鼠掌老鹳草中总鞣质的积累动态分析

目的:通过测定鼠掌老鹳草中总鞣质的含量,分析鼠掌老鹳草中总鞣质的积累动态规律.方法:采用紫外分光光度法测定.结果:鼠掌老鹳草叶中鞣质含量是花期最高,茎的鞣质含量普遍偏低;地上部分药材的鞣质含量是花期含量最高.结论:建立了稳定、可靠的鞣质含量测定方法,鼠掌老鹳草中鞣质的含量变化规律对于确定药材的药用部位及最佳采收期具有指导意义.     

Quantitative analysis of the polyphenols of the aerial parts of rock samphire--Crithmum maritimum L

Quantitative spectrometric analyses of the contents of flavonoids, tannins and total polyphenols in the aerial parts of rock samphire--Crithmum maritimum L., collected from three separated geographic locations along the Adriatic coast of Croatia in different growth stages, are reported. The results point to variability of the analyte content as a function of the growing site and growth stage. The content of flavonoids was found to be 0.08-0.42%. The highest content of flavonoids was found in the samples collected before flowering. The content of tannins ranged from 0.10 to 2.65%, while the content of total polyphenols varied from 4.72 to 9.48%. The highest contents of tannins and total polyphenols were found in the samples collected before flowering and at the beginning of flowering.     

HPLC法测定陕西商南地产金银花不同采收时间及不同部位中木犀草苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定金银花不同部位(花、叶和茎)中木犀草苷的含量。方法应用Kromasil C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);以乙腈-5mL·L-1冰醋酸溶液为流动相,按1∶9梯度洗脱至3∶7;流速为1.0mL·min-1;柱温为30℃;检测波长为350nm。结果木犀草苷存在于金银花的花、叶和茎中,随着花的成熟,花中含量逐渐提高,叶和茎中含量逐渐降低。结论 HPLC法操作简便、结果准确,适用于金银花中木犀草苷的测定。     

松嫩草原罗布麻各器官总黄酮和槲皮素的含量测定及药材抗氧化活性评价

目的:测定松嫩草原罗布麻各器官总黄酮和槲皮素含量并评价其体外抗氧化活性,为有效利用罗布麻资源提供参考。方法:以超声波辅助提取罗布麻中总黄酮,用比色法和高效液相色谱法分别测定罗布麻中总黄酮和槲皮素的含量,DPPH.和.OH清除法评价其抗氧化活性。结果:松嫩草原罗布麻花和叶中总黄酮、槲皮素含量较高,其次为茎;叶和花中总黄酮提取液抗氧化活性较强,茎次之。结论:松嫩草原罗布麻叶、花和茎均可以作为天然抗氧化剂原料。     

飞燕草不同部位总黄酮的提取与含量测定

目的：提取飞燕草不同部位总黄酮,并对其进行含量测定,最终确定飞燕草最佳药用部位。方法：采用乙醇回流提取法提取飞燕草不同部位总黄酮,以芦丁为标准品,应用紫外分光光度法测定飞燕草全草、根、茎、叶及花中的总黄酮含量。结果：飞燕草全草、根、茎、叶及花等部位总黄酮含量分别为56.2%、47.6%、49.8%、51.3%、65.8%。结论：飞燕草不同部位中均含有总黄酮,其中花中总黄酮含量最高,根中最少,但考虑到不同部位的产量,建议以全草入药。     

Prevalidation in pharmaceutical analysis. Part I. Fundamentals and critical discussion

A complete prevalidation, as a basic prevalidation strategy for quality control and standardization of analytical procedure was inaugurated. Fast and simple, the prevalidation methodology based on mathematical/statistical evaluation of a reduced number of experiments (N < or = 24) was elaborated and guidelines as well as algorithms were given in detail. This strategy has been produced for the pharmaceutical applications and dedicated to the preliminary evaluation of analytical methods where linear calibration model, which is very often occurred in practice, could be the most appropriate to fit experimental data. The requirements presented in this paper should therefore help the analyst to design and perform the minimum number of prevalidation experiments needed to obtain all the required information to evaluate and demonstrate the reliability of its analytical procedure. In complete prevalidation process, characterization of analytical groups, checking of two limiting groups, testing of data homogeneity, establishment of analytical functions, recognition of outliers, evaluation of limiting values and extraction of prevalidation parameters were included. Moreover, system of diagnosis for particular prevalidation step was suggested. As an illustrative example for demonstration of feasibility of prevalidation methodology, among great number of analytical procedures, Vis-spectrophotometric procedure for determination of tannins with Folin-Ciocalteu's phenol reagent was selected. Favourable metrological characteristics of this analytical procedure, as prevalidation figures of merit, recognized the metrological procedure as a valuable concept in preliminary evaluation of quality of analytical procedures.     

Determination of Flavonoids,Tannins and Ellagic acid in leaves from<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rubus</Emphasis> L. species

This paper describes the quantitative determination of flavonoids, tannins and ellagic acid in the leaves from wild and cultivated variations of Rubus L. species (Rosaceae): raspberry (2 wild and 13 cultivars) and blackberry (3 wild and 3 cultivars). The content of flavonoids was analyzed using spectrophotometric (the Christ-Mullers method) and HPLC analysis after acid hydrolysis. The content of tannins was determined by the weight method, with hide powder, described by German Pharmacopoeia 10 (DAB 10). Ellagic acid content was examined using the HPLC method after acid hydrolysis. Flavonoid content, determined using the Christ-Muller's method was higher for the blackberry leaves than for the raspberry leaves and varied between 0.46% and 1.05%. Quercetin and kaempferol were predominant in all samples analyzed using the HPLC method. The highest flavonoid content was found in the leaves of R. nessensis (1.06%); with results in all of the examined samples varying between 0.27% and 1.06%. The concentration of ellagic acid in all species was determined after acid hydrolysis and ranged from 2.06% to 6.89%. The leaves of raspberries are characterized by greater amounts of tannins (varying between 2.62% and 6.87%) than the leaves of other species. The results from this study indicate that the analyzed species are a rich source of flavonoids, ellagic acid and tannins, which may be used for the quality assessment of Rubus L. species leaves.     

GC-MS法分析白花丹参不同部位挥发性成分

目的:研究白花丹参不同部位挥发油化学成分并进行比较。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取白花丹参根、茎、叶及花的挥发油,应用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对各部位挥发油进行分析,利用面积归一化法分别计算各成分的相对质量分数。结果:从白花丹参根、茎、叶、花的挥发油中分别鉴定了39、33、21、28种成分。白花丹参根、茎、叶、花挥发油中主要化学成分差别很大,除大根香叶烯D为共有,且在茎、叶、花中相对质量分数都较高外,其它主要成分均不同。结论:本试验结果可为白花丹参的进一步开发利用提供依据。     

The content of lignan glycosides in Forsythia flowers and leaves

Quantitative determination of lignan glucosides in flowers and leaves of three taxons of Forsythia Vahl was performed using the HPLC method. The main lignan compound in the flowers of F. suspensa appeared to be (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside, whereas in the leaves of this species phillyrin was the predominant lignan. The content of (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside in F. suspensa flowers amounted to 4.3-7% and that of phillyrin did not reach 1%. The inverse ratio of (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside to phillyrin occurred in the leaves of F. suspensa, which contained up to 4.3% of phillyrin and 1.6% and less (+)-pinoresinol beta-D-glucopyranoside. The flowers of F. viridissima and F. x intermedia were rich in arctiin: 5.5-10.2% and up to 11.5%, respectively. The leaves of these two species contained less arctiin: up to 4.3% in F. viridissima and up to 2.3% in F. x intermedia. The flowers showed the highest level of lignans at the phase of buds, it decreased during the blooming time.     

Sesquiterpene lactones in Arnica montana: a rapid analytical method and the effects of flower maturity and simulated mechanical harvesting on quality and yield

A rapid extraction, clean-up and RPLC procedure suitable for routine quantitative analyses of sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) in Arnica montana is described. Seven SLs were isolated of which tigloyl and methacryloyl esters of helenalin made up over 50 % of the total. This method was applied to analyses of replicated samples of different flower parts, different stages of flower maturity, and herb from different harvest methods. The mean total SL levels were higher in the disk flowers (0.872 % w/w) than the ray flowers (0.712 %), lower in the flower receptacles (0.354 %) and lowest in stems (0.028 %). Relative levels of individual SLs varied significantly between flower parts, especially acetyldihydrohelenalin which had its highest concentration in stems. The total SL contents increased progressively as the flowers matured, from 0.512 % in buds to 0.943 % in withered flowers. Harvesting a range of flower maturities at one time in a simulated mechanical harvest, followed by mechanical separation of low quality stem material gave the same quality as hand harvested A. montana flowers (over 0.8 % total SLs) and the flower yields from the two processes were similar when adjusted for harvesting technique (320 kg dry matter/ha by hand, 295 kg/ha mechanical). Delaying flower harvest until the flower petals had withered greatly improved the SL concentration of the drug.     

清热消炎宁颗粒中鞣质的含量测定

目的建立清热消炎宁颗粒中鞣质含量的紫外分光光度测定方法。方法采用紫外分光光度法,以没食予酸为对照,在760nm的波长处分别测定清热消炎宁颗粒中总酚和不被吸附的多酚的吸光度,以总酚量与不被吸附的多酚量之差计算鞣质含量。结果没食子酸对照品浓度在1．0006μg·mL-1 -10．006μg·mL-1之间与其吸光度呈良好的线性关系,r=O．9991,平均回收率为98．59％,RSD为2．29％。结论该测定方法操作简便、结果准确．重现性好,可用于清热消炎宁颗粒的质量控制。     

四川攀西地区五色梅中b-榄香烯的含量分析

目的建立五色梅中β-榄香烯的含量分析方法,并对四川攀西地区恶性杂草植物五色梅中的β-榄香烯含量和分布规律进行测定分析。方法采用HPLC测定五色梅样品中β-榄香烯含量,Eclipse XDB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相:乙醇-乙腈-水=70︰10︰20,流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:210 nm,进样量:20μL,柱温:30℃。用TLC和紫外光谱对样品中的β-榄香烯进行鉴定分析。结果 HPLC测β-榄香烯含量在0.007 5～0.120 0 mg.mL-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 5),平均加样回收率为99.3%。五色梅叶和花中均含β-榄香烯,而以叶中含量最高,鲜叶与花中含量分别为0.025%和0.007%。鲜叶和自然晒干叶中β-榄香烯含量差异无统计学意义,但均显著高于60℃烘干叶。结论本法适用于五色梅中β-榄香烯的含量测定,本研究可为开辟新的β-榄香烯来源、五色梅的开发利用和治理提供参考。     

磷钼钨酸-干酪素法测定石榴皮中总鞣质含量

目的：建立磷钼钨酸一干酪素法测定石榴皮药材中鞣质含量的方法。方法：利用磷钼钨酸与多酚类物质的显色反应,在760nm波长处,分别测定供试品溶液中的总酚和不被吸收的多酚的吸光度,采用标准曲线法,计算鞣质含量。结果：在0．01～0．001mg·ml^-1范围内,标准曲线线性关系良好（r=0．9992）,精密度和重复性较好,脚分别是0．50％和0．28％,加样回收率均为98．5％,RSD为0．35％。结论：该方法简单、准确,具有较高的选择性,可应用于不同来源的石榴皮药材检测中。     

Distribution and accumulation of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus G. Don during development

Pattern of the total alkaloids distribution and accumulation in Catharanthus roseus G. Don was investigated during six different stages of flowering and fruiting. The highest concentration of alkaloids (mg perivine/g dry weight) was found in the roots at the start of flowering and the minimum in the stems during full fruiting stage; the rate of alkaloidal accumulation in the leaves, stems and roots tended to decrease during fruit maturation. The most active stage of alkaloidal biosynthesis was at the start of flowering in all vegetative organs. The maximum dry weights of leaves, stems and roots were obtained during the start of fruiting. The weights of flowers and fruits were relatively very small during different developmental stages. Harvesting Catharanthus roseus should best be carried out at the full-flowering stage to obtain the optimum yield of total alkaloidal content of leaves, stems and roots (as mg perivine/total dry weight of each organ per plant).     

分光光度法测定芜菁中总黄酮含量

目的研究芜菁中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺并测定其含量,为芜菁资源的合理开发和利用提供科学依据。方法以乙醇为溶剂,采用索氏提取,分光光度法测定芜菁中总黄酮的含量,并通过稳定性、精密度和回收率试验检验了该方法的可靠性和重现性。结果标准液及供试液均在510nm处有最大吸收。回归方程:A=0.01853 c+0.07628,r=0.9998;平均总黄酮的含量:2.797%,平均加样回收率:101.6%;精密度和加样回收率的RSD值分别为:0.85%,1.21%。本法具有操作简单,稳定,准确,重复性好,灵敏度高,可作为芜菁总黄酮的含量测定法。     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial phenolic compounds from extracts of cultivated and wild-grown Tunisian Ruta chalepensis

The antioxidant and antibacterial activities of phenolic compounds from cultivated and wild Tunisian Ruta chalepensis L. leaves, stems, and flowers were assessed. The leaves and the flowers exhibited high but similar total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin content. Moreover, two organs showed strong, although not significantly different, total antioxidant activity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging ability, and reducing power. Investigation of the phenolic composition showed that vanillic acid and coumarin were the major compounds in the two organs, with higher percentages in the cultivated organs than in the spontaneous organs. Furthermore, R. chalepensis extracts showed marked antibacterial properties against human pathogen strains, and the activity was organ- and origin-dependent. Spontaneous stems had the strongest activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. From these results, it was concluded that domestication of Ruta did not significantly affect its chemical composition and consequently the possibility of using R. chalpensis organs as a potential source of natural antioxidants and as an antimicrobial agent in the food industry.     

Determination of (-)-demecolcine and (-)-colchicine content in selected Jordanian Colchicum species

In our continuing attempt to investigate Jordanian Colchicum species as a potential and viable source of colchicinoids; the distributions of the most interesting colchicinoid alkaloids (-)-demecolcine and (-)-colchicine in different plant parts of wildly growing C. crocifolium Boiss., C. ritchii R. Br., and C. triphyllum Kunze, were analyzed. The method is based on the use of external reference standards and a reversed-phase gradient HPLC. While (-)-colchicine was found in all plant parts of the three investigated Colchicum species, (-)-demecolcine was not detected in the leaves and daughter corms of C. triphyllum, the corms of C. crocifolium, and the flowers, stems, and mother and daughter corms of C. ritchii. C. triphyllum was found to be the highest in total (-)-colchicine content of 0.10% (wt/wt), while C. crocifolium was the highest in total (-)-demecolcine content of 0.09% (wt/wt). During flowering, leaves and corms in C. crocifolium, and leaves and stems in C. ritchii are the main storages of (-)-colchicine. (-)-Colchicine showed a homogenous distribution in all plant parts (stems, leaves, and mother and daughter corms) of C. triphyllum of 0.10% (wt/wt). Regarding (-)-demecolcine, stems and leaves of C. crocifolium, stems of C. triphyllum, and leaves of C. ritchii are the main storages. This work reports for the first time the presence of (-)-colchicine and (-)-demecolcine in C. crocifolium.     

Hawthorn extracts inhibit LDL oxidation

Polyphenol-rich diet decreases cardiovascular risk. LDL oxidation is the primary event in atherosclerosis plaque formation and antioxidants such as polyphenols were shown to inhibit LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis development. Hawthorn (Crataegus) and derived pharmaceuticals are rich in polyphenols and already prescribed to treat moderate heart failure, nervousness and sleep disorders. Extracts either from fresh plant parts (flower buds, flowers, young leaves or green fruits) or from dried pharmaceutical parts (flowers and flowering tops) were previously shown to be effective inhibitors of lipoperoxidation and scavengers of oxygen species. In this study, the capacity of total and ethyl-acetate extracts from dried pharmaceutical flowers, tops and fruits to inhibit Cu(2+)-induced LDL oxidation was tested. This capacity was positively linked to their content in total polyphenols, proanthocyanidins (global and oligomeric forms), as well as to their content in two individual phenolics: a flavanol, the dimeric procyanidin B2 and a flavonol glycoside, hyperoside. Flavanol-type phenolics showed to be higher active than the majority of the flavonoids tested in inhibiting Cu(2+)-induced LDL peroxidation. This study suggests that hawthorn could be a source of polyphenols able to inhibit LDL oxidation.     

Influence of Plantaginaceae species on E. coli K12 growth in vitro: Possible relation to phytochemical properties

Abstract

Context: The data concerning the influence of Plantaginaceae water extracts on bacterial growth are contradictory.

Objective: This study investigates the influence of Plantago maxima Juss. ex Jacq., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L., Veronica teucrium L., Veronica spicata L., and Veronica incana L. aqueous extracts on growth of Escherichia coli K12 culture and the relation to antioxidant, reducing, and iron-binding activities.

Materials and methods: Aqueous extracts were prepared from the dried leaves with the final concentration of 1/10, 1/15, 1/20, 1/25, 1/30, 1/35, and 1/40 (w/w). Comparative analysis of total flavonoids, iridoids, and tannins in Plantaginaceae species was performed. Iron-binding, antioxidant, and reducing activities of plant extracts were analyzed spectrophotometrically. The influence of plant extracts on E. coli K12 growth was studied in vitro by estimating the bacterial growth in the extract-containing medium.

Results: Total tannin content in plant leaves positively correlated with iron-binding activity (r?=?0.641), whereas total flavonoids correlated with antioxidant activity (r?=?0.687). In an in vitro model, it is estimated that water extracts of studied Plantaginaceae species stimulated bacterial growth. Prebiotic activity significantly of 1/20 and 1/40 plant extracts positively correlated with antioxidant (r?=?0.589; r?=?0.576, respectively) and reducing activity (r?=?0.721; r?=?0.620, respectively) of plant aqueous extracts at 6–24?h. Negative correlation was observed between iron-binding activity and bacterial growth (r?=??0.503 and r?=??0.534 for 1/20 and 1/40 extracts, respectively).

Conclusion: Aqueous Plantaginaceae extracts possess prebiotic activity depending on the phytochemical content of plant leaves.     

小果博落回的生药学研究

目的对小果博落回Macleaya microcarpa(Maxim.)Fedde进行显微鉴别和总生物碱含量测定。方法显微鉴别采用形态学和组织学鉴别方法,总生物碱含量测定采用分光光度法。结果小果博落回根、茎、叶薄壁细胞中均含草酸钙结晶;茎、叶的维管束内外均有乳汁管;粉末中可见不定式气孔和非腺毛,导管类型较多。小果博落回总生物碱含量为1.9%～2.7%。结论上述显微特征及总生物碱含量测定可用于小果博落回的药材质量鉴定。