Heavy metals in fish (Solea vulgaris, Anguilla anguilla and Liza aurata) from salt marshes on the southern Atlantic coast of Spain

Comparisons were made of metal concentrations in water and sediment with those in the muscle and livers of three species of fish caught in four seawater reservoirs (two in the Odiel estuary and two in the Bay of Cádiz). The concentrations of a large number of metals in the water, sediment and fish were higher in the Odiel reservoirs than in those in Cádiz. We found high metal-enrichment factors in the livers as compared to muscle (over 100 for Fe and Cu and around 5 for Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb). The three fish species showed differences in metal content. For example, eels accumulated more metals in muscle and grey mullet in the liver. The metal levels found in muscle in the three species were below the legal limits for human consumption, although Cu in the liver was above the limit in the three species taken from the Odiel reservoirs, and Zn levels in liver were over the maximum in eels from one of the Odiel marshes. Significant correlations (p<0.05) were obtained for the levels of numerous metals in water, sediment and fish.     

Chinese hydropower companies and environmental norms in countries of the global South: the involvement of Sinohydro in Ghana’s Bui Dam

The paper examines the role of environmental norms in Chinese overseas investment in hydropower dams, exemplified by Sinohydro’s involvement in the Bui Dam in Ghana. While the investment of Western companies in hydropower dams in the global South is decreasing owing to changing notions of sustainability in the West, the investment of Chinese companies in hydro dams in Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America is accelerating at great speed. The emergence of Chinese companies in international markets in the context of China’s Going Abroad strategy has sparked a debate on whether China can be considered a norm-changer in international development. The paper considers this question in the context of the status of environmental norms in Sinohydro’s investment in Ghana’s Bui Dam. The paper argues that the role of international norms in Chinese investment is dependent on two factors: the contractual arrangements under which Chinese companies operate abroad and the political institutions of host countries.     

三峡库区中低产土壤重金属含量及其与小麦吸收的关系

三峡库区中低产土壤的Hg,As,Cr,Pb,Cu五个重金属含量（除渝北区外），均在国家土壤环境质量标准内，属自然背景值一级标准。Cd和Zn高于全国土壤中的平均含量和背景值含量，属二级标准。土壤的重金属含量与土壤母质类型，pH值，阳离子交换量，有机质，无定形铁和物理性粘粒有关，同时存在一定的地域分布。重庆近郊的土壤所有重金属含量相对较高。土壤重金属的可给态或有效性含量极低，锌和铜不是过量，而是不足。小麦籽粒中As,Cr,Pb,Zn,Cu含量低于国家食品对重金属限量标准和小麦籽粒背景值标准，Hg,Cd含量高于国家规定标准。籽粒中的Cu,Zn含量是小麦茎叶中的2.0-2.2倍，而茎叶中的Hg,Pb,As,Cr,Cd含量明显高于籽粒。     

三峡库区小集水区复合生态系统的水分及养分动态

以三峡库区小集水区复合生态系统为对象 ,定量研究了其中不同子系统的水分和养分动态过程。结果表明 :(1)平均径流系数是裸地 >草地 >菜地 >柏木林 >桔园 ;(2 )年养分流失量是裸地>桔园 >菜地 >草地 >柏木林 ,桔园和菜地的径流系数较小 ,但其径流中养分含量较高 ,导致其输出养分总量较大 ;(3)菜地和桔园由于输出果菜 ,导致系统N、P循环效率的降低 ;(4)各子系统中P的流失较厉害 ,而柏木林在防止该地区养分流失特别是P的流失上是要优于草地的     

The rate of concentration of faecal coliforms in shellfish under different environmental conditions

As filter-feeding organisms, bivalves present a potential health hazard to consumers due to pathogens which may be present in the marine environment. The effects of temperature and concentration of faecal coliforms (FC) in seawater on the rate of concentration in mussels and oysters were studied in both field and experimental conditions. The rates of FC concentration in bivalves were high at the beginning of the experiments, when the initial concentrations of FC in bivalves were low, and decreased as the concentration in bivalves increased. At low initial concentrations of FC in bivalves, the rate of FC concentration increased with the concentration of FC in seawater and with changes of temperature toward optimum. As the concentration of FC in bivalves increased, the rate of FC concentration decreased more rapidly as the concentration of FC in seawater increased and as the temperature was closer to optimum. Maximum concentrations of FC observed in bivalves (level-off concentrations) were the highest at minimum temperature (at which rates of FC concentration were the lowest), whereas the concentration of FC in seawater had no effect on the level-off concentrations of FC in bivalves.     

上海城市样带土壤有机碳空间变异性研究

为揭示城市化、工业化等人为活动对土壤有机碳的影响,选择能反映上海城郊乡梯度差异的城市样带,采用地统计学方法对表层土壤样品土壤有机碳的空间变异结构和分布格局进行了分析。结果表明：城市表层土壤有机碳含量均属中等变异,徐汇区土壤有机碳含量呈正态分布,奉贤区、闵行区和所研究样带土壤有机碳含量呈对数正态分布。半方差函数模型拟合结果显示徐汇和闵行区土壤有机碳符合指数模型,奉贤和所研究样带土壤有机碳符合球状模型。通过泛克里格插值得到城市表层土壤有机碳含量空间分布图,发现徐汇、闵行区土壤有机碳呈岛状,奉贤区呈条带状,而所研究样带呈条带和岛状分布相结合的特点。土壤有机碳含量城郊乡梯度差异明显,工业化、城市化、肥料投入与管理等人为因素对城市土壤有机碳空间分布密切相关     

金沙江流域水土流失现状与河道泥沙分析

对金沙江流域水土流失、河道泥沙及主要影响因素系统作了分析,认为地质、地貌及气候因子是影响水土流失的主要因素,人为活动加剧水土流失的发生发展。河道泥沙主要来自金沙江下游,特别是下游干流河谷区间,流域的地面侵蚀与河道泥沙的空间关系不密切,影响输沙量的主要因素为年径流量和清水区年径流量,以及滑坡、泥石流等重力侵蚀,尽管水土流失治理对于流域的河道泥沙减沙效应显著,但短期内对流域干支流输沙量影响甚微。今后一段时间内金沙江流域河道泥沙不会有显著的变化     

Accumulation of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs in bottom sediments of some Finnish lakes

The amount and vertical distribution of Chernobyl-derived 137Cs in the bottom sediments of some Finnish lakes were studied. Sediment and surface water samples were taken in 2000 and 2003 from 12 stations in nine lakes and the results were compared with those obtained in corresponding surveys carried out in 1969, 1978, 1988 and 1990. Each of the five deposition categories of Chernobyl fallout in Finland were represented. The depth profiles of 137Cs in the sediments showed considerable variety in the lakes studied. The peak values varied between 1.5 and 46 kBq kg(-1) dry wt. The size and shape of the peak did not always correlate with the amount of deposition in the area, but on the other hand, reflected differences in sedimentation processes in different lakes. In some of the lakes the peak still occurred in the uppermost (0-2 cm) sediment layer, but in an extreme case the peak occurred at a depth of 22-23 cm corresponding to a sedimentation rate of 16 mm year(-1) during the 14 years after the Chernobyl accident. The total amounts of 137Cs in sediments varied from 15 to 170 kBq m(-2) at the sampling stations studied. Since 1990, the amounts have continued to increase slightly in two lakes, but started to decrease in the other lakes. In most of the lakes, the total amounts of 137Cs in sediments were about 1.5-2 times higher than in local deposition. In two lakes, the ratio was below 1, but in one case 3.2. Compared with the total amounts of 137Cs at the same stations in the late 1960s and 1970s, the values were now at their highest, at about 60-fold. The most important factors affecting 137Cs values in sediments were the local amount of deposition and the type of the lake and the sediment, but in addition, there were a number of other factors to be considered.     

北京、上海两地2004和2005年大气污染特征对比分析

为了解北京、上海两市大气污染的变化及其影响因素之间的关系,根据2004、2005年大气质量监测数据,分析了北京、上海两地大气污染特征和两地主要大气污染物的变化规律.结果表明,2004、2005年北京市的PM10最大值是最小值的63.7倍,北京市的变化幅度较上海市的变化幅度大;2004、2005年北京市的SO2最大值是最小值的46.7倍,上海市的SO2最大值是最小值的13.1倍,上海市的SO2污染的因素变化幅度较小;两市的NO2浓度都较高,且季节变化不太明显;两市NO2浓度年平均值满足国家空气质量二级标准,但质量浓度都较高,这与两市的机动车尾气污染有关;两市SO2浓度年平均值除上海市2005年外均满足国家空气质量二级标准,上海市SO2污染严重与上海市消耗大量煤炭有关,北京市SO2污染物浓度年度变化剧烈与冬季取暖烧煤有关;两市可吸入颗粒物污染比较严重,北京市PM10浓度年平均值超过国家空气质量二级标准,上海市PM10浓度年平均值达到国家空气质量二级标准.总体上上海市的大气质量要好于北京市.两地大气主要污染物随时间的变化规律与两地的污染物来源、地理、气候等条件有关.     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤有效态镉含量影响因素及分布特征

研究了农田土壤有效态镉含量的影响因素及分布特征。结果表明：① 土壤有效态Cd含量总体较高,平均值为0.092 mg/kg,最大值高达0.354 mg/kg,且土壤Cd的平均活化率高达53%,Cd是该区主要的重金属污染物之一;②土壤表层有效态Cd含量与全Cd含量呈极显著正相关,回归分析表明该区农田土壤有效态Cd含量主要受全Cd含量的影响;③在不同经济功能区,有效态Cd和土壤Cd的活化率均以化工区为高,在不同地貌区,二者均以中部平原区最高,中部平原区Cd的活化率显著高于北部洼区;④在土壤剖面上,土壤有效态Cd含量和土壤Cd的活化率均以表层为高,表明土壤Cd的环境风险主要集中在表层20 cm。     

三峡调蓄过渡期长江河口地区不同水文年土壤水盐变化特征

通过布置土壤水盐动态监测网开展长江河口地区土壤水盐动态数据监测、采集和统计分析,研究该区不同水文年土壤水盐变化特征及水盐动态因子关系,结果表明该区不同水文年土壤水盐变化都有春秋季土壤积盐的季节性特点,但其枯水年份夏季土壤积盐更剧,土壤水盐动态各因子间存在明显相关性。针对三峡调蓄如何影响河口水情及土壤水盐动态这一问题,分析2003年6月三峡进入调蓄过渡期后河口土壤水盐实际动态情况及其影响因素,结果表明蓄水试运行后的3年,三峡调蓄对河口土壤水盐动态的影响尚不明显,气候因素对河口土壤水盐动态影响占主导地位,河口江水位偏低20 cm左右,河口咸潮入侵势头加强,雨季土壤和地下水积盐严重,影响作物生产,为此需采取各种水利农耕措施将不利影响降至最低。     

北京、上海两地2004和2005年大气污染特征对比分析

为了解北京、上海两市大气污染的变化及其影响因素之间的关系，根据2004、2005年大气质量监测数据，分析了北京、上海两地大气污染特征和两地主要大气污染物的变化规律。结果表明，2004、2005年北京市的PM10最大值是最小值的637倍，北京市的变化幅度较上海市的变化幅度大；2004、2005年北京市的SO2最大值是最小值的467倍，上海市的SO2最大值是最小值的131倍，上海市的SO2污染的因素变化幅度较小；两市的NO2浓度都较高，且季节变化不太明显；两市NO2浓度年平均值满足国家空气质量二级标准，但质量浓度都较高，这与两市的机动车尾气污染有关；两市SO2浓度年平均值除上海市2005年外均满足国家空气质量二级标准，上海市SO2污染严重与上海市消耗大量煤炭有关，北京市SO2污染物浓度年度变化剧烈与冬季取暖烧煤有关；两市可吸入颗粒物污染比较严重，北京市PM10浓度年平均值超过国家空气质量二级标准，上海市PM10浓度年平均值达到国家空气质量二级标准。总体上上海市的大气质量要好于北京市。两地大气主要污染物随时间的变化规律与两地的污染物来源、地理、气候等条件有关。     

基于RDI指数的云南1960~2013年#br# 旱涝变化特征分析

利用云南省40个气象站逐日降水量和蒸发量数据,采用RDI指数研究云南旱涝灾害的时空分布特征。结果表明：云南年际、季节旱涝与历史记录十分一致,1960~2013年云南年RDI指数呈下降趋势,表现为变干趋势,但不显著;2001年以前发生雨涝年的强度和站次比较干旱年明显,在此之后,发生干旱年的强度和站次比较雨涝年明显。季节尺度上,春季呈显著的变湿趋势,夏、秋、冬季呈不显著的变干趋势;春、夏季分别突变于1980年和1965年。从空间分布上来看,年、夏、秋、冬季整体以滇南和滇东北呈变干趋势,而滇西北呈变湿趋势;春季除滇东北外,其余区域均呈变湿趋势;年际、季节干旱频率以滇西北、滇西南、滇东南较高;年、春、夏、秋季重旱频率以滇中和滇东十分突出;年、夏、秋季特旱频率均以滇东北十分突出,春季滇中和滇东北极易发生特旱;冬季以滇中重旱频率较高,特旱极易发生在滇西北、滇西南、滇东北。年际、季节雨涝频率以滇西、滇东南较突出。年重、特涝频率以滇西南十分突出;春季重涝频率以滇西南和滇中较突出,特涝频率以滇中和滇东南较突出;夏季重、特涝频率均以滇西北较高;秋季重涝频率以滇西北较高,特涝频率以滇东南较高;冬季重涝频率以滇东南较突出,特涝频率以滇西北较高。 关键词： 云南省;RDI指数;旱涝变化趋势;时空特征     

青藏高原四季降水变化特征分析

利用青藏高原87个地面气象台站41年（1960～2000年）的月降水资料,并在Arcgis 9.0中通过Kriging插值方法对少数站点的缺测值进行了插补,用线性回归方法研究了高原四季降水量的变化趋势及区域上的差异。为了保证本研究的完整性,对高原年降水也做了相应分析。结果表明：（1）高原冬春两季降水量呈显著增加趋势。冬季雅鲁藏布江下游、春季高原东北部为降水减少区,高原其他区域均表现为增加;夏秋两季降水量基本保持不变,但夏季高原中部和川西降水减少,高原南部和北部降水表现为增加;秋季高原中部、南部降水增加,川西降水减少。（2）高原年降水呈显著增加趋势。在区域上高原南部大致以东经102度为界,该线以东降水减少,以西降水增加,且降水增加区域表现出随纬度的增加而递减的特征。高原中部、北部的年降水基本保持不变或微弱增加。     

The impact of global change on economic values of water for Public Irrigation Schemes at the São Francisco River Basin in Brazil

Economic values of water for the main Public Irrigation Schemes in the sub-middle region of the São Francisco River Basin, in northeastern Brazil, are determined in this study using an integration of a global agro-economic land and water use (MAgPIE) with a local economic model (Positive Mathematical Programming). As in the latter, the water values depend on the crops grown, and as Brazilian agriculture is strongly influenced by the global market, we used a regionalized version of the global model adapted to the region in order to simulate the crop land use, which is in turn determined by changes in global demand, trade barriers, and climate. The allocation of sugarcane and fruit crops projected with climate change by the global model, showed an impact on the average yields and on the water costs in the main schemes resulting in changes in the water values locally. The economic values for all schemes in the baseline year were higher than the water prices established for agricultural use in the basin. In the future, these water values will be higher in all the schemes. The highest water values currently and in the future were identified in municipalities with a significant proportion of area growing irrigated sugarcane. Being aware of current water values of each user in a baseline year and in a projected future under global climate and socioeconomic changes, decision makers should improve water allocation policies at local scale, in order to avoid conflicts and unsustainable development in the future.     

On seasonal variations of radiocesium speciation in the surface sediments of Lake Juodis, Lithuania

Data on radiocesium speciation measured seasonally in black silt surface sediments in the shallow terrace and in the deepest southern part of Lake Juodis (Lithuania) in 2004-2005 are presented. It is shown that seasonal variations of radiocesium exchangeable fractions in the sediments in the shallow terrace are mainly related to its redistribution due to the vital cycle of green algae covering bottom surfaces - processes of their growth and decomposition. A seasonal course of those fractions in surface sediments of the deepest bottom areas of the lake follows a distinct pattern and is annually recycling. It is maximum in winter and declines due to stagnant bottom water zone disruption in summer. It is shown that surface sediments in the deepest bottom areas of the lake are not a radiocesium source during the formation of the anaerobic zone in bottom water in winter, and act in that case as its acceptor. The radiocesium remobilization to the bottom water is seasonal and site-specific. It is suggested to be due to three main processes: its diffusion from deeper and more active sediments, its redistribution during decomposition of organics freshly accumulated in surface sediments and a radiocesium flux induced by the mechanism of the seasonal anaerobic zone formation in near-bottom water.     

上海城区典型臭氧浓度偏低年的成因分析

利用2006~2010年上海徐家汇、崇明、宝山、金山和浦东5个监测站的臭氧资料,分析了上海地区不同功能区臭氧的浓度特征及年际变化特征。结果表明：2006年上海地区臭氧平均浓度是这5 a的最低值,以徐家汇和浦东两个站臭氧浓度年际差异最为明显。2006年各站春末和夏季的臭氧浓度明显低于其他年份,而秋冬季臭氧浓度却差别不大。以徐家汇地区为例的综合分析表明,天气状况、日照时数、温度和风速等气象要素不是造成2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的原因,臭氧前体物（VOCs和NOx）才是造成这种现象的主要原因。2006年4~8月NOx和VOCs浓度明显偏低,典型臭氧日变化情况下2006年VOCs/NOx比值较小,平均值为1.22,比2007、2008年低了近65%,而O3的生产率也分别减少了65%和59%。OZIPR模式的结果也表明较低的VOCs浓度以及VOCs/NOx比值,是导致2006年上海城区臭氧浓度偏低的主要原因     

Regional dependence of urinary uranium baseline levels in non-exposed subjects with particular reference to volunteers from Northern Italy

Knowledge of the level of natural uranium (U) in the human body is fundamental in order to estimate the potentially hazardous incorporation in accidentally exposed subjects. A constant monitoring of exposed workers needs reliable reference baseline values, which can be determined by measuring the U concentration in urine. ICPMS has proven to be a fast, reliable and highly sensitive technique for this purpose. Non-uniformity in the distribution of U levels in various regions and differences in dietary habits account for the significant regional variations of U concentration in urine in non-exposed subjects. In this paper, the determination of daily uranium urinary excretion levels in a group of 12 non-exposed subjects from Northern Italy is presented and compared to data present in the published literature and to values obtained in a larger group of German volunteers. The urinary U output values observed in the Italian subset are generally higher than the corresponding levels measured in other groups. This could be the result of a higher intake of U from liquids, as assessed by the determination of U concentration in drinking waters.     

关于提高我国自然资源物权化程度的思考

自然资源物权是随着环境资源法和物权法的发展而逐渐进入人们视野的。与传统物权相比，自然资源物权是一组性质有别的权利总称．它在本质上具有物权属性．但也包含准物权的内容。可将其分为土地资源物权和其它自然资源物权。我国的自然资源物权制度主要存在所有权虚化和抽象化、使用权物权化程度不高、土地资源使用权未得到切实保障等缺陷。应当通过强化和实现自然资源所有权、积极推进自然资源使用权物权化来完善我国自然资源物权制度。在具体的制度设计上。必须保障自然资源国家所有权的有效实现，改进和完善自然资源的集体所有权；同时也要推进土地使用权和其它自然资源使用权的物权化，特别是扩大自然资源物权中公民使用权的范围．推进自然资源物权的具体化和制度化。     

江苏湖泊富营养化特征、成因及解决途径

应用湖泊营养类型评价标准对江苏省主要湖泊富营养化进行了评价,以区域环境特征对苏南和苏北湖群及城郊湖泊富营养化现状、发生原因及对策进行了探讨,分析表明：城郊湖泊全部为富营养和重富营养水平,苏北湖群营养程度已接近苏南湖群,呈中富营养中期,太湖东部营养程度较之太湖西部高出一个营养级别以上。苏北湖群多为过水性湖泊,易受高浓度工农业污水脉冲式入湖影响;苏南湖群污染成因则相对较复杂,主要受城镇生活和工农业生产高污染负荷的氮磷排放影响。严格控制流域内各类污染源的源头污染物排放量、充分利用河网湿地净化功能、适度进行湖内污染底泥疏浚和生态重建工程,对控制江苏湖泊富营养化将是较有效的途径。