小儿急性阑尾炎的诊治体会

目的 探讨儿童急性阑尾炎的诊治特点。方法 回顾1998年6月～2003年6月期间四川大学华西医院收治的940例小儿急性阑尾炎临床资料，总结其临床特点及处理经验。结果 本组940例，发热、腹痛、右下腹固定压痛及白细胞升高为最主要表现，939例经手术及病理检查证实诊断，术后均痊愈，其中18例有白血病、血液系统疾病及其他原发疾病的患儿，确诊后也经手术治疗痊愈。另1例有原发白血病的患儿经内科治疗缓解后离院，预后不详。结论 发热、腹痛、右下腹固定压痛及白细胞升高仍是诊断小儿急性阑尾炎的最主要依据，并且小儿阑尾炎一经诊断应尽早处理，年龄越小，越应积极手术。对合并其他原发疾病的阑尾炎患儿，在充分准备的情况下仍可进行外科治疗，以防严重并发症发生。     

Septic arthritis of hip in a neutropenic child caused by Salmonella typhi

A 5-year-old male child was undergoing chemotherapy for pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. He developed Salmonella typhi arthritis of his left hip joint during neutropenic phase. Infection was successfully treated with intravenous antibiotics without surgical management. S. typhi is a potential cause of arthritis, especially in immunocompromised children. More than 100 other cases of Salmonella arthritis are reviewed and reveal a disease primarily of children and young adults with a favorable treatment response.     

Giving information for a life-threatening diagnosis. Parents' and oncologists' perceptions

We surveyed pediatric oncologists throughout the United States and families of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed between 1977 and 1980 at Children's Hospital National Medical Center, Washington, DC, to determine what information is perceived by both parents and physicians as essential to convey during the initial presentation of a life-threatening diagnosis. Both groups considered the following topics critical for discussion at the initial conference: diagnosis and prognosis of disease, explanation of disease process, additional tests needed to confirm and/or supplement the diagnosis, immediate therapeutic plan, and the physician's availability. Additionally, both parents and physicians, with minor variations, agreed about the order in which information about the disease should be conveyed. Although acute lymphocytic leukemia was used as a model, this study suggests guidelines that could be utilized to train residents and guide physicians in crisis-counseling techniques in the presentation to parents of a diagnosis of life-threatening illness in their child.     

T‐cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia in a child with anemia and Crohn's disease

T‐LGL leukemia has been rarely reported in children. We report a child with T‐LGL leukemia who presented with anemia and went on to develop Crohn's disease. Although prednisolone treatment proved effective in the treatment of anemia, large granular lymphocyte counts increased as the doses were tapered. T‐cell rearrangement studies revealed a clonal rearrangement of the TCR Vβ/jβ2 gene. Concurrently, the patient developed severe diarrhea. Inflammatory changes across the upper and lower intestines led to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. This case highlights that T‐LGL leukemia could be occurred in children. Flow cytometry and/or T‐cell gene rearrangement studies are recommend in patients of anemia and various kind of autoimmune diseases including Crohn's disease, even in children.     

EVI1与BCR/ABL基因共表达的儿童白血病临床分析

目的 研究EVI1与BCR/ABL基因共表达的儿童白血病的临床特征。方法 收集并比较分析4例EVI1与BCR/ABL基因共表达的儿童白血病以及8例BCR/ABL基因表达阳性而EVI1表达阴性的慢性粒细胞性白血病（CML）的临床资料。结果 4例EVI1与BCR/ABL基因共表达的白血病患儿初诊时2例为CML慢性期,1例为CML加速期,1例为高危急性淋巴细胞性白血病（ALL）。3例EVI1与BCR/ABL基因共表达的CML与8例BCR/ABL基因表达阳性而EVI1表达阴性CML临床特征比较无明显差异。EVI1与BCR/ABL共表达的患儿均高表达CD33、CD38。染色体分析发现4例患儿都存在t（9;22）。截止到随访日期2013年8月,3例EVI1基因表达阳性的CML患儿2例在治疗1个月或3个月后达到血液学缓解;2例BCR/ABL基因和EVI1基因均未转阴,1例EVI1基因转阴而BCR/ABL基因仍未转阴。除ALL第一疗程治疗后未达缓解,放弃治疗失访外,其余3例患儿均存活,无复发,总生存期分别为20、13、14个月。结论 EVI1与BCR/ABL融合基因共表达可存在于儿童CML和ALL中,其临床特征无特异性,其预后还需扩大样本量进一步明确。     

Large Granular Lymphocyte Leukemia: Case Report of Chronic Neutropenia and Rheumatoid Arthritis-like Symptoms in a Child

Lymphoproliferative disorders of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) are heterogeneous, with a clinical/pathologic spectrum ranging from a benign polyclonal expansion to an aggressive clonal disease. Often these lymphoproliferative disorders are associated with autoimmune disease. The clonal form of the disorder, LGL leukemia, typically occurs in older adults with a median age of 55 years at diagnosis. Pediatric cases are referred to in review articles; however, no detailed reports of T-cell LGL leukemia in children exist. This report illustrates a case of a child who presented initially at age 2 and 1/2 years with psoriasis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-like symptoms, and neutropenia. Bone marrow examinations obtained throughout his course have demonstrated progressive hypercellularity with increased reticulin fibers and replacement of the normal marrow elements by lymphocytes, which were later identified as large granular lymphocytes. Further testing with immunophenotyping by flow cytometry and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies revealed a monoclonal proliferation of large granular lymphocytes and confirmed a diagnosis of LGL leukemia. Although rare, large granular lymphocyte leukemia should be included in the differential diagnosis of chronic neutropenia in children. Received September 15, 1999; accepted May 18, 2000.     

Isolated testicular leukemia following bone marrow transplant for acute lymphocytic leukemia. The need for pretransplant testicular biopsies

Bone marrow transplantation has become an accepted mode of treatment for children with acute myelocytic leukemia in their first remission and acute lymphocytic leukemia after their first bone marrow relapse. Two-year survival rates of 50% can be achieved in patients undergoing transplant during remission, in contrast to a 2-year survival of 15% in those undergoing transplant while still in marrow relapse. Recurrence of bone marrow leukemia relapse is a significant cause of marrow transplant failure. Overt or occult testicular relapse occurs in 10-15% of males with acute lymphocytic leukemia receiving or having completed standard therapy regimens for control of their disease and frequently leads to a subsequent bone marrow relapse. This paper describes a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia who received a successful marrow transplant following bone marrow relapse and developed testicular leukemia relapse approximately 20 months after transplant. The experience with this child suggests that bilateral testicular biopsies should be a mandatory part of the routine evaluation to screen for residual leukemia before bone marrow transplantation.     

Cranial radiation in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Neuropsychologic sequelae

A battery of neuropsychologic tests was administered "blindly" to 18 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who had been randomly assigned to treatment regimens with or without cranial radiation. These children were all in complete continuous remission for more than 3 1/2 years and were no longer receiving therapy. The results indicated no substantial differences between groups as a function of radiation therapy. However, decreased neuropsychologic performance was found when the entire sample was compared with population norms. These data do not support the hypothesis that cranial radiation therapy is responsible for the neuropsychologic sequelae seen in these survivors of ALL. Post hoc multiple regression analysis indicated that parental education levels accounted for more of the neuropsychologic variability seen in these children than other factors such as age at diagnosis, type of therapy, or sex of child.     

Disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis to HIV-infected children in Thailand

BACKGROUND: With the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy, more HIV-infected children have lived longer. Many children are at the age that they should know the diagnosis. AIM: To identify the prevalence and patterns of disclosure of HIV/AIDS diagnosis to HIV-infected children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 103 main care givers of HIV-infected children aged > or =6 years who received highly active antiretroviral therapy at Chiang Mai University and Sanpatong district hospitals, northern Thailand. RESULTS: One-third (30.1%) of the children knew their HIV/AIDS status at an average age of 9.2 years. The care givers' understanding of 'knowing' did not always mean that the children were told the name of 'HIV' or 'AIDS'. Many of those care givers (84.3%) who reported that the child did not know their diagnosis had inaccurately explained to the child that he or she had some kind of disease such as allergy, lung, or liver disease. The most common reason for non-disclosure was the fear that disclosure might have negative psychological consequences to the child (53.4%). Almost all (88.7%) agreed that they should tell the children their diagnosis in the future but half needed health-care providers to help them at the event. CONCLUSION: There is a need for the development of disclosure guide-lines and models for health-care providers and care givers as there was a high rate of inaccurate disclosure and, in addition, care givers expressed their need for assistance from health-care providers for the future disclosure.     

Clonal evolution as the limiting factor in the detection of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction in children in Brazil with acute lymphoid leukemia

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this investigation was to analyze the incidence of clonal evolution in children in Brazil children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its interference with the detection of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction using clone-specific primers. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The authors analyzed DNA samples from 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia at diagnosis and after relapse using polymerase chain reaction and automatic sequencing to determine the presence of T-cell receptor gamma (TCRgamma) gene rearrangements. A clone-specific primer was synthesized based on the sequence obtained at diagnosis for each patient and at relapse for those with clonal evolution for the study of minimal residual disease. RESULTS: A change of the original clone was detected in 3 of 12 patients (25%), involving the same rearrangement detected at diagnosis, suggesting the development of subclones. Minimal residual disease was detected at the end of treatment or before the relapse in all patients who had maintained the same rearrangements detected at diagnosis. Minimal residual disease was investigated at the end of treatment in two of the three patients with clonal evolution and was not detected with the use of clone-specific primers. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that clonal evolution for TCRgamma gene rearrangements was not a rare event among children in Brazil and, when present, interfered with the detection of minimal residual disease.     

Attitudes of children with leukemia toward repeated deep sedations with propofol

Procedural sedation is generally recommended for children requiring repeated painful diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. A child with leukemia undergoes an average of 20 procedures such as lumbar puncture and bone marrow aspiration through the course of illness. No data are currently available about the psychological impact of repeated sedations on children. The objective of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of patients with leukemia toward repeated deep sedations using propofol. A questionnaire addressing sedation-related distress was given to 30 children with leukemia. Procedure-related distress was evaluated using the Amended Observational Scale of Behavioural Distress. Another questionnaire concerning the same issues was given to an historical group of 39 children who had undergone painful procedures without sedation in previous years. Fear and distress were significantly reduced in the sedation group compared with the historical one. Fear of sedation was reported by 17% of children of this group. Distressed behavior was observed in 27%. In conclusion, sedation-related distress was observed in a subgroup of patients; in these cases, specific strategies could be considered to reduce sedation-related distress.     

Risk factors for lower health-related QoL after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children

To explore risk factors affecting HrQoL, we analyzed data from patients (n = 51) at least three yr beyond SCT and their parents (n = 41), who responded to the SCHQ, to a subjective symptom inventory and to a sense of coherence instrument, in parallel with a physician-rated scoring of late effects. Children with leukemia rated a lower HrQoL than children with non-malignant disease only in subscale RE, limitations in role socially because of the emotional difficulties (p < 0.05) but had more severe late effects (p < 0.05). Parents of children with leukemia rated their children's HrQoL overall lower in both the psychosocial area and physical area (p < 0.01) and the child's condition also had a greater impact on parents' emotional situation (p < 0.05), compared with parents of children with non-malignant diagnosis. The psychosocial HrQoL was more affected in recipients of an unrelated than of a sibling graft, according to both child (p < 0.01) and parent (p < 0.05). In the multiple regression analysis, however, late effects remained the only independent factor, contributing to low parental psychosocial (p < 0.05) and physical (p < 0.001) HrQoL ratings, while leukemia, unrelated donor and TBI did not. To conclude, parent-reported HrQoL was lower in SCT patients with leukemia, mainly due to a higher impact of late effects in this group.     

Acute myeloid leukemia in a child with hereditary thrombocytopenia

A child with a known diagnosis of an autosomal dominant macrothrombocytopenia, Fechtner Syndrome, developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently the disease gene for the inherited macrothrombocytopenias has been identified as MYH9, encoding for non-muscle myosin heavy chain-A. MYH9 has never been associated with the development of acute leukemia, but MYH11 is disrupted in the M4 eosinophilia sub-type of AML (inv16). The patients leukemic blasts did carry the common t(8;21) which yields an AML1-ETO fusion protein that inhibits AML-1. Despite his thrombocytopenia, the patient successfully completed intensive bone marrow cytoreduction without significant bleeding complications and is now in remission for over 3 years.     

中国急性白血病儿童的细胞色素P450-3A4基因型多态性分析

目的阐明中国急性白血病(AL)和健康儿童中细胞色素P450-3A4(CYP3A4)的基因型分布特点,探讨CYP3A4基因型多态性与儿童白血病的易感性及化疗效应之间可能的相关性。方法应用PCR-RFLP及DNA测序法检测120例AL和85例健康儿童的CYP3A4基因型,分析两组CYP3A4基因型差异。结果85例健康儿童中仅1例为CYP3A4*1B的杂合子基因型,均为野生型,杂合子型的突变频率为1.2%;120例AL儿童中5例(4例ALL和1例AML)表现为杂合子基因型,1例ALL为纯合子基因型,其杂合子基因型突变率为4.2%,纯合子基因型突变率为0.8%。经PCR-RFLP检测并经DNA测序验证,所有受检者的CYP3A4*3基因型均为野生型。结论虽然AL患儿的CYP3A4*1B基因突变率高于健康儿童,但差异无显著性,因此尚不能推论CYP3A4*1B基因型与中国儿童AL发病相关。CYP3A4*3基因在中国健康和AL儿童中是一种罕见的等位基因,其对于CYP3A4酶活性的影响及其在白血病发生中的作用有待进一步探讨。     

黑色素瘤特异性抗原基因在儿童急性白血病中的表达及初步应用

目的探讨急性白血病(AL)儿童骨髓及外周血单个核细胞(MNC)中黑色素瘤特异性抗原(PRAME)基因表达情况,以及用于微小残留病监测的临床意义。方法釆用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测31例初发、6例复发、10例完全缓解期AL儿童骨髓及外周血PRAME mRNA的表达情况,同时检测10例非血液系统恶性疾病患儿骨髓、5例正常成人外周血中PRAME mRNA的表达情况,分析该基因与疗效、预后之间的关系。结果 37例初发及复发AL病例中15例PRAME mRNA表达阳性(40.5%),其中在急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)组、急性髓系白血病(ANLL)组的阳性率分别为37.9%、50.0%,两组比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。在初发组及复发组的表达率分别为38.7%、50.0%,两组比较差异无显著性(P0.05)。10例完全缓解期及15例对照组病例中PRAME mRNA表达均阴性。PRAME基因表达阳性的患儿完全缓解率(CR)显著低于表达阴性的患儿(CR率分别为60.0%,90.99%,P=0.042)。随访1例初诊PRAME基因表达阳性的ALL患儿,经化学治疗达完全缓解后PRAME基因表达转阴。结论 PRAME基因可在AL患儿中呈阳性表达,并可随疾病的缓解情况逐渐降低或转阴。因此,PRAME基因作为儿童AL的一个重要基因标记物,动态监测其表达水平在评估疗效、判断预后、预测复发方面有一定的意义。     

CRANIAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DURING TREATMENT OF CHILDHOOD LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

ABSTRACT. Twenty-three children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were examined by computed tomography (CT) of the head on two occasions more than 11 months apart. The first CT was performed at the time of diagnosis in 11 children, who were re-examined while still in their first complete remission. They had received prophylactic central nervous system (CNS) treatment consisting of intrathecal methotrexate supplemented by irradiation in 7 cases and intermediate dose methotrexate in 4 cases. Twelve children were receiving treatment for CNS relapse. This included therapeutic irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. Abnormal CT developed in 7 children. Three CT scans demonstrated areas of decreased attenuation coefficient, one with intracerebral calcifications. In 5 patients, dilatation of the ventricles and cortical sulci had developed. AU CT abnormalities occurred in children in remission after CNS relapse. These results indicate that prophylactic treatment including cranial irradiation with 24 Gy and low cumulative doses of methotrexate is a safe procedure. Patients with CNS leukemia are at risk of developing CNS abnormalities, when they receive treatment with cranial irradiation and methotrexate. The risk is not correlated with age or sex of the child, the duration of the disease, the dose of irradiation or the cumulative dose of methotrexate.     

Environmental factors and acute leukemia in children. Apropos of a case-control study carried out in the Rh?ne-Alpes region

To test the large number of hypotheses proposed as causes for childhood leukemia, a case control study was carried out on every child diagnosed for acute leukemia between 1.1.1977 and 12.31.1982, under the age of 15 and living in the region of Lyon (Rh?ne-Alpes and Sa?ne-et-Loire). Some factors could not be confirmed, possibly in relation with the relatively small sample size (208 cases). Others were confirmed, especially the excess of incidence among 2 to 4 year old children and those belonging to higher socioeconomic groups. Two new factors were identified: the age of the father (over 40 years at child birth) and the profession of the father (manipulation of meat in the few years prior the diagnosis of leukemia in the child).     

Sulphasalazine and Sulphapyridine Serum Levels in Children to Mothers Treated with Sulphasalazine during Pregnancy and Lactation

ABSTRACT. Serum concentrations of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine were measured during the first week of life in 15 children whose mothers had been on sulphasalazine during pregnancy. The serum concentrations of sulphapyridine and sulphasalazine were similar in the children and their mothers at delivery. The elimination rate of the drugs in the newborn children was slow but the concentrations were not so high that a bilirubin displacing effect could be expected. In eight mothers who were breast-feeding and taking sulphasalazine, analyses were done of mothers'serum, breast-milk and serum from their children. The results showed that the amount of sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine transferred to the child via the breast-milk is negligible with regard to the risk of kernicterus. It is concluded that a woman in need of sulphasalazine treatment can continue the medication throughout pregnancy and lactation without risk of development of kernicterus in her child. Only term infants without haemolytic disease were included in the study. Thus our conclusion is not necessarily valid for the prematurely born child or the child with haemolytic disease.     

Osteosarcoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia after therapy for childhood Hodgkin disease - A case report

A child diagnosed with Stage IVB Hodgkin disease at nine and one-half years of age subsequently developed osteosarcoma and acute myelogenous leukemia ten years after her initial diagnosis. She received multiple courses of radiotherapy and several single chemotherapeutic agents for her Hodgkin disease. Therapy-induced multiple malignancies and intrinsic predisposition to carcinogenesis in this case is discussed.     

急性白血病合并侵袭性曲霉病的临床治疗

目的探讨急性白血病合并侵袭性曲霉病患儿抗真菌治疗和连续强烈化疗的治疗经验。方法回顾分析我院2007年7月至2008年7月收治的4例儿童急性白血病合并侵袭性曲霉病的诊断和治疗。结果3例急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)诱导缓解化疗和1例急性髓细胞白血病(AML)巩固化疗的患儿合并侵袭性曲霉病,1例确诊,3例拟诊,诊断时CT表现均有晕轮征。抗霉菌初始用药首选伏立康唑或两性霉素B。治疗2～5周病灶好转,4月至1年病灶缓解。4例按计划继续强烈化疗,霉菌感染至继续化疗的平均时间为35d,无霉菌复发。结论CT晕轮征可作为早期诊断侵袭性曲霉病的指标;基于晕轮征的抢先治疗和患者免疫功能的逆转可改善侵袭性曲霉病的预后;化疗同时持续抗霉菌治疗是完成连续强烈化疗而无霉菌复发的保障。