太阳能柱式吸热器非均匀受热的数值模拟

塔式太阳能热发电站中的吸热器是光热转换的重要设备,其由多根无间隙排列的集热管组成。通常集热管表面接收的太阳辐射能流极不均匀,当水/蒸汽作为集热管内的传热工质时,管内工质状态为复杂的沸腾两相流动,因此研究其受热特性具有重要价值。本文基于Fluent平台,利用VOF(Volume of Fluid)方法,建立了不均匀能流边界条件下水/蒸汽集热管的数值模型。模拟分析呈现了管内汽液两相的流动特性;得到了集热管管内工质和管壁的温度分布和集热管内壁面的努塞尔数分布。     

LNG绕管式换热器管侧冷凝流型数值模拟

为了对液化天然气(LNG)用绕管式换热器管侧冷凝流型变化进行预测,本文用数值模拟的方法建立了基于VOF多相流、RSM湍流模型和Lee相变模型的冷凝计算模型,模拟了管侧三股流的冷凝流型,结果表明天然气在超临界压力下冷凝,气液物性接近,流型均具有均匀混合的特性,可采用均相流方法来计算;预冷段和液化段轻烃混合冷剂的冷凝流型主要有雾状流、环状流和分层流,流速越大环状流占的比重越大。     

水平U型和Z型集箱系统的两相流流量分配特性实验研究

在模拟直流锅炉集箱系统的空气－水试验台上，对分配集箱入口装设加速管和不装设加速管的水平Ｕ型和Ｚ型集箱系统的两相流流量分配特性进行了对比性实验研究。研究发现：在相同的两相流量条件下，在分配集箱入口装设加速管，能够有效地改进原有集箱系统的分配特性。当分配集箱入口的两相流流速达到破膜速度的０．４５倍左右时，集箱系统的两相流量分配已基本均匀。     

进口边界条件对边壁进风鼓泡床流动的影响研究

为了探寻速度进口边界条件对边壁进风鼓泡流化床床内气泡行为的影响,根据欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,应用标准kε-方程模型处理气体湍流流动,分别采用均匀进风速度边界条件、脉动项按正态分布和脉动项按正弦分布的脉动进风速度边界条件,对鼓泡床内的气固两相流动过程进行了数值模拟.结果表明：采用脉动进风速度边界条件时,在非射流孔道处气体可形成气泡,气泡的上升速度比匀速进风时小;气体能够充分地与固体颗粒相互作用,床层中的空隙率主频较小;在设置边界条件时考虑脉动能够更合理地预测和分析床内气泡的尺寸、速度等特性.     

单面加热竖直窄通道内环状流沸腾传热特性

基于汽芯的动量方程和液膜的质量和动量方程,建立了单面均匀热流竖直窄通道内环状流沸腾传热模型,利用数值法对方程组进行求解,得出了环状流区域的液膜厚度,并进一步预测了环状流两相沸腾传热系数。研究表明:模型预测的两相沸腾传热系数比Mahmound关联式计算值偏小;将不同工况下的291组环状流两相沸腾传热系数实验值与模型预测值进行对比,平均绝对误差为12.7%。     

流化床内气固两相绕流单沉浸管的流体动力计算

应用贴体坐标系，基于颗粒相采用颗粒动力学的气固两相双流体模型，数值模拟单沉浸管流化床内颗粒及气泡的行为，计算得到的瞬时颗粒浓度和速度揭示了气泡绕流沉浸管时出现的合并和破裂过程．瞬时颗粒浓度的功率谱密度表明，颗粒脉动的主频率为0．4-1．0Hz，大于床内无沉浸管颗粒的频率值，数值模拟得到的气泡频率与文献中实测值相吻合。     

平行流蒸发器内气液两相流分配均匀性实验研究

平行流蒸发器内气液两相(特别是液相)在各扁管间的分配对其传热性能影响较大,如果各扁管间的气液分配不均匀其传热性能将显著地下降.在不同气-液流量下实验研究了6种不同形式的平行流蒸发器的分支管液体流量分配情况,实验中观察到流型以环状流为主.研究发现,对于竖直向下流动和竖直向上流动,用通过增加管径的方法不能改善液体流量在各分支管的分配,而主管中气液入口的位置对于流量分配均匀性影响较大.     

DSG吸热管内插入扭带的汽水动力学数值模拟

文章使用欧拉多相流模型对插入扭带后的DSG吸热管的汽水动力学特性进行数值模拟。该数值模型充分考虑了DSG吸热管表面上非均匀热流密度的影响。基于此,文章分析了当吸热管内两相区插入扭带后,管内的汽水两相分布情况、壁面温度以及壁面温度梯度等。研究结果表明:y=4扭带扰乱了吸热管内的分层流型,这使得吸热管内蒸汽分布更为均匀;插入y=4扭带使得DSG吸热管管壁周向温度与温度梯度相对减小,吸热管周向壁面的最大温差减少33.3%;插入y=4扭带使得吸热管周向角度θ=120°处的壁面径向温差减少35.9%,径向最大温度梯度减少74.1%,壁面温度分布更加均匀。     

基于反问题理论的汽液两相上升流流型预测与实验研究

汽液两相流流型的测量在两相流研究中占有重要地位。应用均相流模型建立了圆管内汽液两相上升流压力分布,基于反问题理论反演了汽液两相的物性参数,将反演结果与流型图结合,精确地预测了管内流型,计算结果与实验结果进行了对比,误差小于5%。提出的反演流型的方法,可以推广到水平管、螺旋管,为工程上的汽液两相流设备安全性分析、稳定性分析等提供了一种简单可靠的技术方法。     

基于OpenFOAM的旋转管道螺旋流水力特性数值研究

为进一步深入研究旋转管道产生的螺旋流对流场水力特性的影响,基于开源软件OpenFOAM,构建了水箱-管道出流气液两相流数值计算模型,模拟了竖直管、55°和45°螺旋管三种情况下的水流运动过程,通过分析、比较选定断面处速度分布、断面平均压强、湍动能随时间及空间位置的变化,总结了螺旋流对水平管段水力特性的影响。结果表明,相较于直管道,两组螺旋管道使水平管段螺旋流湍动能明显减小,压强变化趋于平缓不易产生负压,且管道内断面流速分布更加均匀。     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。