我国寄生虫病防治形势与今后防治科研重点

本文分析了当前国内外寄生虫病防治形势,阐述了我国在寄生虫病防治工作方面取得的成绩和面临的挑战,围绕我国消除寄生虫病的目标,提出了今后在寄生虫病防治和研究中的工作重点。     

全国重点寄生虫病防治形势与主要任务

在"十一·五"期间,我国相继出台了多项寄生虫病防治中长期规划,提出了2015年我国血吸虫病、疟疾、棘球蚴病(包虫病),以及其他寄生虫病的防治工作目标。为进一步明确我国"十二·五"期间(2011-2015年)重点寄生虫病防治工作的目标,理清当前寄生虫病防治工作的主要任务,对重点寄生虫病防治规划及其实施进展进行了分析,以迎接当前寄生虫病防治工作面临的挑战。     

我国农村地区重点寄生虫病健康教育现状及发展方向的思考

寄生虫病是行为性疾病。健康教育作为预防控制寄生虫感染的重要措施之一, 在推动我国农村寄生虫病防治进 程中发挥了重要的作用。本文对寄生虫病健康教育的发展历程、 当前农村地区寄生虫病健康教育干预模式及其效果等进 行了综合评述, 系统总结了各类模式在寄生虫病防治中的作用和影响; 并就当前寄生虫病防治形势及防治目标对我国农 村地区健康教育发展方向提出了建议。     

关于寄生虫病防治研究的几点思考

随着社会和科技的发展, 人们对于寄生虫病防治工作产生了新认识。作者认为, 寄生虫病防治应从科学和人类长 远利益的角度出发, 更新传统的寄生虫病防治就是消灭寄生虫/传播媒介的观点, 要重视和保护生物多样性和生态环境; 在 尊重寄生虫生物多样性的基础上, 依靠科技进步, 发挥社会、 经济和文化在寄生虫病防治中的主导作用, 走可持续发展、 绿 色防治寄生虫病之路。     

山东省寄生虫病防治文献资料的形成及意义

1950年,山东省就开始进行了寄生虫病防治工作,经过多年的不懈奋斗,终于消除了黑热病、丝虫病,并即将消除疟疾。有效控制了绦/囊虫病和肠道寄生虫病,在这个过程中,形成了一系列一次文献资料,成为了疾病防治和科学研究的重要信息资源,具有极高的开发和利用价值,为此编纂了《山东省寄生虫病防治文献》,内容包括山东省黑热病防治研究资料汇编,山东省丝虫病防治与研究(初稿),苏鲁豫皖鄂联防十年经验交流资料选编及山东省寄生虫病防治研究所年报等,叙述了20世纪50年代以来山东省在人体寄生虫病防治中采取的措施、方法及取得的成就。该文献的完成为山东省寄生虫病的防治保留了完整的珍贵资料,为寄生虫病的防治提供了探索路径,为今后的科学研究提供了理论基础,也为山东省寄生虫病防治文献资料的进一步开发利用提供了保障。该文献内容丰富,数据详实,可供临床及专业人员参考。     

《中国寄生虫病防治杂志》稿约

1　《中国寄生虫病防治杂志》系由卫生部主管,中华预防医学会、山东省寄生虫病防治研究所主办的寄生虫病专业性期刊,于 1988年9月创刊。本刊积极贯彻预防为主的方针,面向科研与防治、面向基层,根据中央有关寄生虫病防治规划,围绕各个时期重点防治和将要开展大规模防治的危害较重的寄生虫病,针对防治工作中一些亟待解决的问题,集中报道确有实际应用价值,便于推广和具有发展前景的先进技术方法和管理工作经验,以反映我国寄生虫病防治研究水平,促进我国寄生虫病防治事业的发展。2　本刊读者对象为广大从事寄生虫病防治、科研专业人员和管理干部…     

我国人体寄生虫病与少见或罕见寄生虫病

我国是寄生虫病流行广泛的国家,部分寄生虫病严重危害人民群众身体健康,严重阻碍经济社会发展。中华人民共和国成立后,党和国家高度重视寄生虫病的防治工作,我国寄生虫病防治取得了举世瞩目的成就。然而随着国际交流的增多、生态环境的变化以及生产生活方式的转变,少见或罕见寄生虫病时有发生,值得关注和重视。本文介绍了我国寄生虫病的种类及其分类情况,概述了我国常见寄生虫病的流行和防治情况,重点讨论和阐述了少见或罕见寄生虫病的概念、种类以及诊断等内容,以期为学界提供参考。     

创刊词

《中国寄生虫病防治杂志》创刊,谨对此表示热烈地祝贺! 寄生虫病是危害广大人民健康的多发病,常见病,其流行范围广、种类多、危害大。建国以来,我国寄生虫病防治主要以血吸虫病、疟疾、丝虫病、黑热病等病作为重点,在党和政府的关怀下,在广大寄生虫病防治、科研、管理人员的共同努力下,这项工作取得了很大成绩,其中几种寄生虫病在绝大多数流行区得到了控制或达到了基本消灭的水平。但是,目前寄生虫病防治任务依旧很重,需要长期进行防治监测。一些已得到     

卫生部疾病控制司王钊副司长在全国寄生虫病防治工作会议闭幕式上的讲话

卫生部疾病控制司王钊副司长在全国寄生虫病防治工作会议闭幕式上的讲话（一九九四年十月二十八日）同志们：全国寄生虫病防治工作会议今天就要结束了。会议期间，大奎副部长代表卫生部就寄生虫病防治工作做了重要讲话；委托冯正研究员介绍了我国寄生虫病防治工作的现状；...     

推广示范区经验 加强寄生虫病防治工作

本文总结了我国寄生虫病综合防治示范区工作的成效和经验,阐述了作为我国突出公共卫生问题之一的寄生虫病防治工作所面临的艰巨任务,以及推广寄生虫病综合防治示范区经验对于提高人民健康水平和促进社会主义新农村建设的重要意义。     

Can "presumed consent" justify the duty to treat infectious diseases? An analysis

Background

Recent data indicate that full efficacy of a hand rub preparation for hygienic hand disinfection can be achieved within 15 seconds (s). However, the efficacy test used for the European Norm (EN) 1500 samples only the fingertips. Therefore, we investigated hand coverage using sixteen different application variations. The hand rub was supplemented with a fluorescent dye, and hands were assessed under UV light by a blind test, before and after application. Fifteen non-healthcare workers were used as subjects for each application variation apart from one test which was done with a group of twenty healthcare workers. All tests apart from the reference procedure were performed using 3 mL of hand rub. The EN 1500 reference procedure, which consists of 6 specific rub-in steps performed twice with an aliquot of 3 ml each time, served as a control. In one part of this study, each of the six steps was performed from one to five times before proceeding to the next step. In another part of the study, the entire sequence of six steps was performed from one to five times. Finally, all subjects were instructed to cover both hands completely, irrespective of any specific steps ("responsible application"). Each rub-in technique was evaluated for untreated skin areas.

Results

The reference procedure lasted on average 75 s and resulted in 53% of subjects with at least one untreated area on the hands. Five repetitions of the rub-in steps lasted on average 37 s with 67% of subjects having incompletely treated hands. One repetition lasted on average 17 s, and all subjects had at least one untreated area. Repeating the sequence of steps lasted longer, but did not yield a better result. "Responsible application" was quite fast, lasting 25 s among non-healthcare worker subjects and 28 s among healthcare workers. It was also effective, with 53% and 55% of hands being incompletely treated. New techniques were as fast and effective as "responsible application". Large untreated areas were found only with short applications. Fingertips and palms were often covered completely.

Conclusion

In clinical practice, hand disinfection is apparently better than practitioners of infection control often anticipate. Based on our data, a high-quality hygienic hand disinfection is not possible within 15 s. A 30 s application time can, however, be recommended for clinical practice. The currently recommended six steps of EN 1500 are not really suitable for clinical practice, because they yield comparably poor results. The most appropriate application procedure may be "responsible application", or one of the other new techniques.     

Hämatologische Störungen bei Intensivpatienten

This final issue of the series "Emergency and intensive care therapy for hematooncological diseases" reviews cytopenias in intensive care patients who do not offer any oncological or haematological problems in their medical history. Anaemia is a very common problem in the intensive care setting. We highlight aetiological aspects of anaemia in critically ill patients and discuss therapeutical options like substitution of blood and application of erythropoietin, respectively. The second paragraph focuses on leukocytopenia and agranulocytosis, their causation and therapy and among other things the application of G-CSF (Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor). Last but not least, we deal with thrombocytopenia, especially heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.     

Body shape trajectories and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: The sun study

Aims

Our aim was to assess the association between trajectories of body-shape across the first 40 years of life and subsequent development of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort.

Lasers for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia: When is the fuss worth it?

In the recent past, several endoscopic procedures using laser technology have evolved for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The term "laser treatment of the prostate" comprises a variety of different application systems, different laser wavelengths, and different surgical techniques to eliminate bladder outlet obstruction. The aim of laser prostatectomy is to be less invasive than transurethral electroresection, but equally effective. Promising short-term results led to a booming laser decade in the 1990s, stimulating the development of several devices. However, the emergence of medium-term data has shown that some of these techniques did not stand the test of time due to the lack of long-term efficacy, unacceptable morbidity, and high retreatment rates. Nevertheless, the results of transurethral resection of the prostate are challenged by some of the newer laser devices, putting the socalled "gold standard" into question.     

The eSMAF: a software for the assessment and follow-up of functional autonomy in geriatrics

Background

While existing reviews have identified significant predictors of nursing home admission, this meta-analysis attempted to provide more integrated empirical findings to identify predictors. The present study aimed to generate pooled empirical associations for sociodemographic, functional, cognitive, service use, and informal support indicators that predict nursing home admission among older adults in the U.S.

Methods

Studies published in English were retrieved by searching the MEDLINE, PSYCINFO, CINAHL, and Digital Dissertations databases using the keywords: "nursing home placement," "nursing home entry," "nursing home admission," and "predictors/institutionalization." Any reports including these key words were retrieved. Bibliographies of retrieved articles were also searched. Selected studies included sampling frames that were nationally- or regionally-representative of the U.S. older population.

Results

Of 736 relevant reports identified, 77 reports across 12 data sources were included that used longitudinal designs and community-based samples. Information on number of nursing home admissions, length of follow-up, sample characteristics, analysis type, statistical adjustment, and potential risk factors were extracted with standardized protocols. Random effects models were used to separately pool the logistic and Cox regression model results from the individual data sources. Among the strongest predictors of nursing home admission were 3 or more activities of daily living dependencies (summary odds ratio [OR] = 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.56–4.09), cognitive impairment (OR = 2.54; CI, 1.44–4.51), and prior nursing home use (OR = 3.47; CI, 1.89–6.37).

Conclusion

The pooled associations provided detailed empirical information as to which variables emerged as the strongest predictors of NH admission (e.g., 3 or more ADL dependencies, cognitive impairment, prior NH use). These results could be utilized as weights in the construction and validation of prognostic tools to estimate risk for NH entry over a multi-year period.     

Outbreak of leptospirosis among triathlon participants in Germany, 2006

Background

The diagnosis and antimicrobial treatment of pneumonia in African children in the absence of diagnostic means such as x-ray facilities or microbiological laboratories relies primarily on clinical symptoms presented by the patients. In order to assess the spectrum of bacterial pathogens, blood cultures were performed in children fulfilling the clinical criteria of pneumonia.

Methods

In total, 1032 blood cultures were taken from children between 2 months and 5 years of age who were admitted to a rural hospital in Ghana between September 2007 and July 2009. Pneumonia was diagnosed clinically and according to WHO criteria classified as "non-severe pneumonia" and "severe pneumonia" ("severe pneumonia" includes the WHO categories "severe pneumonia" and "very severe pneumonia").

Results

The proportion of bacteriaemia with non-typhoid salmonella (NTS) was similar in children with pneumonia (16/173, 9.2%) compared to children hospitalized for other reasons (112/859, 13%). NTS were the predominant organisms isolated from children with clinical pneumonia and significantly more frequent than Streptococcus pneumoniae (8/173, 4.6%). Nine percent (9/101) of children presenting with severe pneumonia and 10% (7/72) of children with non-severe pneumonia were infected with NTS. Nineteen out of 123 NTS isolates (15%) were susceptible to aminopenicillins (amoxycillin/ampicillin), 23/127 (18%) to chlorampenicol, and 23/98 (23%) to co-trimoxazole. All NTS isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin.

Conclusion

In Sub-saharan Africa, sepsis with NTS should be considered in children with symptoms of pneumonia and aminopenicillins might often not be the adequate drugs for treatment.