高速破片撞击充液容器时容器壁面的损伤

为研究高速破片（钨球）撞击充液容器（贯穿前后壁面）时容器壁面的毁伤情况，利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对该过程进行了数值模拟，分析了破片撞击动能对充液容器前后壁面毁伤程度的影响，并进行实验验证。结果表明:高速破片撞击充液容器形成的液压水锤对充液容器前后壁面的破坏程度可分为3个等级，即前后壁面均未出现裂纹、前壁面没有出现裂纹后壁面出现裂纹和前后壁面均出现裂纹且后壁面呈花瓣式开裂；破片撞击充液容器过程中，前后壁面的最大变形量和前后壁面的裂纹总数随破片撞击动能的增加而增大。     

多破片高速冲击下飞机油箱水锤效应数值模拟

作为飞机燃油箱的一种主要损伤模式,水锤效应可能引起油箱结构灾难性的破坏。针对实战环境中多枚破片冲击同一油箱的常见现象,在建立与试验对比一致的单枚破片冲击满水油箱数值模型后,以箱内液体特定单元压力峰值、破片速度衰减、箱内液体吸收的总能量以及油箱壁板变形作为对比参量,分别开展数值模拟,分析其在2枚破片不同间距打击、2枚破片不同时间间隔打击以及多枚破片同时打击时的水锤效应。结果表明:箱内液体的压力峰值来源于破片入水后形成的冲击波,多枚破片入射时液体压力有明显的叠加效应;2枚破片不同时入射将导致先入射破片剩余速度增高;油箱壁板的变形随入射破片数量的增加显著增大。     

铆接油箱的水锤毁伤效应

为了研究高速侵彻体撞击飞机油箱等充液容器所产生的水锤效应对容器结构产生的灾难性破坏,以铆接油箱为对象,通过开展弹道射击实验,结合数字图像相关测试技术,获取了铆接油箱在射弹冲击作用下的箱体变形、破孔直径等数据;并建立流-固耦合有限元模型,分析射弹入射速度与射弹动能损失、箱体变形、流体动压、铆钉失效之间的关系。结果表明：有限元模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合,数值模型可用于描述油箱在水锤作用下的动力学行为;射弹动能损失、箱体变形量、液体压力峰值与射弹入射速度呈正比例关系;当射弹入射速度达到1 400 m/s之后,油箱后壁板开始出现裂纹,并呈花瓣式破孔损伤;当射弹入射速度达到1 600 m/s时,铆钉开始发生断裂。     

两种典型高熵合金冲击释能及毁伤特性研究

为研究FeNiMoW和FeNiCoCr两种典型高熵合金材料的冲击释能规律, 利用Φ14.5 mm弹道枪发射装置和准密闭试验容器系统开展了两种典型高熵合金破片在不同速度下冲击释能效应试验. 进一步, 利用该试验平台开展两种高熵合金破片侵彻多层目标的毁伤特性研究. 通过改变准密闭试验容器前置钢靶厚度, 研究了两种高熵合金破片对后续多层靶板的侵彻毁伤规律. 研究发现: FeNiMoW和FeNiCoCr高熵合金破片分别在1356 m/s和1217 m/s出现能量释放现象. 低于该撞击速度未发生化学反应. 撞击速度对两种高熵合金破片释能有显著的影响, 随着速度的增加, 两种高熵合金破片冲击释能反应加剧, 超压峰值上升加快. 在1600 m/s左右的撞击速度下, 随着试验容器前置钢靶厚度从1 mm增加至5 mm, FeNiMoW破片超压峰值整体上呈上升趋势, FeNiCoCr破片超压峰值呈下降趋势. 在两种高熵合金破片侵彻多层靶标过程中, 其释能反应程度的降低对破片穿孔能力的增强有一定贡献, 而容器前置钢靶厚度的进一步增大将降低破片对后续多层铝靶的穿孔毁伤能力. 另一方面, 随着前置钢靶厚度的增大, 破片对第一层铝靶的毁伤面积先增大后减小.      

PELE贯穿薄靶后外壳破片径向速度计算方法与影响因素分析

基于横向效应增强型弹丸(PELE)侵彻金属薄靶板过程分析,将弹体前端在撞击作用下的变形过程分解为轴向一维压缩和径向自由膨胀两个变形阶段;依据冲击波理论,给出了弹体前端的冲击波压缩势能,由功能转化原理,给出了PELE前端外壳在靶后形成破片的最大径向飞散速度计算公式。计算结果在多种工况下均与文献的实验结果较为一致。计算结果表明:PELE靶后外壳破片的最大径向飞散速度与外壳和内芯材料的体积模量和泊松比有关,且随二者的增大而增大;PELE外壳破片的最大径向飞散速度是壳体和内芯在冲击波压缩作用下共同径向膨胀的结果,且外壳膨胀能在弹体整体膨胀能中所占比例较大,计算中应当同时考虑弹体外壳和内芯材料的横向膨胀效应对弹体破片径向飞散速度的影响。     

爆炸破片对防护液舱的穿透效应

分别对单发破片和双发破片同时穿透液舱的过程进行了数值计算,提出了破片穿透液舱的5个典型过程,分析了破片速度的衰减规律、液舱内板的响应及舱内液体中冲击波压力的叠加效应。结果表明:破片穿透液舱的过程中产生的冲击波和局部压力将作用在液舱内板上,双发破片打击时液体内部产生的冲击波有明显的叠加效应,高压区域的位置与破片间距有关,冲击波压力峰值和液舱内板受到的压力大于2倍的单发破片打击情况。     

超高速撞击数值仿真结果分析

为了分析超高速撞击过程的宏观现象和内在机理,对9.53 mm铝球以6.64 km/s的速度撞击2.2 mm厚的铝靶的SPH仿真结果进行了量化分析。结果表明:采用SPH方法以及Steinberg弹塑性模型和Mie-Grneisen状态方程,可获得与试验相符的仿真结果;球形破片开坑或穿孔直径遵循初始快速增加、然后缓慢增加,直至稳定的变化规律;破片/靶板界面的最大撞击压力比材料强度大两个量级以上;靶板阻抗力最大值发生在破片最大直径侵入靶板时刻;碎片云的运动过程具有自相似演化特征,其运动范围不会超出碎片云的包络圆锥范围。     

基于LS-DYNA的高速破片水中运动特性流固耦合数值模拟

基于大型有限元分析软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,建立三维长方体高速破片在水介质中运动的有限元动力分析模型,采用ALE方法对破片在水下运动过程进行流固耦合数值模拟,获得了破片的速度衰减曲线。研究了速度衰减规律、破片墩粗变形规律以及冲击波传播过程。得到高速破片的侵彻能力随速度的变化规律:当初速度大于910~1 115m/s时破片头部将产生显著变形,并大大影响其侵彻阻力;当破片速度较小时,水中侵彻距离随破片初速的增大而增大,当破片速度达到某临界值以后,侵彻距离将随初始速度的增大而逐渐减小。     

三维圆柱水滴撞击特性分析

发展了三维欧拉法水滴撞击程序,通过分析其中扩散系数值对结果的影响得出:扩散系数取值为0.001时本文计算结果与文献结果和实验值最接近。通过文献中2个算例进行了验证:三维圆柱算例中本文计算结果与文献中最大水滴收集系数相差3%,撞击极限相差7%;三维圆球算例中最大水滴收集系数相差1%,撞击极限相差6.5%。这表明此方法与文献中结果和实验结果吻合良好。利用欧拉法对三维圆柱的水滴撞击特性进行了数值模拟,分析了圆柱直径、来流速度、水滴直径对三维圆柱水滴撞击的影响。结果表明:相同条件下撞击极限随着圆柱直径增大而增大,最大水滴收集系数随着圆柱直径的增大而减小;撞击极限和最大水滴收集系数随着来流速度的增大而增大;来流速度越大,最大水滴收集系数增加幅度减小;撞击极限和最大水滴收集系数随着水滴直径的增大而增大;水滴直径越大,最大水滴收集系数增加幅度减小。     

基于ALE,CEL和SPH方法的球形破片高速冲击充液结构对比研究

为研究ALE,CEL和SPH方法在高速冲击流固耦合动力学数值分析中的差异性,开展球形破片高速冲击充液结构数值模拟研究。建立经文献资料验证的ALE,CEL和SPH三种动力学模型,研究了流体压力变化、形成的空腔尺寸、破片速度衰减变化和充液结构变形等模拟精度,并分析相应的计算成本。结果表明,ALE,CEL和SPH三种方法均能有效模拟破片高速冲击充液结构的流固耦合动力学过程;ALE方法预测的空腔尺寸精度较高;CEL方法预测的流体压力、破片速度衰减和充液结构变形精度较高;SPH方法预测的空腔尺寸、破片速度衰减精度较高;当网格尺寸一致时, SPH方法计算时长约为ALE和CEL方法的两倍,但SPH方法前后处理更加简便。     

Maximum spreading of electrically charged droplets impacting on dielectric substrates

In this work, the electric charging effect on the spreading of droplet impacting on dielectric substrates has been investigated. The charged water droplets were directed on the paraffin wax and the Teflon-coated plates. The impinging behavior was visualized and recorded using a CCD camera to identify the maximum extent of the flattened droplets. Droplet diameter and velocity approaching the wall were measured as well. The diameter of the electrically charged droplet at the maximum spread turned out to be larger compared to that of neutral droplet (at the maximum spread), and the difference becomes larger with increasing of the electric charge ratio (defined as the ratio of the actual electric charge to the Rayleigh limit). This phenomenon is considered to be due to reduction of effective interfacial tensions between the liquid and the gas and between the liquid and the solid by electric charging. Finally, an improved model was proposed to predict the maximum spreading ratio for electrically charged droplets by introducing correlations on the liquid–gas and the liquid–solid interfacial tensions.     

Evolution of three-dimensional cavitation following water entry of an inclined cylinder

The water entry of an inclined cylinder is firstly studied experimentally for low Froude number. The cylinder is 50 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length, with a moderate length to diameter ratio. As it is submerged below the water surface, the cavity is fully three-dimensional. Due to the rotation of the cylinder caused by the initial inclined impact, the cavity evolution is quite complicated and a new phenomenon is revealed. The cylinder moves along a curved trajectory in water, which greatly affects the evolution of the cavities. The cavity breaks up into two sub-cavities, and finally collapses because of hydrostatic pressure.     

平面液体层碎裂过程实验研究

小宽厚比喷嘴喷射出的平面水膜进入静止空气中,在不同气流流速环境下对水膜碎裂过程进行了实验研究。结果表明,静止空气中的水膜表面波呈现对称波形,射流的碎裂长度随雷诺数的增大而增大,喷射压力对射流碎裂长度没有直接影响。空气助力作用使平面射流表面波的上、下气液交界面出现相位差。水膜的碎裂长度随空气助力气流速度的增大而减小;空气助力对于低雷诺数水膜射流具有很强的促进碎裂作用,所以会极大地改善低雷诺数射流的一次雾化效果。随着水流雷诺数的提高,空气助力作用对水膜碎裂长度的影响大为减弱;即使在高速助力空气的作用下,水膜仍长期保持较稳定的射流流态,没有出现明显的水膜撕裂现象。说明在小宽厚比喷嘴的瑞利(Rayleigh)模式射流中,高雷诺数射流是水膜的稳定因素。与气液流速比、气流马赫数等无量纲参数相比,液体喷射的雷诺数是射流碎裂的主要影响因素。     

Experimental investigation of the impaction of water droplets on cylindrical objects

The impaction of water droplets on isothermal cylindrical wires has been investigated experimentally in the present study. Mono-size droplets of 110, 350 and 680 μm in diameter were generated using piezoelectric droplet generators. The effects of droplet velocity and wire size were varied parametrically to reveal the impacting phenomena. Typical modes of the impaction outcome are disintegration and dripping. For droplets impacting on small wires, finer drops are disintegrated if the impacting droplet velocity is high, and larger dripping drops are observed if the velocity is low. For droplets impacting on large wires, bigger pendent drops are gradually formed which would eventually detach from the wires under the influence of gravity. In addition, droplets impacting on wires with waxy surface generate smaller dripping drops than that of the non-waxed wires. A non-dimensional regime map and new formulations in terms of the droplet Weber number, the wire Bond number and the size ratio of the wire diameter to incoming droplet diameter have been established to identify the regime for each mode of outcome and to predict the size of the dripping drops within the experimental limits.     

Experimental measurement of flow past cavities of different shapes

Experiments are carried out in order to investigate the flow structure past a rectangular, triangular and semi-circular cavity of length-to-depth ratio of 2:1 using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technique. The experiments are performed in a large scale water channel with three different upstream velocities resulting in Reynolds numbers of 1230, 1460 and 1700, based on inflow momentum thickness, for each cavity type. Contours of constant averaged streamwise and transverse components of velocity, contours of constant averaged vorticity, Reynolds stress and streamline plots for each cavity type for the aforementioned three Reynolds numbers are presented. In addition, streamwise velocity, Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity values are compared for all cavity types. Effect of cavity shape on flow structure within the cavity is discussed in detail. Moreover, spectrum of instantaneous streamwise velocity fluctuations in shear layer near the downstream of the leading corner and the upstream of the trailing corner of the cavities are obtained and it was found that no organized oscillations are present in the flow; rectangular and triangular cavities have the largest amplitudes while semi-circular cavity has the smallest. Calculated turbulence intensities also reveal that the maximum turbulence intensities occur at cavity lid in the centerline section and rectangular and triangular cavities have larger turbulence intensity compared to semi-circular cavity.     

Direct contact heat transfer between two immiscible liquids flowing in a horizontal concentric annulus

Direct contact heat transfer between water and a heat transfer oil was investigated under non-boiling conditions in co-current turbulent flow through a horizontal concentric annulus. The ratio of the inner pipe diameter to the outer pipe diameter (aspect ratio) κ = 0.730−0.816; total liquid velocity (mixture velocity) V_T = 0.42−1.1 m/s; inlet oil temperature T_oi = 38−94°C; oil volume fraction in the flowing mixture φ_o = 0.25−0.75 were varied and their effects on the overall volumetric heat transfer coefficient U_v were determined at constant interfacial tension of 48 dynes/cm.

It was found that, in each concentric pipe set, the overall volumetric heat transfer coefficient increased with increasing dispersed phase volume fraction at each constant mixture velocity and reached a maximum at around φ_o = φ_w ≈ 0.5. The maximum U_v values increased with increasing total liquid velocity and decreasing aspect ratio of the annulus. The volumetric heat transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increasing inlet oil temperature and increasing total liquid velocity but to decrease with length along the test section keeping all other parameters constant. Empirical expressions for the volumetric heat transfer coefficient were obtained within the ranges of the experimental parameters.     

90°锥头弹丸不同速度下垂直入水冲击引起的空泡特性

用高速摄像拍摄了90°锥头弹丸低速入水的空泡形态演变过程,全面讨论了不同入水冲击速度下空泡的闭合方式及其演变过程,分析了空泡闭合时间、闭合点水深和弹头空泡长度随入水速度的变化规律以及不同水深位置空泡直径的变化规律;研究了水幕闭合和近液面空泡收缩上升所形成的射流现象及其相互耦合作用过程,探讨了空泡深闭合后其壁面波动规律。结果表明:随着入水速度的增加,空泡分别发生准静态闭合、浅闭合、深闭合和表面闭合,每种闭合方式对应的一个速度区间;弹头产生空泡的临界入水速度为0.657 m/s;不同水深位置的空泡直径呈现非线性变化;随着水深的增加空泡扩张初速增大,空泡最大直径减小,扩张段缩短,收缩段延长;同一时刻水深越大空泡扩张收缩的加速度也越高;水幕闭合后会产生向上和向下两股射流,向下射流速度较大时会对弹丸运动产生影响;近液面空泡收缩上升时会产生强度正比于空泡体积大小和闭合点水深的射流,并与上两股射流相互耦合形成一股更强的向上射流;空泡深闭合后长度缩短和产生的向下射流使弹丸受力发生改变,弹丸速度因受力产生的变化带动了流体质点速度的波动,进而导致空泡壁面发生波动,壁面波动遵循空泡截面独立扩张原理。     

SELF-SUSTAINED OSCILLATION OF A SUBMERGED JET IN A THIN RECTANGULAR CAVITY

Self-sustained oscillating jet flow of water in a rectangular cavity, having thickness which is small relative to its width, is measured using LDA and PIV, and predicted using a transient two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic model which incorporates a resistance coefficient for cross-flow. The basic geometry represents a scale model of a mould typical of thin slab steel casting. The frequency of the oscillation was found to be independent of cavity thickness. It also increased as the cavity width decreased down to some critical value, after which the oscillation ceased. The frequency was observed to increase with nozzle diameter and was found to decrease with increasing length/width ratio of the cavity. The numerical model, with a fixed dimensionless cross-flow resistance coefficient, was shown to predict the Strouhal number of the oscillation and the dimensionless mean velocity profiles in the jet extremely well.     

Droplet impact dynamics for two liquids impinging on anisotropic superhydrophobic surfaces

Droplet impingement experiments were performed on grooved hydrophobic surfaces with cavity fractions of 0, 80, and 93?% using droplets of water and a 50?%/50?% water/glycerol mixture. The influence of liquid viscosity, cavity fraction, and spreading direction, relative to the surface grooves, is explored qualitatively and quantitatively. The maximum droplet spread diameter, velocity of the rebounding jet, and the time delay between droplet impact and jet emission were characterized for Weber numbers, We, based on droplet impact speed and diameter, up to 500. The unequal shear stresses and contact angles influence the maximum spread diameters in the two primary spread directions. At We?>?100, the ratio of the spread diameter along the direction of the grooves to the spread diameter perpendicular to the grooves increases above unity with increasing We. The maximum droplet spread diameter is compared to recent predictive models, and the data reveal differing behavior for the two fluids considered. The results also reveal the existence of very high relative jet velocities in the range 5????We????15 for water droplets, while such jets were not observed for the more viscous mixture. Further, in the range 115????We????265, the water/glycerol jet formation dynamics are radically different from the water behavior. Most evident is the existence of two-pronged jets, which arise from the anisotropy of the surface and the unequal shear stresses and contact angles that prevail on the surfaces. It is these influences that give rise to differences in the maximum spread diameters in the two primary spread directions. Similar two-pronged jet emission was observed for water over the very narrow range of We from 91 to 96. The issuing jet velocities were also observed to increase with increasing cavity fraction for both fluids and over the entire range of We explored. Lastly, the elapsed time between droplet impact and jet emission decreased with increasing cavity fraction.     

水中爆炸气泡脉动现象的实验研究

在实验水箱中采用高速摄影技术获得了炸药水中爆炸气泡脉动过程图像。实验结果表明:短长径比（1.05）PETN炸药水中爆炸产生的气泡形状近似球形,气泡脉动周期和半径随炸药质量的增加而增大。在膨胀阶段,气泡中心位置保持不变,随着体积的不断缩小,气泡上浮越来越明显。受重力影响,气泡下表面收缩速度高于上表面,在收缩至最小时下表面向上冲顶,气泡溃灭形成水射流。