前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌诊治中的意义

乳腺癌是最常见和最重要的乳腺疾病,当今美国妇女中,每８人就有１人罹患乳腺癌,是导致４０～５５岁妇女死亡的首要原因［１］;而英国每年有２６０００例新乳腺癌病例［２］。我国近年来,乳腺癌的发病率逐年上升,成为女性发病率最高的恶性肿瘤,严重威胁妇女身心健康。乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移,不但是乳腺癌最重要的独立预后因素,而且是决定治疗方案的关键,包括手术方式的选择以及辅助治疗的采用与否。在乳腺癌外科手术范围日趋缩小的同时,对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结的处理是目前争论的焦点。作为外科手术一条黄金准则,腋窝淋巴结清扫（ａｘ…     

亚甲蓝检测阴茎癌前哨淋巴结在腹股沟淋巴结清扫中的意义

目的:探讨亚甲蓝检测阴茎癌前哨淋巴结(SN)在腹股沟淋巴结清扫中的意义。方法:22例阴茎癌患者采取阴茎原发病灶切除同时,采用亚甲蓝检测腹股沟SN作活检,并选择SN转移病例及时行该侧腹股沟区淋巴结清扫术,计算该方法的准确度,假阴性率。结果:95%(21/22)的患者术中可检测到SN,19例患者两侧均可检测到SN,2例为单侧。21例患者中40枚SN,其中阳性淋巴结11例(27.5%)。4例腹股沟SN阴性患者在随访中出现腹股沟淋巴结或盆腔淋巴结转移。亚甲蓝在检查阴茎癌SN阳性预测率100%,准确度81%,其中假阴性率28%。结论:本方法术前准备简单,操作方便,费用较低,可作为一种经济有效的检测方式。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检

目的 评价前哨淋巴结活检预测腋窝淋巴结有无肿瘤转移的准确性及其临床意义。方法 用^99m锝－硫胶体作为示踪剂,用γ探测仪导向,对70例临床分期为T1－2N0M0的乳腺癌患者进行前哨淋巴结活检,所有的患者均同时行腋窝淋巴结清扫,HE染色阴性的前哨淋巴结再切片,用CK8、CK19、KP－1行免疫组织化学染色。结果 70例患者中成功发现前哨淋巴结的有67例,发现率为95.7%（67／70）。前哨淋巴结的数量为1－5枚,平均每例1.6枚。非前哨淋巴结5－20枚,平均例12.3枚。67例前哨淋巴结活检成功的患者中,29例患者（43.3%）有腋窝淋巴结转移,其中前哨淋巴结有转移者24例（35.8%）,前哨淋巴结未发现转移而非前哨淋巴结有转移者5例（7.5%）。7例患者（10.4%）只有有淋巴结为阳性淋巴结,前哨淋巴结活检的准确性为100％。43例患者的65枚HE染色阴性一的前哨淋巴结,CK8及CK19免疫组织化学染色均为阴性。结论 前哨淋巴结检能较准确地预测腋窝淋巴结转移情况,对原发灶为T1的乳腺癌,前哨淋巴结活检的准确性为100％。同一层面切片行免疫组织化学染色并不能提高淋巴结微转移癌的发现率。     

前哨淋巴结活检的最新进展

近年来,一系列大样本、前瞻性的乳腺癌临床研究证实前哨淋巴结活检术（sentinel lymph node biopsy,SLNB）可以安全、准确地提供腋窝淋巴结分期,且乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN）阴性患者SLNB替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（axillary lymph node dissection, ALND）后,     

前哨淋巴结导航手术在早期胃癌治疗中的初步应用

目的 探讨早期胃癌(EGC)在前哨淋巴结(SLN)导航下行缩小手术的可行性和临床意义.方法 将确诊的39例EGC患者随机分为SLN导航组(20例)和常规手术组(19例).导航组联用专利蓝和99m>Tc标记的硫胶体进行SLN活检,对17例SLN术中冰冻病理阴性的EGC行缩小的D0-D1病灶局部切除或胃部分切除术,余3例因SLN阳性行常规D2根治术.传统手术组19例均行D2根治术.计算SLN诊断EGC淋巴结转移情况的准确率和假阴性率,比较两组的手术情况、术后康复和1、3年无瘤生存率.结果 SLN检测成功率为100%(20/20),平均检出SLN 2.2个/例,由SLN诊断胃癌区域淋巴结转移状况的准确性为95%(19/20),假阴性率为5%(1/20).与22例传统手术相比,17例缩小手术在不降低术后无瘤生存率的前提下,显著缩短了手术时间,减少了术中出血量,加快了术后康复的速度,减少了手术并发症.结论 SLN活检可准确判断EGC的区域淋巴结转移情况,对SLN转移阴性的EGC病例行缩小的限制性手术既可保证根治效果又能获得微创益处.     

腋窝前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌中的应用

随着早期乳腺癌发现的增多,腋淋巴结阴性者也随之增多,再加上腋淋巴结清扫术的创伤大,术后上肢淋巴水肿、皮瓣感染、坏死等并发症较多,对腋淋巴结切除的范围存在争议〔１〕。而且腋淋巴结本身具有免疫监测功能,可起到一定的屏障作用,如果对无腋淋巴结转移的患者行腋淋巴结清扫,就会破坏这一屏障,从而使隐藏的癌灶更易向远处转移。那么对于这类无腋淋巴结转移的患者能否找到一种创伤小的方法予以证实则成为关注的问题。术前乳腺Ｘ线摄片、Ｂ超、ＣＴ等检查均能发现肿大的腋淋巴结,但不能提供病理学资料;腋淋巴结抽样活检（ａｘｉｌ…     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检技术

目的 探讨不同方法检测乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node,SLN)的可行性及其临床意义。方法 71例经细针穿刺或术中冰冻切片诊断为乳腺癌而临床无腋窝淋巴结肿大的女性患者,随机分为4组,其中亚甲蓝淋巴示踪24例,活性染料异硫蓝示踪29例,核素^99m锝－硫胶体示踪8例,染料与核素联合示踪10例,确认并切除前哨淋巴结,将其单独送病理,随后行乳腺癌手术,包括传统的腋窝淋巴结清扫术。结果 71例患者中有60例成功确定前哨淋巴结,检出率84．5％,其中亚甲蓝组75．0％（18／24）,异硫蓝组86．2％（25／29）,核素组检出7例,联合组全部检出;该技术总的敏感性83．3％,4组分别为70．0％、90．0％、100％、100％;假阴性率各组分别为30．0％、10．0％、0、0;总的准确率93．3％,各组分别为83％、96．0％、100％、100％。各组寻找前哨淋巴结平均花费时间分别为29、22、7、6min。结论 前哨淋巴结活检技术在临床是可行的。绝大多数前哨淋巴结可以比较准确地反映其余腋窝淋巴结的组织学特点。活性染料与核素联合示踪既直观又准确,是最佳的选择方法。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检对腋窝淋巴结转移的预警价值研究

目的探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(sentinel lymph node,SLN)预警腋窝淋巴结转移的价值. 方法对56例乳腺癌行亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结定位、活检和腋窝淋巴结清扫术,标本常规行HE染色、免疫组化病理检查. 结果 SLN成功检出52例(52/56,92.8%),常规病理检查证实SLN转移22例;SLN无转移,但非SLN发现转移者1例,假阴性率为4.3%(1/23).常规病理检查无转移的29例患者,免疫组化检测发现1例CK-19( )、EMA( ),另1例CK-19( ),CEA( ),而所属非前哨淋巴结无肿瘤转移. 结论乳腺癌亚甲蓝前哨淋巴结定位、活检可以预示腋窝淋巴结转移.     

前哨淋巴结检测在乳腺癌治疗中的意义

目的评价前哨淋巴结活检术 (sentinellymphnodebiopsy,SLNB)预测腋淋巴结肿瘤转移的准确性及其临床意义。方法使用专利蓝染色法和 /或99mTc标记的硫胶体示踪法对我院收治的81例乳腺癌患者进行前哨淋巴结活检。两种方法联合检测 3例前哨淋巴结 (sentinellymphnode ,SLN)均阴性者未行腋淋巴结清扫术。结果 81例患者SLN总检出率为 96 3% (78/81) ,总准确率为97 5 % ,总假阴性率 9 7%。 5 3例单纯染色法检出率为 92 5 % ,准确率 94 2 % ,假阴性率 15 8% ;2 8例99mTc示踪法和 /或染色法联合检测结果分别为 10 0 % ,10 0 %和 0。结论SLNB能够准确预测腋窝淋巴结的转移状况。两种方法联合检测为最佳。术前化疗对假阴性率可能有影响。     

前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的疗效分析

目的对比早期乳腺癌行前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)与行SLNB加腋窝淋巴结清扫(ALND)后的并发症及远期预后。方法回顾性分析2012年10月至2013年10月50例早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结阴性患者,并将其分为腋窝淋巴结保留组与腋窝淋巴结清扫组,每组25例。保留组行SLNB治疗,清扫组在保留组的治疗基础上加行ALND。采用SPSS19.0软件进行统计分析,年龄、平均住院时间计量资料用(x珋±s)表示,采用t检验;病理特征、并发症、生存率两组比较采用χ2检验。P0.05时差异有统计学意义。结果 50例患者共检出前哨淋巴结(SLN)87个,平均每例检出1.74个。保留组共检出SLN 42枚,平均检出1.68枚,清扫组共检出SLN 45枚,平均检出1.8枚(χ2=0.180,P0.05)。出现并发症的例数:保留组为4例(16.0%),清扫组为15例(60.0%);平均住院时间:保留组为(6.0±1.1)d,清扫组为(8.3±1.7)d。保留组的术后住院时间及并发症均明显少于清扫组,且两组比较均有统计学意义(t=5.679,χ2=10.272,P0.05)。50例患者随访2~3年,随访率100%。截至2015年6月,两组患者术后两年生存率均为100%,无瘤生存率均为100%。结论 SLNB经济实用、安全可靠、推广方便,能够较准确地预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结的分期状态,可以减少不必要的腋窝淋巴结清扫及其术后并发症的发生。     

Value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast ductal carcinoma in situ upstaged to invasive carcinoma

Abstract:  The role of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy in patients with initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is still a dilemma. Different studies are trying to define predicting factors of invasive cancer in DCIS. The aim of this study was to confirm the value of SLN biopsy in DCIS because of the invasive upstaging risk on final histology. Patients with initial diagnosis of DCIS and with axillary SLN biopsy were selected. All diagnoses were confirmed by biopsy of mammographic lesions. Surgical treatment was lumpectomy or mastectomy associated with SLN biopsy. Imprint stains were performed, and then serial sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and with immunohistochemistry (IHC). A complete axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was performed during the same surgery when a node metastasis was found. Eighty patients were enrolled in the study. Of the 61 patients who were initially diagnosed with DCIS, 12 (20%) were upstaged to microinvasive or invasive carcinoma and 9 (15%) had a metastatic SLN. Patients upstaged to invasive carcinoma had macrometastatic SLN immediately fed by a complete ALND. SLN micrometastases and isolated cells were detected by IHC and secondary complete ALND found an additional metastatic lymph node in one patient. Tumor size larger than 30 mm and mastectomy were the only significative predicting factors of upstaged disease (p < 0.0001) in our study. In patients with initial diagnosis of large DCIS programmed for mastectomy, SLN biopsy should be discussed in order to detect underlying invasive disease and to spare patients a second operating time.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床应用

探讨前哨淋巴结活检 (SLNB)在乳腺癌临床中的应用价值。使用放射性99mTc -亚锡大分子右旋糖酐对 2 1例女性乳腺癌患者的前哨淋巴结 (SLN )进行定位及活检。检出SLN 18例 ( 85 .7% )。SLN检出成功率与肿瘤所在部位、病理类型、病理分期无关 (P >0 .0 5 )。共取出 3 3个SLN ,其中 1个者 9例 ( 5 0 .0 % ) ,2个者 5例 ( 2 7.8% ) ,3个者 2例 ( 11.1% ) ,4个者 2例 ( 11.1% )。 11例SLN阳性者 ,10例腋淋巴结 (ALN )呈阳性 ,1例ALN呈阴性。 7例SLN阴性者 ,1例ALN呈阳性 ,6例ALN阴性。灵敏度 91.7% ,特异度 10 0 % ,准确性 88.9% ,假阴性率 8.3 %。提示99mTc -亚锡大分子右旋糖酐皮下注射、放射性核素淋巴显像定位行SLNB可反映腋淋巴结转移情况。     

Evaluation of dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and palpable inguinal nodes

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy (DSLNB) in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis and palpable inguinal lymph nodes, using inguinal lymph node dissection (ILND) as the reference standard to assess the reliability of DSLNB, as using radioscintigraphy and colloidal blue‐dye injection to locate the SLN was reported to be a useful technique to avoid ILND in men with SCC of the penis and clinically impalpable nodes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

The study included 23 consecutive men with SCC of the penis and clinically palpable inguinal nodes treated between August 1999 and July 2006. On the day before surgery the patient had the SLN located by subcutaneous injection of 60 MBq ^99mTc‐nanocolloid 2 cm proximal to the penile tumour. The following day the patient was taken to the operating room for DSLNB, resection of the penile tumour and simultaneous ILND, if considered indicated (G2‐3 and/or T3‐4 primary tumour). During surgery 2 mL of colloidal blue dye was injected in the same area as the previous ^99mTc‐nanocolloid injection. The SLNs were located during surgery using a γ‐probe and visualization of blue dye in the node(s), which were then surgically removed. After partial or total penectomy, selected patients had ILND through a 10‐cm subinguinal incision. The primary tumour, SLNs and ILND specimens were assessed histopathologically, using haematoxylin and eosin staining only.

RESULTS

Biopsy of the primary tumour showed SCC grade 1 in six, grade 2 in 13 and grade 3 in two patients. The clinical T stage was T1 in two, T2 in seven, T3 in 13 and T4 in one. There were clinically palpable inguinal lymph nodes bilaterally in 19 and unilaterally in four men. Scintigraphy before surgery showed inguinal nodes bilaterally in 12 and unilaterally in eight patients, while there were no nodes in three. Surgery comprised partial penectomy in 14, radical penectomy in eight and circumcision alone in one patient. Simultaneous bilateral ILND was done in 15 patients. Inguinal node metastases were present in four of the 23 (17%) patients; the SLN was falsely negative in three (13%), one of whom had a small focus of cancer in the SLN that was missed on initial histopathological examination, and in two the dynamically located SLN contained no cancer, but node metastases were found in the ILND specimen.

CONCLUSION

The relatively high false‐negative rate of DSLNB indicates that it is not sufficiently reliable to replace complete ILND in men with a high suspicion of nodal metastases, i.e. a high‐grade or high‐stage primary lesion with clinically palpable inguinal nodes.     

非溶脂腔镜技术在乳腺外科中的应用及展望

<正>使用腔镜的外科技术开始于腹部外科,运用于乳腺手术最早开始于1992年,Kompatscher~([1])首先报道了使用腔镜行乳房内挛缩假体取出术。目前,已经广泛应用于乳腺腺体的切除、腋窝淋巴结的清扫、乳腺重建手术等乳腺外科领域。腔镜技术的一个很明显的优势在于切口小,可以将手术切口很好地隐蔽起来,使得患者对术后的接近自然的切口外观更加满意;同时,还具有术后疼痛比较轻、住院时间缩短的优点。腔镜技术的难点在于手术腔隙的建立,目前常用的方法有牵拉法和二氧化碳法。