粉土界面恒刚度循环剪切试验研究

竖向循环荷载作用下桩土界面的作用机理是研究桩土摩擦疲劳的关键。针对循环荷载作用下桩-粉土界面的剪切性能,使用改进的剪切试验装置在恒刚度条件下进行循环剪切试验,研究循环次数、累积位移和法向刚度对其摩擦疲劳性能、循环后单调剪切性能的影响。试验结果表明,粉土在循环剪切过程中,法向应力和剪应力在初始10个循环内随循环数增加快速衰减,随着循环进行,逐渐趋于稳定;单次循环内在剪切位移方向变化时,土体呈现表现出剪缩-剪胀-剪缩交替现象,总体变形呈现剪缩的趋势;循环荷载作用下,粉土界面的法向应力和剪应力随法向刚度增大衰减速率增大,达到稳定的累积循环位移越小;粉土循环后的单调剪切、法向应力恢复的单调剪切的剪应力比小于首次单调剪切试验值,且法向应力恢复的循环后剪切试验的剪胀程度较小,表明循环剪切过程中界面处粉土颗粒棱角破碎,颗粒变得光滑。在对试验数据分析的基础上,提出了与累积位移、法向刚度和初始应力相关的无量纲累积位移,建立了法向应力和界面摩擦角随累积位移的衰减方程。     

桩侧阻力的几种退化效应简述

桩的轴向承载力是由桩端阻力和桩侧摩阻力共同构成的。由于桩周土的性质千差万别给人们研究桩侧阻力的性状带来了很大困难。笔者在查阅国内外文献的基础上，根据对一些现场试验资料以及室内模型试验的分析，认为桩侧摩阻力存在着几种退化效应，即局部侧阻力随桩入土深度的增加发生退化、超过临界位移后侧阻出现退化现象以及在循环荷载作用下侧阻发生退化。     

大型土与结构相互作用恒刚度直剪试验装置研究

已有的土与结构接触面室内剪切试验多集中在恒荷载和恒位移加载条件下接触面力学特性的研究,而预制桩基础沉桩过程中桩土界面受力条件与恒刚度加载类似,即桩土界面法向应力随桩周土体法向位移是动态变化的。针对目前黏性土中桩土界面大型恒刚度的试验手段比较缺乏,自主设计研制了一种大型恒刚度直剪仪用于桩土界面力学特性的测试。该直剪仪考虑了桩周土体变形特点,剪切过程中桩土界面接触面面积始终保持不变,能够准确模拟桩土界面剪切试验;采用弹簧组加载系统和数控电机控制系统,法向可提供恒刚度边界条件,水平切向可按位移控制,能够实现桩土界面上直线和循环剪切的加载路径。试验结果表明:该直剪仪能够很好地再现黏性土中桩土界面在恒刚度加载条件下直线剪切的力学响应,为静压桩沉桩过程的桩土界面力学特性的研究提供了基础。     

基于非饱和黏性土桩土界面剪切特性试验研究

通过自制的大型恒刚度直剪仪对非饱和黏性土进行桩土界面剪切试验,探讨了非饱和黏性土桩土界面剪切特性及受黏性土饱和度的影响规律。试验和研究结果表明:在分析了非饱和黏性土桩土界面土压力和孔隙水压力的变化规律后,得到桩土界面剪应力峰值和剪切破坏位移随黏性土饱和度的增大而降低的结论,同时还受界面粗糙度和法向应力的影响,界面粗糙度和法向应力越大,桩土界面剪应力峰值和剪切破坏位移越大,在法向应力不同时最大剪切破坏位移相差9.81~12.23 mm;桩土界面黏聚力在饱和度80%~90%时最大,摩擦角随着饱和度的增大呈衰减趋势,因此在桩基设计中需要考虑黏性土饱和度对桩土界面抗剪强度参数的影响,否则会使设计结果过于安全。     

桩侧摩阻力退化效应的研究进展

桩侧摩阻力退化效应可显著影响桩的承载力性状。文中总结了桩侧摩阻力存在退化效应的情况,分析了在沉桩过程中的桩侧摩阻力退化、循环荷载作用下桩土界面剪切疲劳退化效应产生的原因,并在桩侧摩阻力退化效应的情况下对桩的承载力计算方法进行总结和分析。     

耦合结构面剪胀的嵌岩桩侧摩阻力分析

 嵌岩桩桩–岩界面受力剪切机制通常包括滑动剪胀及剪切滑移两部分,滑动剪胀导致桩–岩界面法向应力显著增大。Serrano法计算嵌岩桩侧摩阻力没有考虑桩–岩界面剪胀效应的影响,从而使得其计算结果比现场实测值偏保守。基于常法向刚度(CNS)条件下结构面剪切力学特性,充分考虑岩性、桩径以及施工等因素对嵌岩桩受力特性的影响,在对既定粗糙度结构面剪胀产生的法向应力增量实现量化分析的基础上,通过耦合结构面剪胀对Serrano法进行修正。计算结果表明,修正的Serrano法计算所得嵌岩桩侧摩阻力明显高于Serrano法,也更接近于现场实测。修正的Serrano法完善嵌岩桩侧摩阻力的理论计算。     

恒定法向刚度边界条件下三维粗糙节理面循环剪切力学特性

通过开展恒定法向刚度边界条件下三维粗糙节理面循环剪切试验,揭示法向刚度(0～7GPa/m)和循环剪切次数(1～10次)对节理面剪切应力、法向变形、法向应力、剪切应力路径、表面阻力指数、声发射响应和表面磨损特征的影响。试验结果表明:剪切应力–剪切位移路径具有典型的刚度依赖特征,当法向刚度较小时,剪切应力在初始峰值之后逐渐减小,呈现应力软化行为;随着法向刚度的增加,法向位移增加幅度逐渐减小,而由剪切引起的剪切应力与法向应力增加幅度均逐渐变大,呈现应力硬化特征。当循环次数=1时,随着法向刚度由3GPa/m增加至7GPa/m,节理面表观黏聚力和表观内摩擦角分别增加了22.40%和26.84%,而表面阻力指数基本保持稳定。随着循环次数的增加,初始剪切应力峰值逐渐降低,且降低幅度逐渐变缓并最终趋于稳定,其中在循环次数从1增加到2时,初始剪切应力峰值降低幅度最大(24.93%～60.91%);循环剪切过程中,由于节理表面凸起被磨损剪断并趋于光滑,剪胀变形及法向应力增加幅度均逐渐降低;当剪切位移较大时,与法向应力相比,剪切应力增加幅度衰减更为敏感,表面阻力指数逐渐增加。累积声发射能量随着循环次数的增加逐渐减小,而随着法向刚度从0.5 GPa/m增加至7 GPa/m,稳定阶段累积声发射能量增加了229.8%,剪切磨损面积占比增加了72.02%～97.11%。     

剪切速率和法向加载频率对筋土界面剪切特性的影响

加筋土结构在道路工程中广泛应用,而车辆等动荷载对筋-土界面相互作用特性的影响不可忽略。采用动态直剪仪开展了一系列法向循环荷载作用下的砾石-土工格栅界面直剪试验。试验研究了4种剪切速率(0.1,1,5,10mm/min)、4种法向加载频率(0.1,0.5,1,2 Hz)以及3种法向初始应力(20,40,60 kPa)对筋土界面剪切特性的影响。试验结果表明:法向循环荷载下的剪切应力及法向位移呈周期性动态变化;上峰值应力、上残余应力及剪切应力幅值随频率的增大而减小,随剪切速率的增大而增大,而下剪切应力受影响较小;剪切应力和法向应力的峰值相对时间差分别在频率为0.5 Hz和速率为1 mm/min时最大,而摩擦系数与法向应力的相对时间差约为0.5个周期;上峰值摩擦角随频率的增加而减小,随剪切速率的增加而增大。     

冻融循环对冻土-混凝土界面冻结强度影响的试验研究

为研究冻融循环作用对冻土-混凝土界面冻结强度的影响,对不同冻融循环次数、法向应力、试验温度及土体初始含水率条件下的冻结界面进行了系列直剪试验,研究经历冻融循环后界面峰值剪切强度、残余剪切强度及强度参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:冻融循环对界面剪切应力与水平位移曲线形态影响很小,经历20次循环后曲线仍是应变软化型。冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响强于对残余剪切应力的影响,表明其对界面胶结冰含量产生影响。当土体初始含水率较低且温度较高时,冻融循环使界面峰值剪切强度增加,但变化量较小。然而在含水率较高(20.8%)及试验温度较低时(-5℃),峰值剪切强度随着冻融循环增加而降低。因此在土体含水率较高且冻结温度较低时,对于发生小变形的冻结界面需要重视冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响。不同初始含水率、试验温度下冻融循环对残余剪切强度的影响较小且变化规律不明显。在试验温度为-1℃,-3℃,-5℃时,峰值黏聚力随冻融循环增加分别表现为增加、波动和下降,推测是由于界面胶结冰含量不同而引起。峰值摩擦角和残余摩擦角随冻融循环次数增加略有变化。     

冻融循环对冻土–混凝土界面冻结强度影响的试验研究

为研究冻融循环作用对冻土–混凝土界面冻结强度的影响,对不同冻融循环次数、法向应力、试验温度及土体初始含水率条件下的冻结界面进行了系列直剪试验,研究经历冻融循环后界面峰值剪切强度、残余剪切强度及强度参数的变化规律。试验结果表明:冻融循环对界面剪切应力与水平位移曲线形态影响很小,经历20次循环后曲线仍是应变软化型。冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响强于对残余剪切应力的影响,表明其对界面胶结冰含量产生影响。当土体初始含水率较低且温度较高时,冻融循环使界面峰值剪切强度增加,但变化量较小。然而在含水率较高(20.8%)及试验温度较低时(-5℃),峰值剪切强度随着冻融循环增加而降低。因此在土体含水率较高且冻结温度较低时,对于发生小变形的冻结界面需要重视冻融循环对峰值剪切应力的影响。不同初始含水率、试验温度下冻融循环对残余剪切强度的影响较小且变化规律不明显。在试验温度为-1℃,-3℃,-5℃时,峰值黏聚力随冻融循环增加分别表现为增加、波动和下降,推测是由于界面胶结冰含量不同而引起。峰值摩擦角和残余摩擦角随冻融循环次数增加略有变化。     

Particle shape effects on the cyclic shear behaviour of the soil–geogrid interface

The accurate determination of the interface shear strength is essential in the design of geosynthetic-reinforced soil structures. The particle geometries of three types of soil materials and a spherical granular medium are imaged and quantified using binary image-based methods and described in terms of regularity. Cyclic direct shear tests are conducted to investigate the effects of particle regularity on the interface shear strength, stress–displacement relationship, shear stiffness, and damping ratio. The results reveal that the interface shear strength and deformation strongly depend on particle regularity. The vertical displacement ratio is found to increase with particle regularity under the same cycle number. The interface stiffness is observed to increase with the cycle number for particle regularities of 0.453, 0.565, and 0.672 but decreases with the cycle number for a particle regularity of 0.971. For a given regularity, the trend of damping ratio with the increasing cycle number is contrary to the that of shear stiffness. Finally, it is observed that the cyclic friction angle decreases with increasing particle regularity, the relationship of which is determined using linear regression. Thus, the systematic quantification of particle shape characteristics can lead to a better understanding of soil–geogrid interface behaviour.     

Influence of particle shape on the shear strength and dilation of sand-woven geotextile interfaces

The influence of particle shape on the mechanical behavior of sand-woven geotextile interfaces over a wide domain of soil density and normal stress is studied. A uniformly graded angular fine sand, and a blend of well rounded glass beads with identical particle size distributions, were selected as granular material. Experiments revealed the impact of particle shape on peak and residual friction angles as well as the maximum dilation angle of interfaces between both granular media and woven geotextile. It was observed that the residual friction angles of interfaces between angular sand/glass-beads and woven geotextile are very similar to the residual friction angles of angular sand and glass-beads in soil–soil direct shear test. It is understood that the peak friction angle and maximum dilation angle of angular sand-woven geotextile were slightly lower than corresponding values for angular sand in soil–soil direct shear test. While the peak friction angle and maximum dilation angle of angular sand-woven geotextile interface decrease with the increase in normal stress, experiments showed that these factors are insensitive to normal stress for glass beads-woven geotextile interfaces, at least for the range studied herein. All interfaces with woven geotextile as the contact surface exhibit an abrupt loss of shear strength in the post-peak regime of behavior. Finally, a unified stress-dilation law for the angular sand-woven geotextile, glass beads-woven geotextile, and angular sand-roughened steel interfaces is obtained.     

Analysis of cyclic shear characteristics of reinforced soil interfaces under cyclic loading and unloading

The cyclic properties of geosynthetic soil interface are crucial for reinforced soil structures subject to seismic loading. A series of cyclic direct tests under cyclic normal loading was conducted on geogrid-gravel interface. The relationship among the amplitudes of cyclic normal loading and shear displacement and frequencies in the horizontal and vertical directions with interface shear strength and volume change was investigated. Test results showed that the relative time shift, shear stiffness, and enhance coefficient increased with increasing amplitude of cyclic normal loading. The interface exhibited shear hardening and softening with increasing amplitude of shear displacement. The vertical displacement decreased with increasing amplitude of cyclic normal loading but increased with increasing amplitude of shear displacement. Furthermore, three patterns were analysed for different frequencies in two loading directions. The value of vertical displacement was largest when the normal loading impact frequency was larger than the cyclic horizontal shear frequency, and smallest at equal frequencies in two loading directions. The shear stiffness was positively correlated with the amplitude of cyclic normal loading. However, it was negatively correlated with the amplitude of shear displacement. The value of the damping ratio was smallest under constant normal loading at a shear displacement amplitude of 0.5 mm.     

Dynamic shear behavior of GMB/CCL interface under cyclic loading

The dynamic shear behavior of composite liner interface is of great importance for landfill seismic analysis. In this study, an experimental investigation of the shear behavior of the interface between smooth high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane (GMB) and compacted clay liner (CCL) is presented. A series of displacement-controlled cyclic shear tests were conducted to investigate the effects of displacement amplitudes, normal stress levels and number of cycles on the GMB/CCL interface shear behavior. Cyclic loading with higher displacement amplitude will produce greater vertical contraction and lower interface initial shear stiffness. Also, significant shear strength degradation was observed within the first 5 shearing cycles, then followed by slight interface reinforcement in subsequent cycles. The dynamic shear modulus of GMB/CCL interface is dependent on both normal stress levels and displacement amplitudes, while the damping ratio is only affected by displacement amplitudes. Finally, a method considering the GMB/CCL composite liner as an equivalent soil layer was proposed, which is useful for landfill seismic analysis.     

Mechanical properties and associated seismic isolation effects of foamed concrete layer in rock tunnel

Foamed concrete has a good energy absorption capability and can be used as seismic isolation material for tunnels. This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties and associated seismic isolation effects of foamed concrete layer in rock tunnel. For this, a series of uniaxial/triaxial compression tests was conducted to understand the effects of concrete density, confining stress and strain rate on the mechanical properties of foamed concrete. The direct shear tests were also performed to investigate the effects of concrete density and normal stress on the nonlinear behaviors of foamed concrete layer-lining interface. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of foamed concrete are significantly influenced by the concrete density. The foamed concrete also has high volumetric compressibility and strain-rate dependence. The peak stress, residual stress, shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer-lining interface are influenced by the foamed concrete density and normal stress applied. Then, a crushable foam constitutive model was constructed using ABAQUS software and a composite exponential model was also established to study the relationship between shear stress and shear displacement of the interface, in which their parameters were fitted based on the experimental results. Finally, a parametric analysis using the finite element method (FEM) was conducted to understand the influence of foamed concrete layer properties on the seismic isolation effect, including the density and thickness of the layer as well as the shear stiffness and residual friction coefficient of the interface. It was revealed that lower density and greater thickness in addition to smaller shear stiffness or residual friction coefficient of the foamed concrete layer could yield better seismic isolation effect, and the influences of the first two tend to be more significant.     

筋箍碎石桩桩–土界面摩擦特性试验研究及离散元模拟

筋箍碎石桩复合地基桩–土界面摩擦特性对其荷载传递机理极为重要。首先通过室内大型直剪试验,研究了法向应力、软土含水率、碎石料相对密实度、筋材设置等因素对筋箍碎石桩桩–土界面摩擦特性的影响。在此基础上,采用离散元方法分析了筋材设置、筋材开孔率、筋材抗拉刚度等因素对界面摩擦特性的影响。室内试验及数值分析结果表明:桩土界面抗剪强度随法向应力、碎石料相对密实度、筋材开孔率、筋材抗拉刚度的增大而增大,随软土含水率的增加而降低;界面摩擦系数则随法向应力、软土含水率的增大而减小,随碎石料相对密实度、筋材开孔率的增大而提高,筋材抗拉刚度对其影响较小。