慢性阻塞性肺疾病夜间症状观察及药物干预研究

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是以气流受限不完全可逆为特征的慢性炎症性疾病,气流受限呈进行性加重,逐渐出现低氧血症甚至呼吸衰竭。预计到2020年COPD将成为全球第三位的死亡原因[1]。COPD夜间症状主要是指COPD患者由于气流受限所致的呼吸系统症状及睡眠紊乱[2-3]。有文献[4]报道,COPD夜间症状发生率高达76%,是COPD患者发生慢性呼吸衰竭的独     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病康复研究进展

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种常见的以持续性气流受限为特征的慢性呼吸系统疾病,其特征为气流受限不完全可逆,呈进行性发展。随着发展中国家吸烟率的增高以及高收入国家人口老龄化的加重,预计COPD的患病率在未来30年内持续上升,到2030年COPD和其相关疾病每年可导致450多万人死亡~([1-2]),COPD的防控已经成为全球性的公共卫生     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者气道给药失败原因分析及护理干预

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一组以气流受限为特征的肺部疾病,其气流受限不完全可逆,呈进行性发展[1]。目前在COPD的治疗用药中,由慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球创议推荐治疗方案中所提及的支气管扩张剂、糖皮质激素均有从气道给药的制剂,并已在COPD治疗中得到广泛应用且发     

异丙托溴铵对慢性阻塞性肺疾病伴哮喘患者支气管痉挛的疗效

<正>慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)是一种以进行性、持续性气流受限为主的慢性肺部疾病,是临床最常见的慢性疾病~([1])。支气管哮喘是一种以气道高反应、可逆性的气流受阻为主要病理特征的慢性气道炎症性疾病~([2-3])。COPD伴哮喘患者的气流受限最为严重,对患者生活质量和身体健康造成影响。临床应用支气管扩张剂、吸入糖皮质激     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺部微生物群的研究进展

<正>慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)是一种常见的以持续性气流受限为特点的可防治疾病,其气流受限往往呈进行性发展,与有毒颗粒或气体所致的呼吸道慢性炎症不断增强有关。进行性发展的气流受限最终将导致肺功能的持续损伤。COPD目前位居全球死亡原因第4位,预计在2020年将成为全球第3位死亡原因[1]。吸烟、粉尘和化学物质的吸入、空气污染、遗传因素等被认为是COPD的高危因素,而其根本病因尚不明确。目前已有     

通下降气法治疗COPD急性加重期的研究进展

正慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)是一种具有气流受限特征的疾病,气流受限不完全可逆,呈进行性发展,与肺部对有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关。目前,COPD居当前死亡原因的第4位;根据世界银行、世界卫生组织发表的研究,至2020年COPD将成为世界疾病经济负担的第5位[1]。慢性咳嗽常为COPD首发症状,气短和呼吸困难是COPD最主要     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者运动训练的效果及其评价

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive puhonary disease,COPD)是一种以不完全可逆性气流受限为特征的疾病,且气流受限逐渐加重.     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性发作期的临床观察

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种具有气流受限特征的肺部疾病,气流受限不完全可逆,呈进行性发展。COPD是有较大危害的常见疾病,在全球范围内是导致死亡的第4位原因,     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病诊疗中应关注的问题

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种以不完全可逆性气流受限为特征的疾病,气流受限逐渐加重,与肺部对有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关. COPD是发病率和死亡率均较高的慢性呼吸系统疾病.在世界范围内,COPD居死亡原因的第4位.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病若干进展

慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）是一种具有气流受限特征的疾病，气流受限不完全可逆、呈进行性发展，与肺部对有害气体或有害颗粒的异常炎症反应有关。与其它慢性疾病相比，在全球范围COPD的共性是危害大，确诊晚，疗效差。近年不少国家已将COPD作为慢性疾病中重点防治项目。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.