老年与非老年溃疡性结肠炎患者直肠肛门运动及直肠感觉功能对比分析

目的 探讨老年溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者肛门直肠运动及直肠感觉变化特点.方法 采用瑞典CTD-SYNECTICS公司生产的PC-Polygraf HR高分辨多道胃肠功能消化道检测仪,对35例非老年UC及19例老年UC患者肛门直肠动力和直肠感觉功能进行检测,并与20例非老年健康人和28例老年健康人进行比较.结果 (1)肛门静息压、括约肌压力、肛门括约肌最大缩窄压,老年UC组与相应对照组比较差异均无统计学意义(t值分别为1.311、1.298、1.401,P＞0.05);增加腹压时,老年UC组肛门括约肌净增压为(2.8±1.1)kPa,低于相应对照组的(3.8±1.2)kPa,差异有统计学意义(t=2.238,P＜0.05).(2)直肠对容量刺激的最低敏感量、最大耐受性和顺应性,老年UC组为(85±30)ml、(180±69)ml和(26.5±8.8)ml/kPa,低于老年对照组的(95±31)ml、(205±78)ml和(32.9±12.9)ml/kPa,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.121、3.135、3.146,P＜0.01).(3)直肠对容量刺激的最低敏感量、最大耐受性、顺应性,老年UC组均高于非老年UC组(t值分别为2.246、2.239、2.240,P＜0.05);直肠最低敏感量、最大耐受性老年对照组高于非老年对照组(t值分别为2.238,2.301,P＜0.05).结论 UC患者存在肛门直肠运动异常,肛门自控能力减弱;UC患者直肠对容量刺激存在高敏感、低耐受、低顺应性现象.健康老年人直肠对容量刺激的感受阈较高,老年UC患者对容量扩张刺激敏感性比非老年UC患者弱.     

老年功能性便秘患者肛门直肠运动功能的检测

目的探索老年功能性便秘患者肛门、直肠运动功能的变化。方法采用气囊测压管检测３０例老年功能性便秘患者的肛门、直肠运动功能，并以健康人及非老年功能性便秘患者作对照观察。结果（１）老年健康人肛门内括约肌静息压、最大缩窄压、肛管直肠屏障压、肛管括约肌长度分别为１０．１±３．０、１４．７±２．３、８．０±２．８ｋＰａ和２．３±０．４ｃｍ，低于非老年健康组（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）；而直肠最低敏感量、最大顺应性（９２±４８、３４±１０ｍｌ／ｋＰａ）高于非老年健康组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。（２）老年便秘组肛管直肠屏障压、直肠最低敏感量、最大耐受性、最大顺应性和内括约松弛压为１０．５±３．０ｋＰａ，１０６±４２、２６０±５０ｍｌ、３７±１５ｍｌ／ｋＰａ和５．９±１．０ｋＰａ高于老年健康组（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。（３）老年便秘组直肠肛管屏障压、肛管括约肌长度和肛门内括约肌最大缩窄压小于非老年便秘组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论老年健康人有直肠、肛门运动功能紊乱，便秘与直肠低敏感、高耐受、高顺应性、内括约肌松弛不良有关     

便秘型和腹泻型肠易激综合征患者肛门直肠运动及直肠感觉功能的检测分析

目的研究便秘型和腹泻型肠易激综合征(IBS)患者肛门直肠运动及直肠感觉改变。方法对2000-01~2004-01广州医学院第二附属医院根据罗马Ⅱ标准入选的便秘型IBS30例,腹泻型IBS20例,正常对照组26例,进行肛门直肠运动功能及直肠感觉测定。结果(1)便秘型和腹泻型IBS肛门括约肌压力、肛门括约肌最大缩窄压和正常对照组相比差异无显著性(P>0.05);增加腹压时,肛门括约肌净增压腹泻型低于正常对照组(P<0.05);模拟大便时直肠和肛门括约肌出现同步收缩发生率便秘型IBS高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。(2)便秘型IBS直肠对容量刺激的最低敏感量、最大耐受性、顺应性明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01)。(3)腹泻型IBS直肠对容量刺激的最低敏感量、最大耐受性、顺应性明显低于正常对照组(P<0.01)。结论(1)IBS存在肛门直肠运动异常。(2)便秘型IBS直肠对容量刺激低敏感、高耐受、高顺应性,可能是引起便秘原因之一。(3)腹泻型IBS直肠对容量刺激存在高敏感、低耐受、低顺应性和肛门自控能力减弱,可能与腹泻有关。     

便秘型肠易激综合征肛门直肠动力学的临床研究

便秘型肠易激综合征 (constipation predominantIBS ,IBS C)表现为伴有腹痛或腹部不适的便秘 ,便后腹部不适缓解。我们检测了IBS C的肛门直肠动力学改变 ,以探讨便秘的发生与肛门直肠动力学异常间的关系表 1　两组肛门直肠压力比较 (mmHg)分组直肠静息压肛门内括约肌静息压肛门外括约肌静息压肛门直肠屏障压IBS C 6.0 0± 1.73 88.3 3± 15 .17 3 2 .5 0± 8.0 482 .61± 15 .2 2 对照组 7.5 0± 3 .75 78.2 5± 2 9.2 0 3 6.75± 9.0 0 67.5 0± 2 2 .5 0　　注 :与对照组比较 : P <0 .0 5表 2　两组随意动作时肛门直肠压力比较 (m…     

莫沙必利联合乳果糖治疗老年慢性功能性便秘的疗效及对患者肛门直肠动力和直肠感觉的影响

目的观察莫沙必利联合乳果糖治疗老年慢性功能性便秘(CFC)的疗效及对患者肛门直肠动力和直肠感觉的影响。方法选择该院2009年7月至2013年12月收治的老年CFC患者97例,随机分为研究组(n=48)和对照组(n=49)。研究组给予口服莫沙必利5 mg,3次/d,乳果糖10 ml,3次/d;对照组给予口服莫沙必利5 mg,3次/d。观察两组治疗效果及治疗前后直肠动力和直肠感觉变化。结果研究组总有效率(91.7%)显著高于对照组(49.0%)(P=0.000)。治疗前两组肛门直肠动力及直肠感觉比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05),治疗后两组直肠最低敏感量、最大耐受量、直肠顺应性均较治疗前显著降低(P<0.05),且研究组上述指标显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前后直肠静息压、肛门括约肌最大收缩压、肛门括约肌静减压比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。研究组轻度腹胀腹泻3例,对照组轻度腹胀1例,均未影响治疗。结论莫沙必利联合乳果糖治疗老年CFC可以有效改善患者肛门直肠感觉,促进肛门直肠协调收缩,对老年CFC疗效确切。     

不同年龄出口梗阻性便秘患者直肠肛管测压的特点

目的探讨不同年龄的出口梗阻性便秘患者直肠动力学及排便感觉的特点。方法采用加拿大莱博瑞医疗技术公司的肛门直肠动力分析仪(Ano-Rectal Manometry System,ARM)对39例老年人功能性便秘患者及42例非老年出口梗阻性便秘患者在术前及术后进行直肠肛管压力及感觉的测定。结果老年出口梗阻性便秘患者肛管静息压、括约肌功能长度、肛管排便压、初始感觉阈值、初始排便阈值及最大耐受阈值与非老年出口梗阻性便秘者比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论出口梗阻性便秘患者直肠及肛管对容量刺激具有低敏感、高耐受、高顺应性的特点,且肛门、直肠的协调收缩功能紊乱,不存在年龄差异;手术可解决直肠前膨出、黏膜脱垂等因素,但不能短时间内改善其他直肠动力学及排便感觉的异常因素。因此,除了手术治疗外,出口梗阻性便秘患者同时进行生物反馈治疗及饮食、生活作息的调整也是重要的治疗手段。     

慢性功能性便秘肛门直肠敏感性和排便动力学研究

目的探讨慢性功能性便秘患者肛门直肠感觉功能的改变及排便时肛门直肠动力学特征。方法采用PC Polygraf HR高分辨多道胃肠功能测定仪检测46例功能性便秘患者的肛门直肠压力、直肠容量感知、疼痛阈值、耐受阈值及排便功能等指标，并与16例健康人做对照。结果功能性便秘组直肠静息压、肛管括约肌静息压、最大缩窄压及静态肛管长度与对照组比较差异无显著性，但功能性便秘患者的初始感觉阈值、疼痛阈值、排便阈值、引起肛门直肠抑制反射的最低充气量、排便状态下肛管功能长度和肛管内括约肌松弛压均高于对照组。模拟排便时，功能性便秘组34．78％的患者在直肠收缩时伴有肛管括约肌的矛盾收缩。结论功能性便秘患者直肠黏膜对容量刺激的反应性降低和排便时肛管括约肌的反向矛盾收缩可能是形成便秘的原因之一。     

功能性便秘和便秘型肠易激综合征患者的直肠顺应性

背景:直肠顺应性是直肠运动的重要特征,其改变可能是便秘的重要病理生理机制之一。目的:研究不同类型便秘患者直肠感觉和顺应性的差异,了解直肠顺应性的临床意义。方法:应用恒压器(barostat),以500ml聚乙烯球囊对直肠进行快速位相性扩张,检测功能性便秘(FC)和便秘型肠易激综合征(C-IBS)患者的直肠感觉和顺应性,并与正常对照者进行比较。结果:FC和C-IBS组的直肠顺应性较正常对照组显著降低(6.34ml/mmHg±2.26ml/mmHg和6.50ml/mmHg±2.48ml/mmHg对9.57ml/mmHg±2.77ml/mmHg,P<0.05),但两组间差异无显著性。直肠感觉过敏便秘患者的顺应性明显增高,但FC和C-IBS组感觉与顺应性的关系并不完全相同。结论:一些便秘患者对直肠扩张感觉异常可能部分系由直肠顺应性改变所致,根据直肠顺应性结合感觉变化可以更好地区分不同类型的便秘。     

便秘型肠易激综合征肛门直肠动力学的临床研究

目的　观察便秘型肠易激综合征 (IBS)的肛门直肠动力学改变。方法　采用灌注式测压装置测定 18例便秘型IBS患者和 15例健康人的肛门直肠压力、直肠对容量刺激的最低敏感量、最大耐受量及直肠顺应性。结果　便秘型IBS的直肠、肛门内外括约肌静息压力、内括约肌主动收缩压、模拟排便时直肠收缩压、内外括约肌净减压与对照组相比无显著性差异。肛门 直肠屏障压便秘型IBS组高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。直肠对容量刺激的最低敏感量便秘型IBS组低于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,最大耐受量及顺应性均高于对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　便秘型IBS存在肛门直肠动力学异常 ,这种异常可能是导致便秘的原因     

老年慢性特发性便秘肛门直肠动力学及感觉功能变化的研究

目的　研究老年慢性特发性便秘患者肛门直肠动力学及感觉阈的变化 ,探讨老年便秘的特点及治疗方法。方法　采用 8导水灌注压力检测系统 ,对 31例老年便秘患者进行肛门直肠测压 ,应用气囊扩张检测其感觉阈值。同时检测 10例健康老年人作为对照。结果　患者组与对照组相比 :肛管静息压、肛门括约肌功能长度均无显著性差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;肛门括约肌静息压显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;肛管最大缩窄压明显低于对照组 (P<0 .0 1) ;直肠肛门松弛率显著低于对照组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;直肠初始感觉阈和最大耐受量均显著高于对照组 (P<0 .0 1)。结论　老年慢性特发性便秘患者存在明显直肠动力与感觉障碍。治疗方法应采用饮食、促动力药物以及直肠生物反馈等物理手段相结合的综合治疗为宜。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.