Role of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Hydrogen Embrittlement of High-Strength Carbon Steels with Different Microalloying

High-strength carbon steels of 1200 MPa strength level with different microalloying were tensile tested at constant extension rate and constant load under continuous electrochemical hydrogen charging. The results show that hydrogen markedly reduces elongation and time to fracture of all the studied steels. Fractography of the steels shows that nonmetallic inclusions (NMIs) play the major role in crack initiation in hydrogen-charged specimens. The role of NMIs in the hydrogen-induced fracture of steels is discussed.     

合成渣精炼法控制帘线钢中的非金属夹杂物

主要论述了帘线钢中非金属夹杂物的控制方法.根据帘线钢对非金属夹杂物的要求和夹杂物对帘线钢性能的影响,利用CaO-SiO2-A12O3三元相图确定合成精炼渣的成分,优化设计帘线钢的冶炼工艺,使钢中夹杂物的尺寸变小,满足了帘线钢性能的要求.     

Quantitative Study on Nonmetallic Inclusion Particles in Steels by Automatic Image Analysis With Extreme Values Method

 The presence of nonmetallic inclusion particles which appear during steelmaking process is harmful to the properties of steels, which is mainly as a function of some aspects such as size, volume fraction, shape, and distribution of these particles. The automatic image analysis technique is one of the most important tools for the quantitative determination of these parameters. The classical Student approach and the Extreme Values Method (EVM) were used for the inclusion size and shape determination and the evaluation of distance between the inclusion particles. The results thus obtained indicated that there were significant differences in the characteristics of the inclusion particles in the analyzed products. Both methods achieved results with some differences, indicating that EVM could be used as a faster and more reliable statistical methodology.     

A Carbon-Stabilized Austenitic Steel with Lower Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility

High-strength steels are susceptible to H-induced failure, which is typically caused by the presence of diffusible H in the microstructure. The diffusivity of H in austenitic steels with face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure is slow. The austenitic steels are hence preferred for applications in the hydrogen-containing atmospheres. However, the fcc structure of austenitic steels is often stabilized by the addition of Ni, Mn, or N, which are relatively expensive alloying elements to use. Austenite can kinetically also be stabilized using C. Herein, an approach is applied to a commercial cold work tool steel, where C is used to fully stabilize the fcc phase. This results in a microstructure consisting of only austenite and M₇C₃ carbide. An exposure to H by cathodic hydrogen charging exhibits no significant influence on the strength and ductility of the C-stabilized austenitic steel. While this material is only a prototype based on an existing alloy of different purposes, it shows the potential for low-cost H-resistant steels based on C-stabilized austenite.     

Nd-Fe-B永磁材料氢脆机理与阻氢涂层研究

本文利用三维 Mobius反演变换得到了金属 Nd原子间的相互作用势和 H原子间的相互作用势 ,利用组合规则得到了 Nd- H原子间的相互作用势 ,进而利用正则系统分子动力学算法研究了在一定加载应力强度因子下氢在 Nd晶体中的行为 ,模拟结果表明 ,H在 Nd晶体裂尖富集成许多氢原子团簇或氢气团簇 ,这在一定程度上解释了 Nd- Fe- B磁体中的氢爆现象 ,进而为 Nd- Fe- B阻氢涂层工艺提供理论参考 ,达到在原子分子水平上设计新型阻氢涂层的目的。对 Nd- Fe- B阻氢涂层的制备进行了实验研究 ,利用厚膜烧结方法在 Nd- Fe- B磁体表面涂覆银及高分子聚合物涂层 ,高压充氢实验结果表明 ,在 10 MPa、2 5℃的氢环境中 ,磁体充氢 178分钟未粉碎 ,最长可达2 88分钟 ,充氢后的磁体磁性能没有变化。另外 ,对 γ-辐照前后涂覆涂层的磁体进行了磁性能、充氢及尺寸测试 ,实验结果表明 ,涂覆涂层的磁体 γ-辐照前后磁性能、阻氢性能及磁体尺寸没有变化     

Method of Evaluating Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Tempered Martensitic Steel Showing Intergranular Fracture

A stress application method in delayed fracture susceptibility tests was investigated using 1450 MPa class tempered martensitic steel. Its fracture mode under hydrogen charging was mainly intergranular because of its relatively small Si content of 0.21 mass pct. The conditions for consistency in fracture strength between tensile tests and constant load tests (CLTs) were clarified: first, to conduct hydrogen precharging before stress application; and second, to choose a sufficiently low crosshead speed in tensile tests. When hydrogen precharging was not conducted before CLTs, the fracture strength was higher than the values in CLTs with hydrogen charging and in tensile tests. If the crosshead speed was too high, the fracture strength obtained was higher than the values in CLTs. The dependence of the fracture strength on crosshead speed was seen for both notched and smooth bar specimens. These results suggested that plastic deformation, i.e., dislocation motion, was related to intergranular fracture with a tear pattern as well as to quasi-cleavage fracture. In addition, cathodic electrolysis in an alkaline solution containing NaOH should be used as the hydrogen charging method to avoid the effects of corrosion.     

Hydrogen Embrittlement of Automotive Advanced High-Strength Steels

Advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have a better combination between strength and ductility than conventional HSS, and higher crash resistances are obtained in concomitance with weight reduction of car structural components. These steels have been developed in the last few decades, and their use is rapidly increasing. Notwithstanding, some of their important features have to be still understood and studied in order to completely characterize their service behavior. In particular, the high mechanical resistance of AHSS makes hydrogen-related problems a great concern for this steel grade. This article investigates the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of four AHSS steels. The behavior of one transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), two martensitic with different strength levels, and one hot-stamping steels has been studied using slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) tests on electrochemically hydrogenated notched samples. The embrittlement susceptibility of these AHSS steels has been correlated mainly to their strength level and to their microstructural features. Finally, the hydrogen critical concentrations for HE, established by SSRT tests, have been compared to hydrogen contents absorbed during the painting process of a body in white (BIW) structure, experimentally determined during a real cycle in an industrial plant.     

临钢连铸板坯非金属夹杂物去除的研究

以Q345qC连铸板坯为例,研究临钢炼钢各工序对夹杂物去除的影响.经研究确认,目前脱氧制度是影响钢质量的限制环节,因此,有必要优化脱氧制度,以进一步提高钢质量.     

2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢回火脆化过时效现象的研究

研究了2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢在回火温度下时效处理时,发生回火脆化和回火脆化的过时效反偏聚现象。应用非平衡偏聚的动力学理论,确定了成分(%)为0.15C、2.32Cr、0.95Mo、0.009P的2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢在650℃140 h回火时钢中磷的非平衡晶界偏聚规律。试验得出,2.25Cr-1Mo合金钢650℃磷非平衡偏聚的临界时间t_c为20 h,晶界磷的原子浓度,由初始状态的0.016%提高至最大值2.79%。根据试验数据进行的动力学计算,得出的计算曲线与试验结果吻合,验证了非平衡晶界偏聚空位-复合体模型的扩散机制。     

A Study on the Nonmetallic Inclusion Motions in a Swirling Flow Submerged Entry Nozzle in a New Cylindrical Tundish Design

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - Different sizes and shapes of nonmetallic inclusions in a swirling flow submerged entry nozzle (SEN) placed in a new tundish design were investigated by...     

电渣重熔钢中非金属夹杂物含量及成分的控制

在电渣重熔过程中，控制自耗电极冶炼的脱氧制度并配合电渣重熔渣系的选择，可以有目的地控制电渣重熔钢中非金属夹杂物的含量和成分。对于滚珠轴承钢ＺＧＣｒ１５，当自耗电极用钢采用Ｓｉ－Ｆｅ、Ｓｉ－Ｃａ脱氧并用酸性渣重熔可以获得最佳精炼效果，使钢中夹杂物转变为硅酸盐类塑性夹杂物。上述结论在工业生产中已得到验证。     

牙轮大轴氢致断裂的分析

以某厂生产的石油机械零件牙轮大轴的断裂为例,用扫描电镜、电子探针等方法观察分析断口,按一般脆性断裂故障树分析思路,结合该零件的制造工艺过程进行断裂原因分析,结果表明,牙轮大轴的断裂为典型的氢致断裂,同时对机械零部件的氢脆断裂失效进行了相关讨论。     

Nonmetallic Inclusion Control of 350 km/h High Speed Rail Steel

Inclusion has an important effect on quality of high speed rail steel. In consideration of the lower acceptance percentage of the inclusion and its constraint against the requirement for large scale production of 350 km/h high speed rail steel in Panzhihua Iron and Steel (Group) Co, the technology of nonmetallic inclusion control for 350 km/h high speed rail steel was studied. An optimized model of the argon-blowing in ladle furnace (LF), the control of the components of the ladle slag, and the technique of calcium treatment for the molten steel was brought forward. Using the researched technology, the removal ratio of the inclusion was increased and the components, distribution, and shape of the inclusion in the rail steel were changed, which resulted in a reduction in the average total oxygen content to 10. 17 × 10⁻⁶ and an increase in the comprehensive acceptance percentage of the nonmetallic inclusion from 48. 21% to 98. 1%. Test has shown that this metallurgical technology can meet the requirement for large scale production of 350 km/h high speed steel in Panzhihua Iron and Steel (Group) Co.     

Study on the Hydrogen Embrittlement of Aermet100 Using Hydrogen Permeation and SSRT Techniques

Aermet100 steel suffers greatly from hydrogen embrittlement due to its ultra-high strength. During the corrosion process as part of its service life, reduction of H⁺ in an acidic environment and H₂O in a deaerated near-neutral environment are the main sources of hydrogen generation. Hydrogen permeation into Aermet100 steel can occur even in the atmosphere. After tempering, the coherent precipitations can hinder diffusion of hydrogen in the tempered steel, causing the apparent hydrogen diffusivity and steady hydrogen permeation current to decrease. The fracture morphology of tempered Aermet100 steel after a slow strain rate test in an acidic solution is predominantly micro-void coalescence with few inner cracks. As the solution pH decreases, micro-cracks initiate not only on the side surface but also within the steel. Coalition of micro-cracks accelerates the overall cracking process.     

冷拔变形(F+M)型双相钢的氢脆

实验采用阴极电解预充氢试样拉伸的方法,研究了冷拔变形05Si2铁素体-马氏体型双相钢的氢脆敏感性及断裂行为。发现双相钢氢脆敏感性随着冷拔变形量的增大出现一峰值,以及氢致铁素体基体的脆化现象。     

在线检测非金属夹杂物的方法

针对传统夹杂物的检测方法存在的问题,提出一种在线检测方法——电敏感区法.用此法在冷态和热态下在线检测了非金属夹杂物,证明在线检测是可行的.     

Observation on Physical Growth of Nonmetallic Inclusion in Liquid Steel During Ladle Treatment

The behaviors of several types of inclusions at a high temperature were examined using a confocal scanning laser microscope (CSLM, 1LM21H/SVF17SP). Although alumina inclusions tended to impact on each other, agglomerate, and grow quickly, no other inclusion type, such as spinel as well as solid and liquid calcium aluminate, was observed to attract each other. The results of confocal microscope study were compared with the industrial investigation. For this purpose, many steel samples were taken at different stages of ladle treatment. The samples were analyzed by scanning and light optical microscopes. Approximately 50,000 inclusions of several types were examined. Only alumina inclusions were attracted to each other and agglomerate. No agglomeration by attractive behavior was observed in the other types of inclusions, including liquid inclusions. Both the industrial data and the in situ observation by CSLM indicate that, although the attraction force and the agglomeration play a significant role in the growth of alumina inclusions, the agglomeration of spinel and calcium aluminate inclusions does not need special consideration in ladle treatment. The agglomeration of liquid calcium aluminate inclusions took place only when they occasionally met as a result of external force, which led to low collision probability. However, the agglomeration of the liquid calcium aluminate inclusions along with alumina particles could be detrimental in the casting process.