅速,能够更加安全有效地用于唇裂婴儿术后拆线;复合笑气吸入不能缩短七氟醚吸入麻醉的诱导和苏醒时间。     

七氟醚吸入下静脉诱导在婴幼儿口腔颌面部手术麻醉中的应用

目的 评价七氟醚镇静在婴幼儿口腔颌面部手术麻醉中的应用效果.方法 将40例行择期口腔颌面部手术的5个月至3岁患儿随机分为七氟醚镇静静脉诱导组(A组)与氯胺酮基础麻醉静脉诱导组(B组).记录各组患儿诱导时间、血液动力学指标、拔管时间、意识恢复时间及不良反应.结果 A组拔管时间和苏醒时间明显短于B组[A组:(3.3±1.4...     

氧化亚氮、氧气、七氟醚吸入浅全麻用于腭裂患儿术后拆线

本文报告了氧化亚氮、氧气、七氟醚吸入浅全麻用于腭裂患儿术后拆线的体会。本组１２例患儿，ＡＳＡＩ级，年龄为２．６～１０岁，体重为１４～３０ｋｇ，拆线时间为２～６ｍｉｎ。麻醉采用氧化亚氮３升／分、氧气２升／分、七氟醚０．５％～４％，诱导时间为２．０５±０．８４分，苏醒时间为３．３９±１．３５分。表明：氧化亚氮、氧气、七氟醚吸入浅全麻用于腭裂患儿术后拆线，诱导及苏醒快，易于控制。     

103例口腔患儿应用笑气镇静的临床效果

目的:观察笑气吸入法在儿童牙科临床治疗效果.方法:选取有牙科焦虑症,行为表现分级为Venham 2 ～4级患儿103例,经患儿家长同意采取笑气吸入,记录每次镇静治疗时患儿的心率、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率,评定笑气吸入在儿童牙科的镇静效果.结果:93例Venham 2～4级患儿笑气吸入后口腔治疗基本顺利进行,10例Venham 4级患儿不能配合治疗,改为束缚下治疗.结论:笑气吸入法能够减轻或缓解患儿对牙科的恐惧和不安,是一种有效的镇静方法.     

七氟烷吸入麻醉在牙科恐惧症儿童口腔治疗中的应用

目的 探讨七氟烷吸入麻醉在牙科恐惧症儿童口腔治疗中的临床效果及安全性,以期为临床提供参考.方法 选择2011年6至12月于山西红十字口腔医院儿童牙科就诊的患者,采用《口腔行为学》中的评判标准判定牙科恐惧症,美国麻醉协会分级为I～Ⅱ级的患者共50例,年龄2～10岁,按年龄分为学龄前组(2～5岁)及学龄组(6～10岁),每组25例.在七氟烷吸入麻醉状态下进行龋齿充填、根管治疗、滞留乳牙拔除等口腔治疗,全程记录七氟烷吸入诱导、苏醒时的意识反应消失时间、睫毛反射消失时间、疼痛反应消失时间及术后意识恢复时间,并全程观察七氟烷吸入前后和治疗时的心率、呼吸、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度的变化,记录术后有无咳嗽、恶心、苏醒期躁动等情况.结果 在七氟烷吸入麻醉状态下的口腔治疗全程,两组患者的口腔治疗完成情况均为良好,且心率、呼吸、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度的变化,以及吸人诱导、苏醒时意识反应消失时间、睫毛反射消失时间、疼痛反应消失时间以及术后意识恢复时间的变化情况和术后恶心、呕吐相比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)；学龄前组躁动发生率[36％ (9/25)]显著高于学龄组[16％ (4/25)],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 七氟烷吸入麻醉在本组牙科恐惧症儿童口腔治疗中的应用临床疗效稳定,安全可靠.     

氧化亚氮/氧气混合气吸入镇静镇痛在口腔门诊小手术中的临床应用研究

[摘要] 目的 观察比较氧化亚氮/氧气混合气吸入镇静镇痛在口腔门诊小手术中的临床应用情况。方法 对口腔颌面外科门诊就诊的患者,分别采用氧化亚氮/氧气混合气吸入配合局麻和单纯局部麻醉,进行治疗。通观察患者心率,血氧饱和度等临床指标的变化。结果 2组患者在整个手术过程中的心率及血氧饱和度的变化情况,注射局麻时的VAS疼痛评分比较,术中疼痛程度和镇静程度比较,差异均有显著性。结论 氧化亚氮/氧气混合气吸入配合局麻具有安全、有效的特点,对于复杂牙拔除、阻生牙拔除等口腔门诊小手术具有很好的辅助效应。     

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目的 评价笑气/氧气吸入镇静技术辅助牙科畏惧症患儿口腔治疗的疗效.方法 选择2009年10月至2011年6月来济南市口腔医院就诊,有紧张恐惧情绪,无法完成常规条件下口腔治疗的患儿64例,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组32例.试验组患儿在应用笑气/氧气吸入镇静技术下进行口腔治疗,对照组患儿仅在心理行为诱导下进行口腔治疗.对比两组患儿临床治疗效果及主观焦虑水平与就诊行为改善程度.结果 两组患儿治疗有效率分别为87.5％和62.5％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗后两组患儿儿童畏惧调查表-牙科分量表(CFSS-DS)平均得分和Venham临床焦虑及合作行为级别评分均降低,试验组下降更明显(P＜0.05).结论 笑气/氧气吸入镇静技术能够有效缓解患儿就诊中的焦虑恐惧情绪、改善其就诊行为表现,提高患儿口腔治疗的合作性.     

日间全麻下儿童口腔治疗后恢复及影响因素研究

目的:探讨日间全麻下儿童口腔治疗后恢复情况及相关影响因素.方法:日间全麻下口腔治疗患儿418例,年龄2～6岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级.采用咽喉疼痛、咳嗽、声音嘶哑评分系统及术后恢复质量量表评价麻醉后24 h恢复情况.选择性别、年龄、麻醉时长、治疗牙齿数、七氟醚用量作为麻醉后24 h可能影响恢复因素进行分析.性别分为男、女两...     

Bispectral Index System (BIS) monitoring reduces time to discharge in children requiring intramuscular sedation and general anesthesia for outpatient dental rehabilitation

PURPOSE: Pediatric patients who receive both intramuscular (i.m.) sedation and general anesthesia (GA) for oral rehabilitation occasionally experience prolonged sedation and delayed discharge. The Bispectral Index System (BIS) is an EEG monitor that measures the level of sedation. The authors compared discharge times of patients who had BIS monitoring to those who did not to determine if the use of BIS speeded discharge. METHODS: After IRB approval, 20 children were enrolled. BIS was monitored continuously from admission until discharge. Each child received ketamine, midazolam, and glycopyrrolate i.m. Once sedated, the patient was transferred to the operating room, monitored, and i.v. access was established. GA proceeded with sevoflurane, rocuronium, and fentanyl. Randomly, in half the patients, the anesthesiologist knew and maintained the BIS at GA level of sedation by adjusting sevoflurane. In the rest, the anesthesiologist did not know BIS. Time from turning of sevoflurane to discharge was noted and compared. RESULTS: Patients where the BIS was known and used were discharged 60+/-13 minutes after the end of GA. Patients where BIS was unknown were discharged 90+/-11 minutes after the end of GA (P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the data, the authors recommend the use of BIS to facilitate faster discharge of pediatric patients who require i.m. sedation and GA for oral rehabilitation.     

Bispectral index system (BIS) monitoring reduces time to extubation and discharge in children requiring oral presedation and general anesthesia for outpatient dental rehabilitation

PURPOSE: Pediatric oral rehabilitation patients who receive presedation with oral Versed and general anesthesia (GA) occasionally experience prolonged sedation and delayed discharge. The Bispectral Index System (BIS) is an EEG monitor that measures the anesthesia level. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of monitoring the BIS to not monitoring the BIS on time from discontinuation of GA to extubation and to discharge. METHODS: Twenty-nine children were enrolled. BIS was monitored from admission until discharge. Each child received 0.7 mg/kg of oral Versed. In the operating room, GA with sevoflurane (IH), rocuronium 1 mg/kg (IV), fentanyl 1 microg/kg (IV), and ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg (IV) was administered. Randomly, in half the patients, the anesthesiologist maintained the level of anesthesia and BIS by adjusting sevoflurane. In the rest, the anesthesiologist did not know BIS. The time from turning off sevoflurane to discharge was compared. RESULTS: Group 1 patients were extubated 5+/-2 minutes sooner than group 2 patients (P=.04). The post-anesthesia care unit stay for group 1 patients was 47+/-17 minutes compared to 63+/-17 minutes in group 2. (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring anesthesia with BIS promotes earlier extubation and discharge for pediatric dental patients who receive oral Versed and sevoflurane GA.     

Effect of submucosal midazolam on behavior and physiologic response when combined with oral chloral hydrate and nitrous oxide sedation

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of submucosal (SM) midazolam and oral chloral hydrate (CH) when used for pediatric conscious sedation in a clinical dental environment. METHODS: Twenty children ages 32 to 63 months participated in this institutionally approved study. Selection criteria included good health (ASA I), 2 to 5 years of age, uncooperative behavior, and the need for multiple restorative visits. In a double-blind crossover design, patients were randomly assigned to receive either oral CH (50 mg/kg) and SM midazolam (0.2 mg/kg), or oral CH (50 mg/kg) and SM saline placebo on their first sedation visit. On the second sedation visit, the patient received the opposite drug regimen than the first visit. Nitrous oxide (50%) was used during each sedation visit. Behavior response was rated as quiet (Q), crying (C), movement (M), or struggling (S) every 2.5 minutes through 40 minutes of operative procedures. Sedations were monitored using a capnograph, pulse oximeter, an automated blood pressure cuff, and precordial stethoscope. Respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP) were evaluated for each procedure. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and multinomial repeated-measures logistic regression. RESULTS: Analysis showed a significant difference in behavior during sedation across drug regimen (chi-square = 55.6, df = 3, P < .0001). Patients given SM midazolam in addition to oral CH showed increased Q rating and decreased C, M, and S ratings. RR, BP, and HR for both groups remained within the normal values for 2- to 5-year-olds. CONCLUSIONS: SM midazolam improved the quality of sedation without compromising safety. Quiet behavior was increased and struggling behavior was decreased. In addition, mean HR, RR, and BP analysis did not deviate from the norm for this age group.     

A comparison of inhalation sedation agents in the management of children receiving dental treatment: a randomized, controlled, cross-over pilot trial

Aims.  First, to compare the relative effectiveness of inhalation sedation using (A) nitrous oxide and oxygen with (B) nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, and oxygen in the management of children receiving dental extractions. Secondly, to determine patient and guardian preference between the two sedation techniques.
Materials and methods.  A randomized, controlled, double-blinded, cross-over, pilot clinical trial was undertaken. Thirty patients aged 6–15 years, ASA category I or II, who required two identical dental extractions with inhalation sedation were recruited. At the first session, patients were randomly allocated to receiving treatment with sedation Method A or B. At the second session, the alternative sedation protocol was employed.
Results.  Overall, 80% of patients successfully completed treatment at both appointments. There was no statistically significant difference between either the success rate of the two methods or in guardian preference between the two modes of sedation. There was a statistically significant difference in patient preference in favour of Method B.
Conclusions.  The results from this pilot study would suggest no increased benefit, in terms of treatment completion, from the additional use of sevoflurane in combination with nitrous oxide and oxygen. There was, however, a small but significant patient preference in favour of nitrous oxide with sevoflurane and oxygen.     

A comparative study of sevoflurane sedation with nitrous oxide sedation for dental surgery

This study compares the use of inhalation sedation using sevoflurane (group S) with inhalation sedation using nitrous oxide (group N) in patients undergoing bilateral extraction of third molar teeth under local anaesthesia. The study was designed as a cross-over study. Seventeen ASA I, day surgery patients were studied. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either 8 l/min 50% nitrous oxide in oxygen (group N) or same flow of 1% sevoflurane (group S) for the first procedure. Each patient then had the alternate method of sedation for the second procedure. There were no significant differences between the methods in patient co-operation and surgeon's satisfaction with sedation. Psychomotor tests were comparable in both groups. The patients were significantly more sedated in the group S compared to group N (P=0.004). Significantly more patients complained of an unpleasant odour group S (P<0.01) but none withdrew from the study for this reason. No adverse cardiorespiratory effects resulted from sevoflurane or nitrous oxide sedation. Both methods gave good amnesia during the procedure. There was high acceptance of both methods and the patients rated the technique as equally satisfactory. We conclude that inhalation sedation with sevoflurane is a suitable alternative method to nitrous oxide sedation.     

笑气/氧气吸入镇静技术及其在儿童口腔临床中的应用

儿童在口腔诊疗过程中产生焦虑恐惧而无法配合是较常见的问题。镇静技术是解决这一问题的主要方式,目前常用的最安全、简便、有效的镇静技术之一便是笑气 /氧气吸入镇静。本文就笑气 /氧气吸入镇静技术及其在儿童口腔临床诊疗中的应用作一综述。     

笑气镇静系统与咪达唑仑口服镇静在智障儿童患者牙科治疗中的应用

目的:探讨笑气镇静系统与咪达唑仑口服镇静在智障儿童患者牙科治疗中的临床效果。方法:选取67例对口腔诊疗不配合的智障儿童患者,在门诊环境下实施笑气镇静（笑气浓度为35%~50%）和咪达唑仑口服镇静辅助诊疗（给药剂量为0.50~0.75 mg/kg）,记录各项评价指标,并对治疗效果和安全性进行比较。应用SPSSl3.0软件对2组的治疗成功率、不良反应发生率等行χ²检验。结果:2组治疗总成功率为70% ( 47/67) , 笑气镇静组的成功率为67%（26/39）,咪达唑仑口服镇静组的成功率为75%（21/28）。总不良反应发生率为13%(9/67) ,笑气镇静组不良反应发生率为5%(2/39),显著低于咪达唑仑口服镇静组(7/28,25%,P<0.05)。结论:笑气镇静系统与咪达唑仑口服镇静在智障儿童患者牙科治疗中均有较好的临床效果。笑气镇静系统的成功率稍低于咪达唑仑口服镇静者,但其不良反应明显少于后者。     

Factors associated with administration route when using midazolam for pediatric conscious sedation

Midazolam conscious sedation records of pediatric dental patients, one to six years of age, were reviewed retrospectively to: 1) examine the factors associated with the use of oral and nasal routes of administration and their effect on displayed behavior during dental treatment and 2) determine whether a child's compliance with oral administration is predictive of the intraoperative behavior displayed during dental treatment. Two hundred and fifty-seven conscious sedation records for 222 pediatric dental patients sedated with orally or nasally administered midazolam for dental treatment at the University of Florida were reviewed. Data collected included the patient's age, gender, route of administration, dose, compliance with oral administration, appointment type (planned vs. emergency), previous sedation experience with midazolam, operator vs. parent administration of the medication, use of papoose board and nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation, types of procedures performed (restorations only, extractions only, or both), length of treatment rendered, and preoperative and intraoperative behavioral assessments of the child. The collected data were analyzed with Statview software using ANOVA and Chi-square analyses. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between oral and nasal administration for the parameters of age, procedure length, appointment type, procedures performed, previous sedation experience and use of the papoose board and nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation. While there was no statistically significant influence of chronological age on the preoperative Frankl behavior ratings, there was a statistically significant mean age difference with respect to the administrator of the medication (parent vs. operator), papoose board use, N2O/O2 use and previous sedation experience. Forty-five percent of the subjects were willing to accept oral administration of the medication, however, there was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.114) between the child's compliance to accept the medication and the intraoperative Frankl behavioral ratings displayed during dental treatment. In this review of midazolam conscious sedation records of pediatric dental patients. 1) route of administration was significantly influenced by several patient and procedural variables, resulting in different behavioral outcomes and 2) compliance with oral administration was not predictive of behavior displayed during treatment.