Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement in a Vertical Annulus by Introduction of Air in Liquid Flow

In this paper, boiling heat transfer in a vertical annulus with inner side heated with and without air introduction is experimentally studied. Results show that boiling heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the introduction of air. When air is introduced into the liquid with a temperature below boiling point, the enhancement of heat transfer is also detected. It is concluded from the study that the heat transfer enhanced by introduction of inert gas is due to the liquid vaporization at the gas-liquid interface near the wall, which removes a large amount of latent heat and lowers the interfacial temperature considerably. Thus the gas-liquid interface acts as a "heat sink" and the heat transfer is augmented significantly.     

气液传质界面湍动现象投影观察

In gas-liquid mass transfer processes,interfacial turbulence may occur due to the surface tension gradient and the density gradient produced by mass transfer near the interface.The interfacial turbulence can enhance the mass transfer since it intensifies the movement of interfacial fluid.By means of the shadowgraph optical method,the interfacial turbulence patterns vertical to the interface were observed directly in the volatilization process of binary systems.The images of the amplified interfacial turbulence showed the variation of concentration and the fluid movement under the interface.Two patterns of interfacial turbulence were observed in the experiments：plume and vortex.With the plume,the interfacial fluid moved slowly and penetrated the liquid deeply.With the vortex,the interfacial turbulence occurred in the vicinity of the liquid interface and the fluid moves quite fast.A qualitative analysis was carried out based on the mechanism of Rayleigh-Bénard convection induced by density gradient and Marangoni convection induced by surface tension gradient.     

内加热垂直环隙中引入惰性气体时的沸腾传热

In this paper, boiling heat transfer in a vertical annulus with inner side heated with and without air introduction is experimentally studied. Results show that boiling heat transfer is significantly enhanced by the introduction of air. When air is introduced into the liquid with a temperature below boiling point, the enhancement of heat transfer is also detected. It is concluded from the study that the heat transfer enhanced by introduction of inert gas is due to the liquid vaporization at the gas-llquid interface near the wall, which removes a large amount of latent heat and lowers the interfacial temperature considerably. Thus the gas-liquid interface acts as a “heat sink” and the heat transfer is augmented significantly.     

整体式床层中液体分布与气-液传质的关系

With a particular focus on the connection between liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer in monolithic beds in the Taylor flow regime, hydrodynamic and gas-liquid mass transfer experiments were carried out in a column with a monolithic bed of cell density of 50 cpsi with two different distributors (nozzle and packed bed distributors). Liquid saturation in individual channels was measured by using self-made micro-conductivity probes. A mal-distribution factor was used to evaluate uniform degree of phase distribution in monoliths. Overall bed pressure drop and mass transfer coefficients were measured. For liquid flow distribution and gas-liquid mass transfer, it is found that the superficial liquid velocity is a crucial factor and the packed bed distributor is better than the nozzle distributor. A semi-theoretical analysis using single channel models shows that the packed bed distributor always yields shorter and uniformly distributed liquid slugs compared to the nozzle distributor, which in turn ensures a better mass transfer performance. A bed scale mass transfer model is proposed by employing the single channel models in individual channels and incorporating effects of non-uniform liquid distribution along the bed cross-section. The model predicts the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient with a relative error within ±30%.     

吸收过程的界面传质机理

Based on the method of molecular thermodynamics ,the mass transfer mechanism at gas-liquid interface is studied theoretically,and a nowe mathematical model is proposed,Using laser holographic interference technique,the hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of CO2 absorption are measured,It is shown that the calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

竖直流动皂膜中解吸导致的Marangoni对流观察

In gas-liquid mass transfer processes,Marangoni convection may occur due to the surface tension gradient produced by mass transfer near the interface.With a falling soap film tunnel and the Schlieren optical method,the Marangoni convection patterns along the film surface were observed directly in the desorption process of acetone from the falling soap film.The Schlieren images showed the regular roll convection in the thin falling soap film during the acetone desorption.The hydraulic characteristics were determined experimentally by measuring the variation of acetone concentration in the film and the surface tension of the soap liquid.The results show that the acetone concentration gradient vertical to the falling direction is very small because the thickness of the soap film is in the order of 10^-6 m.The variation of acetone concentration along the falling film is large,so there is a significant surface tension gradient,resulting in the Marangoni roll convection.The experimental results and a qualitative analysis may be helpful to understand the mechanism of Marangoni convection near the interface in the mass transfer.     

高温高压浆态鼓泡床反应器中的气-液传质

The gas-liquid mass transfer of H2 and CO in a high temperature and high-pressure three-phase slurry bubble column reactor is studied. The gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficients kLa are obtained by measuring the dissolution rate of H2 and CO. The influences of the main operation conditions, such as temperature, pressure,superficial gas velocity and solid concentration, are studied systematically. Two empirical correlations are proposed to predict kLa values for H2 and CO in liquid paraffln/solid particles slurry bubble column reactors.     

垂直上升管内有水平柱体时气液两相局部流型转变的研究

1 INTRODUCTION Gas-liquid two-phase cross flow and heat transfer exists in oil production and chemical facilities. With the rapid development of the technology of modern industry, the gas-liquid two-phase flow across a rod and heat transfer characteristics are studied more ex- tensively, and its thorough understanding is of great importance to the design and operation of processing equipment. Flow pattern and its transition are important in the study of multiphase flow. Because of the com…     

第三组分对气液传质影响的研究

The influence of the third component on gas-liquid mass transfer was studied by use of laser holographic interferometry. Four surfactants were added respectively and experimental results show that the mlcroamount of surfactants can change obviously the concentration near the interface on bubble mass transfer process, which indicated that the third component has a significant effect on the bubble mass transfer process.     

Simulation of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in a falling film wavy microchannel

The flow in a liquid falling film is predominantly laminar, and the liquid-side mass transfer is limited by molecular diffusion. The effective way to enhance the mass transfer is to improve the liquid film flow behavior. The falling film behaviors of water, ethanol and ethylene glycol in nine different wavy microchannels were simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics. The simulation results show that the falling film thickness exhibits a waveform distribution resulting in a resonance phenomenon along the wavy microchannel. The fluctuation of liquid film surface increases the gas–liquid interface area, and the internal eddy flow inside the liquid film also improves the turbulence of liquid film, the gas–liquid mass transfer in falling film microchannels is intensified. Compared with flat microchannel, the CO_2 absorption efficiency in water in the wavy microchannel is improved over 41%. Prediction models of liquid film amplitude and average liquid film thickness were established respectively.     

丝网板液膜流动及传质

采用液膜流动测定及CO₂吸收实验较为系统地考察了固体壁面与丝网壁面液膜流动差异, 以及网孔尺寸对降膜流动及传质影响, 结果表明:在较低Re下, 丝网结构对液膜波动存在一定抑制作用。两种结构的壁面液膜波动振幅整体上随Re及距进口位置的增加而有所增加, 相比于固体壁面, 丝网壁面在沿流动方向不同位置处平均膜厚及波动振幅差异更小, 且在较低Re(<80)下, 液膜波动对液量更为敏感。不同孔径丝网板液膜流动观测结果表明, 液膜瞬时波动振幅及波动频率随丝网孔径的增加均出现了先增加后减小的变化趋势;在不同物系下, 当网孔尺寸≤2 mm时, 膜厚随网孔尺寸的增加逐步增大, 后随着网孔尺寸的进一步增大, 膜厚逐步减小。此外, CO₂吸收实验结果显示, 随着丝网孔径的减小, 测试板传质性能提升明显, 但单位面积网丝对传质贡献减少。     

多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液降膜流动特性的三维数值模拟

基于VOF模型建立了考虑重力、表面张力及界面摩擦力源项的多排平直翅片管换热器表面气液两相降膜流动三维瞬态CFD模型。不同气流速度下液膜厚度模拟结果与文献中试验值吻合较好,最大偏差小于5%,表明所建立CFD模型是可靠的。通过研究壁面接触角为30°时不同气液Reynolds数下液膜流动特性,结果表明：翅片管表面满膜流的临界Reynolds数Re_l为239,临界喷淋密度为0.06 kg/(m·s);在239 ≤ Re_l ≤ 995内,其平均液膜厚度较Nusselt理论解高16.8%～35.1%;气液逆流和顺流时气相Reynolds数Re_g应分别小于2190.7和3286.0,其主要原因在于过高的Re_g会导致气液界面摩擦力快速增大,从而引发液膜破裂和液滴脱落等现象恶化设备性能。总之,气液顺流更有利于在较高气相Reynolds数下实现翅片管表面的较薄满膜流动。     

水平管外降膜蒸发流动和传热特性数值模拟

建立三维模型并模拟了制冷剂R410A在水平管外的降膜流动和蒸发过程,探究了喷淋密度、热通量和布液孔偏离管轴心距离对降膜流动和传热的影响。结果表明：沿管周方向,液膜厚度和传热系数逐渐减小并趋于稳定,至管底处由于局部液体堆积,液膜增厚、传热系数降低;喷淋密度较小时,总传热系数随着热通量增加而降低,随着喷淋密度增加而显著提高;液膜Reynolds数达2000后,总传热系数随喷淋密度增加而缓慢提升并趋于平稳,此时热通量的增加会提升总传热系数;随着布液偏心距的增加,总传热系数先略微上升并趋于平稳,而后由于出现局部“干涸”和液膜堆积区域,总传热系数急剧下降;随喷淋密度的增加,总传热系数急剧下降的临界点会逐渐往大偏心距偏移。     

竖直管外气液逆流环状降膜速度与温度分布

建立了竖直管外环状降膜气液逆流传热传质条件下稳态层流降膜一维速度分布和二维温度分布模型,以及膜厚和降膜表面热通量的数值计算方法。表面热通量的模型计算值与实验值在气体Reynolds数Re_g<1200的范围内吻合较好,表明基于界面摩擦因子求解模型的方法在两相均为层流条件下是可靠的。模型显示了降膜速度分布和温度分布的非线性特征,降膜表面附近陡降的温度梯度表明,减小膜厚是强化降膜传热传质过程的有效途径。     

气液降膜流动中液相速度波动及其传质研究

为了研究降膜流动的动力学性质及其对气液传质过程的影响,在气液逆流的不同气液流动条件下采用激光多普勒(1aser Doppler anemometer,简称LDA)测量了降膜流动的液相速度分布和瞬时速度波动.和以往假定液膜外侧为自由表面,液膜表面处剪切力为零的Nusselt模型进行了比较,LDA测量结果表明气液逆流时降膜流动的最大液相速度出现在液膜表面之内,并且是以近界面区域的速度波动为特征的流动.在相同的降膜装置中进行了乙醇稀溶液的解吸实验,液相传质系数的实验测量值是渗透理论预测值的1～2倍.实验结果表明液相界面区域的速度波动加快了气液界面的表面更新速率,减小了传质阻力,强化了气液界面的传质过程.考虑液膜波动特征对气液接触情况的影响,从气液两相接触时间的角度出发,修正了渗透理论对液相平均传质系数的预测,预测结果和实验结果相吻合.     

超声微反应器内气液传质过程的介尺度强化机制

采用CFD方法对超声微反应器内的Taylor气液两相流的传质过程进行了模拟。针对传质过程中主要的介尺度结构,包括气泡表面波、空化声流、液相内的局部浓度,分析了其空间分布和时间演化规律。模拟结果有效捕捉了实验难以观测的液膜区域,并将液膜厚度与气泡表面波振动进行了关联,阐释了气液界面附近的空化声流对传质过程的强化作用。根据超声微反应器内Taylor流的传质特点,分别研究了不同流动和超声条件对液弹内和液膜处传质过程的影响,比较了各局部传质对整体传质效率的贡献。通过分析整体/局部Sherwood数与Peclet数间的关系,研究了超声效应对气液传质速率的影响。分析结果从介尺度角度验证了文献关于超声微反应器传质系数的计算,完善了超声微反应器内气液传质过程的强化理论。     

二乙醇胺溶液吸收CO2过程

运用双膜理论对气液两相传质进行分析,针对二乙醇胺溶液吸收CO2建立数学模型,该模型精确描述CO2传质速率对溶液pH值依赖程度及速率强化因子随化学反应进行的变化情况. 从每种含碳离子(包括CO32-, HCO3-与RNHCOO-)在不同反应阶段的浓度分布角度分析了各自对总传质速率的影响规律,实验中分别控制溶液浓度、进气流量和复合溶液配比等工艺参数. 结果表明,CO2传质速率主要受CO32-与HCO3-控制,而RNHCOO-的作用有限. 吸收液浓度提高促进传质,但当pH值降至8.2后其作用减弱;传质速率随进气流量升高而加快,70 mL/min后趋于稳定;复配溶液较单一溶液对CO2吸收速率和吸收量均有促进作用,但复配比例变化对离子贡献率影响微弱.     

切应力作用下层流降膜传热特性的数学分析

利用合流超几何函数求解了切应力作用下降膜过程的能量方程,其中液膜内速度分布由气液界面切应力决定,并解得努塞尔数的计算表达式,分析了液膜温度和努塞尔数的变化趋势,讨论了同向与反向切应力、贝克来数对层流降膜传热特性的影响。分析表明,同向切应力作用下液膜最大速度恒位于气液界面处,对液膜具有拉薄效应,因此换热效果优于反向切应力作用,且努塞尔数随着切应力的增大而增大,而反向切应力则相反;同时努塞尔数在发展段随贝克来数的增大而增大,在充分发展阶段趋于一致。     

The effect of liquid film vaporization on natural convection heat and mass transfer in a vertical tube

A numerical analysis was carried out to investigate the effects of film vaporization on natural convection heat and mass transfer in a vertical tube. Results for interfacial Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are presented for air-ethanol and air-water systems for various conditions. Predicted results show that heat transfer along the gas-liquid interface is dominated by the transport of latent heat in association with the vaporization of the liquid film. Additionally, the predicted results obtained by including transport in the liquid film are contrasted with those where liquid film transport is neglected, showing that the assumption of an extremely thin film made by Chang et al. (1986) and Yan and Lin (1990) is only valid for systems with small liquid mass flow rates. For systems with a high liquid film Reynolds number, Re₁₀, the assumption of an extremely thin film is seriously in error.