Dietary cholesterol affects lipid metabolism in rabbits

Effects of dietary cholesterol [0 (control), 1, 2, 4, or 8 g cholesterol/kg diet for 12 weeks] on lipid contents and fatty acid compositions in red blood cell (RBC) membranes and plasma of rabbits and pathological changes and lipid oxidation in their livers were determined. Contents of total lipid and unsaturated fatty acids in RBC membrane and plasma of rabbits fed ≥4 and ≥2 g dosages, respectively, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the control, and their increases were dosage-dependent. Accumulations of neutral lipids in centrolobular regions of livers in rabbits fed ≥2 g were dosage-dependent. Lipid oxidation in liver of rabbits fed 8 g was >2 times higher (p<0.05) than those fed lower dosages. The results indicated that dietary cholesterol can modify lipid metabolisms of rabbits, including biosynthesis and transportation of lipids and fatty acids and incorporation of fatty acid into RBC membranes.     

Dietary lipid metabolism in lactating dairy cows

Effects of feeding an oil seed supplement treated with formalin upon lipid patterns of blood and synthesis of milk fat were evaluated. Percentages and yields of fatty acids of milk fat with chain lengths between 6 and 16 carbons were decreased while percentages and yields of stearate and linoleate were increased when the lipid supplement was fed. Calculations in cows fed control and supplement, 60% and 80%, respectively, of fatty acids of milk were derived from lipids of blood were supported by arterial-venous differences. Comparisons of the fatty acid compositions of triacylglycerol of plasma and milk fat suggested that triacylglycerol may not be the sole source of linoleate transferred from blood to milk fat. A preliminary evaluation of supplement effects upon lipoprotein patterns of serum indicated two peaks in the low density lipoprotein class and that the increase in total cholesterol of blood caused by feeding lipid supplement is due to increases in cholesterol content of the low density and high density lipoprotein classes.     

Dietary enrichment of milk and dairy products with n-3 fatty acids: A review

Milk and dairy products are important sources of nutrients in the human diet; however, they are also the main sources of saturated fatty acids (FAs) that can cause an increase in the risk of cardiometabolic and cardiovascular disease. Unfortunately, the n-3 FAs that are known for their health benefits are found in small amounts in normal ruminant milk fat and dairy products. Dietary supplementation with vegetable seeds or oils rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and grass-based feeding can enhance the content of n-3 FAs, particularly ALA, in milk and dairy products. Alternatively, ruminants are often supplemented with fish meal, fish oil and microalgae that are rich in the long-chain n−3 FAs eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. In this paper, the latest scientific studies regarding n−3 FA enrichment in milk and dairy products are reviewed, giving an overview of the effectiveness of the different supplementation approaches.     

日粮中添加亚麻籽和双低菜籽混合原料提高鸡蛋中N-3PUFA含量的研究

选取健康25周龄农大三号粉壳蛋鸡180只,按体重一致的原则随机分成5组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡.第1组为对照组,饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,其他几个处理组分别在基础日粮中添加10%亚麻籽+1%鱼油(2组),10%亚麻籽+5%去皮双低菜籽(3组),5%亚麻籽+10%未去皮双低菜籽(4组),5%亚麻籽+10%去皮双低菜籽(5组),旨在研究每组中的两种不同原料的配比对鸡蛋中n-3PUFA含量和蛋鸡生产性能的影响.饲料和鸡蛋中脂肪酸采用气相色谱分析.试验结果表明:10%亚麻籽+1%鱼油组n-3PUFA含量显著高于对照组和其他处理组(P<0.01),10%亚麻籽+5%去皮双低菜籽n-3PUFA富集量低于鱼油组(P<0.01),但显著高于对照组和其他两组(P<0.01);10%亚麻籽+1%鱼油组鸡蛋中DHA含量明显高于其他几组(P<0.01),其他3个处理组间无显著性差异(P>0.01);各处理组中添加的两种混合n-3PUFA原料对蛋鸡生产性能无显著性影响(P>0.05);感官评分结果表明:10%亚麻籽+1%鱼油可使鸡蛋产生鱼腥味,降低鸡蛋的感官评分.综合考虑蛋中n-3PUFA富集量和人们对鸡蛋的可接受性,本试验认为日粮中添加10%亚麻籽+5%去皮双低菜籽可用于高富集量n-3PUFA鸡蛋的生产.     

浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油氧化稳定性及挥发性成分的差异北大核心CSCD

利用烘箱法加速氧化试验分析研究浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油氧化稳定性及挥发性成分变化的差异。结果显示:基于过氧化值达到国标限量(≤5 mmol/kg)的精炼菜籽油、浓香菜籽油的预测货架期分别为64 d和80 d,浓香菜籽油的氧化稳定性明显优于精炼菜籽油;利用同时蒸馏萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法(SDE-GC-MS)对两种菜籽油中挥发性成分进行检测分析发现,在初始浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油中分别检出10类84种和6类51种挥发性成分,总量分别为11110.78μg/kg和3831.28μg/kg;浓香菜籽油中含量最高的是硫苷降解产物,其次是烯烃类和酚类物质,分别占总量的32.04%、22.74%、22.22%;精炼菜籽油中含量最高的是酚类物质,其次是醛类和酮类物质,分别占总量的30.32%、23.18%、16.39%,硫苷降解产物、杂环类、酯类、醇类物质均未检出。35 d的试验结束时,浓香菜籽油和精炼菜籽油中挥发性成分总量均大幅升高,分别为51729.62μg/kg和45671.79μg/kg,醛类物质成为两种菜籽油中含量最高的挥发性成分,分别占总量的60.30%和68.07%;浓香菜籽油中硫苷降解产物大幅降至仅占总量的2.64%,同时杂环类物质含量大幅降低,酮类、烯烃类、烷烃类物质含量大幅升高;精炼菜籽油中酮类、烷烃类、烯烃类物质含量升高,醇类物质从初始的未检出升高至占总量的13.10%。对挥发性成分进行主成分分析发现,造成两种初始菜籽油差异的挥发性成分主要为苯代丙腈、3-甲基-2-丁腈、2-蒎烯、5-己烯腈、4-乙烯基-2,6-二甲氧基-苯酚,这些物质为浓香菜籽油提供独特风味;在加速氧化试验后期,造成两种菜籽油差异的成分则主要为1-戊烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-醇、(E)-2-戊烯醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、正己醛、壬醛、甲基庚烯酮、(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮、白菖烯、甲基环己烯10种物质,且前5种物质与精炼菜籽油相关,多为亚油酸氧化产物,后5种物质则主要与浓香菜籽油相关。研究结果明确了不同工艺生产的菜籽油产品的综合品质差异,可为不同菜籽油产品精准的保质保鲜技术发展提供支持。     

不同剂量鹅油对小鼠血脂代谢及抗氧化能力的影响

以昆明种小鼠为研究对象,研究了不同剂量的鹅油对小鼠血脂代谢及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明:①与猪油组相比,低剂量鹅油组小鼠体重极显著性降低(P<0.01),中剂量鹅油组显著性降低(P<0.05),而高剂量鹅油组无显著性变化(P>0.05)。②与猪油组相比,低、中剂量鹅油组血浆总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)均有极显著性差异,低剂量鹅油组低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量极显著性降低,中剂量鹅油组LDL-C的含量显著性降低,高剂量鹅油组TC、TG、HDL-C均有显著性差异,LDL-C有极显著性差异。③与猪油组相比,低、中剂量鹅油组血浆和肝脏中总抗氧化力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽氧化物酶(GSH-Px)极显著性升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量极显著性降低;高剂量鹅油组T-AOC、SOD、GSH-Px显著性升高,MDA显著性降低;低剂量鹅油组血浆和肝脏中过氧化氢酶(CAT)极显著性升高,中剂量鹅油组血浆和肝脏中CAT显著性升高;高剂量鹅油组血浆中CAT显著性升高,而肝脏中无显著性变化。④与猪油组相比,低、中、高剂量鹅油组血浆中肝脂酶(HL)显著性升高,脂蛋白脂肪酶(LPL)无显著性变化,中、低剂量鹅油组总脂酶显著性升高,而在高剂量鹅油组无显著性变化;中、低剂量鹅油组肝脏中HL、LPL和总脂酶极显著性升高;高剂量鹅油组HL、LPL和总脂酶显著性升高。⑤与猪油组相比,中、低剂量鹅油组动脉粥样硬化指数(AI)极显著性降低,高剂量鹅油组显著性降低。表明富含单不饱和脂肪酸鹅油能够调节小鼠血脂代谢,具有提高小鼠体内抗氧化和抗动脉粥样硬化功能。     

Combination effect of phospholipids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat cholesterol metabolism

This study evaluated phospholipids (PLs) containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) for their specific inherent effects and effects due to a combination of the presence of glycerophosphate structure and n-3 PUFAs on cholesterol metabolism in rats. Rats were fed a diet of AIN-93G containing soybean oil (SO, 7%), SO (5.8%)+fish oil (1.2%), SO (5.2%)+soybean PLs (1.8%), SO (5.2%)+PLs containing n-3 PUFAs (1.8%), and SO (4.0%)+fish oil (1.2%)+soybean PLs (1.8%). Diets with PLs containing n-3 PUFAs, and soybean PLs in combination with fish oil, resulted in decreased serum and liver cholesterol levels through enhancement of fecal cholesterol excretion and suppression of liver sterol regulatory element binding protein-2 mRNA expression compared with the diet containing soybean oil alone. This study shows that soybean PLs with added triacylglycerol that included n-3 PUFAs have the same effects on cholesterol metabolism as PLs containing n-3 PUFAs, and that these could be of benefit to people.     

Dietary omega‐3 PUFA and health: Stearidonic acid‐containing seed oils as effective and sustainable alternatives to traditional marine oils

The daily consumption of dietary omega‐3 PUFA is recommended by governmental agencies in several countries and by a number of health organizations. The molecular mechanisms by which these dietary PUFA affect health involve the enrichment of cellular membranes with long‐chain 20‐ and 22‐carbon omega‐3 PUFA that impacts tissues by altering membrane protein functions, cell signaling, and gene expression profiles. These changes are recognized to have health benefits in humans, especially relating to cardiovascular outcomes. Cellular membrane enrichment and health benefits are associated with the consumption of long‐chain omega‐3 PUFA found in marine oils, but are not generally linked with the consumption of alpha‐linolenic acid, the 18‐carbon omega‐3 PUFA found in plant seed oils. However, the supply of omega‐3 PUFA from marine sources is limited and may not be sustainable. New plant‐derived sources of omega‐3 PUFA like stearidonic acid‐soy oil from genetically modified soybeans and Ahiflower oil from Buglossoides arvensis seeds that are enriched in the 18‐carbon omega‐3 PUFA stearidonic acid are being developed and show promise to become effective as well as sustainable sources of omega‐3 PUFA. An example of changes in tissue lipid profiles associated with the consumption of Ahiflower oil is presented in a mouse feeding study.     

不同比率n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对apoE基因敲除小鼠炎症相关因子表达的影响

目的研究不同比率n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸饮食对模型小鼠脾脏和主动脉组织中炎症相关因子表达的影响。方法8周龄雄性apoE基因敲除小鼠分别经不同比率n-6／n-3（组1：1．28;组2：5．03;组3：9．98;组4：68．26）多不饱和脂肪酸分别饮食干预,全长主动脉经油红O染色显示动脉粥样硬化（AS）病变程度,用实时定量RT-PCR技术分析不同饮食组小鼠脾脏和主动脉中炎症相关因子的表达特征。结果随着饮食中n-6／n-3比率升高,小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变逐渐加重。与组4相比,组1,2,3饮食显著抑制AS病变（P〈0．05）,并显著抑制主动脉组织中趋化因子MCP-1和黏附因子VCAM-1基因表达（P〈0．05）。与组4相比,组1饮食显著抑制脾脏促炎因子IL-6和TNFα表达（P〈0．05）。各组饮食均不影响脾脏和主动脉中抗炎因子IL-4表达（P〉0．05）。结论低比率n-6／n-3多不饱和脂肪酸（1．28～9．98）饮食可通过抑制促炎因子IL-6、TNFα和趋化因子MCP-1、黏附因子VCAM—1基因表达延缓apoE基因敲除小鼠AS的发展。     

Effect of supplementation with calcium salts of fish oil on n-3 fatty acids in milk fat

Enrichment of milk fat with n-3 fatty acids, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), may be advantageous because of their beneficial effects on human health. In addition, these fatty acids play an important role in reproductive processes in dairy cows. Our objective was to evaluate the protection of EPA and DHA against rumen biohydrogenation provided by Ca salts of fish oil. Four Holstein cows were assigned in a Latin square design to the following treatments: 1) ruminal infusion of Ca salts of fish oil and palm fatty acid distillate low dose (CaFO-1), 2) ruminal infusion of Ca salts of fish oil and palm fatty acid distillate high dose (CaFO-2), 3) ruminal infusion of fish oil high dose (RFO), and 4) abomasal infusion of fish oil high dose (AFO). The high dose of fish oil provided ∼16 and ∼21 g/d of EPA and DHA, respectively, whereas the low dose (CaFO-1) provided 50% of these amounts. A 10-d pretreatment period was used as a baseline, followed by 9-d treatment periods with interceding intervals of 10 d. Supplements were infused every 6 h, milk samples were taken the last 3 d, and plasma samples were collected the last day of baseline and treatment periods. Milk fat content of EPA and DHA were 5 to 6 times greater with AFO, but did not differ among other treatments. Milk and milk protein yield were unaffected by treatment, but milk fat yield and DM intake were reduced by 20 and 15%, respectively, by RFO. Overall, results indicate rumen biohydrogenation of long chain n-3 fatty acids was extensive, averaging >85% for EPA and >75% for DHA for the Ca salts and unprotected fish oil supplements. Thus, Ca salts of fish oil offered no protection against the biohydrogenation of EPA and DHA beyond that observed with unprotected fish oil; however, the Ca salts did provide rumen inertness by preventing the negative effects on DM intake and milk fat yield observed with unprotected fish oil.     

Dietary fibers of secondary vegetable raw material for correction of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in laboratory animals

Drop of consumption by the population of dietary fibers is one of the causes of increase of sickness rate by diabetes in particular, and violation of carbohydrate metabolism in general. The purpose of research is definition of a degree of effect of dietary fibers of by-products of grapes processing (grape seed-cakes and press cake of grape pyrenes in an mixture with sorbite) on a carbohydrate and lipide metabolism in laboratory animals. During examinations is detected, that the vegetable products based on dietary fibers do not have negative action on physical development of animals, their body weight. The parameters of an amount of reticulocytes, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, hematocrit were in normal range. In animal, receiving dietary fibers of secondary grape raw material in a ration, the concentration of a cholesterol in blood serum was lower on 2-3% (5.6-5.9 +/- 0.2 mmol/l) as against control (6.0 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). The basal level of a glucose has appeared equal for control: 6.1 +/- 0.5 mmol/l, and for others groups of rats, consuming a dietary fibers with sorbite from 5.6 +/- 0.4 up to 6.0 +/- 0.5 mmol/l.     

Differences in splanchnic metabolism between late gestation and early lactation dairy cows

In the transition from the pre- to postcalving state, the demands on the cow increase from support of gestation to high rates of milk production. This extra demand is met partly by increased intake but may also involve altered metabolism of major nutrients. Six multiparous Holstein cows were used to monitor changes in net fluxes of nutrients across the portal-drained viscera and liver (splanchnic tissues) between late gestation and early lactation. Blood samples were obtained simultaneously from the portal, hepatic, and subcutaneous abdominal veins and the caudal aorta 18 d before expected calving and 21 or 42 d after calving. On the day of blood sampling and the 3 d preceding sampling, cows were fed every 2 h. The precalving (1.63 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg and 1,326 g of metabolizable protein/d) and postcalving (1.72 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg and 2,136 g of metabolizable protein/d) diets were based on corn silage, alfalfa hay, and corn grain. Dry matter intake increased postcalving. Net splanchnic release of glucose increased postpartum because of tendencies for both increased portal absorption and net liver release. Increased removal of lactate, rather than AA, contributed to the additional hepatic gluconeogenesis. Although portal absorption of AA increased with intake at the onset of lactation, hepatic removal of total AA-N tended to decline. This clearly indicates that liver removal of AA is not linked to portal absorption. Furthermore, net liver removal relative to total liver inflow even decreased for Gly, His, Met, Phe, and Tyr. Together, these data indicate that in early lactation, metabolic priority is given to direct AA toward milk protein production rather than gluconeogenesis, in cows fed a corn-based ration.     

Influence of dietary supplementation with Bacillus-fermented adlay on lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and intestinal microflora in hamsters

BACKGROUND: The effects of polished and dehulled Bacillus‐fermented adlay on lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and intestinal microflora were examined in hyperlipidaemic hamsters fed a high‐cholesterol diet. RESULTS: Hamsters administered Bacillus‐fermented adlay experienced significantly reduced (P < 0.05) serum and hepatic total cholesterol (by 37–43% and 42–49% respectively) and triglyceride (by 22–27% and 30–35% respectively) levels compared with the high‐cholesterol group. Lower low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratios in serum and increased cholesterol (by 47–52%) and triglyceride (by 40–47%) contents in faeces were also observed. Bacillus‐fermented adlay lowered the levels of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, thus increasing total antioxidant and superoxide dismutase activities. In particular, polished Bacillus‐fermented adlay had satisfactory antioxidant activity, similar to that of commercially available natto. Moreover, hamsters fed Bacillus‐fermented adlay harboured greater populations of lactic acid bacteria, few coliforms and little Clostridium perfringens. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that changes in lipid metabolism, antioxidant status and intestinal microflora can be greatly modulated by Bacillus‐fermented adlay, suggesting potential novel approaches to the treatment of primary cardiovascular and intestinal diseases. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of supplementation of two sources and two levels of copper on lipid metabolism in Nellore beef cattle

This study was conducted with 35 Nellore beef cattle to determine the effect of supplementation of two levels and two copper sources (organic and inorganic) on metabolism of lipids and cholesterol of meat. The five treatments used were: Control: without copper supplementation, I10 or I40: 10 or 40 mg/kg DM (as Cu sulfate), O10 or O40: 10 or 40 mg/kg DM (as Cu proteinate). In general, the copper supplementation changed the fatty acid profile of meat (p<0.05), with a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids and reduction of saturated fatty acids. There was no effect of supplementation on blood cholesterol and triglycerides, however; in general, there was a reduction in cholesterol concentration in the L. dorsi (p<0.05) compared to the control treatment through the reduction (p<0.05) in the concentrations of GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio. The Cu supplementation did have an influence on metabolism of lipids. The production of healthier meat is beneficial to public health by reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.     

n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对不同饲料喂养大鼠血糖及血脂的影响

目的:考察n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对不同饲料喂养大鼠血糖、胰岛素及血脂的影响。方法:将SD大鼠随机分成14个组,分别为:空白对照组（普通饲料喂养）,高糖高脂对照组（高糖高脂饲料喂养）,普通饲料喂养的α-亚麻酸和深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组,高糖高脂饲料喂养的α-亚麻酸和深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组。α-亚麻酸和深海鱼油高、中、低剂量组分别灌胃150、300、600mg/kg的α-亚麻酸和深海鱼油。连续灌胃8周后,分别对各组大鼠的血糖、胰岛素和血脂四项进行测定。结果:α-亚麻酸对不同饲料喂养大鼠的血糖、胰岛素以及血脂都没有影响。与空白对照组相比,深海鱼油能使大鼠空腹血糖浓度明显升高（p<0.05）,空腹胰岛素浓度明显降低（p<0.05）。深海鱼油对TG和HDL-C无影响;但是深海鱼油能使高糖高脂饲料喂养大鼠的TC和LDL-C呈下降趋势,其中TC的水平下降具有显著性差异（与高糖高脂对照组相比,p<0.05）。结论:在150⁶00mg/kg的灌胃剂量下,α-亚麻酸对大鼠的血糖、胰岛素以及血脂都没有影响;深海鱼油对不同饲料喂养大鼠都有抑制胰岛素分泌和升高血糖的作用,同时对高糖高脂饲料喂养导致的大鼠TC水平升高有降低作用。      

Effects of extruded linseed supplementation on n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid in milk and cheese from ewes

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of dietary supplementation of extruded linseed on animal performance and fatty acid (FA) profile of ewe milk for the production of n-3 FA- and conjugated linoleic acid-enriched cheeses. A Manchega ewe flock (300 animals) receiving a 60:40 forage:concentrate diet was divided into 3 groups supplemented with 0, 6, and 12 g of extruded linseed/100 g of dry matter for the control, low, and high extruded linseed diets, respectively. Bulk and individual milk samples from 5 dairy ewes per group were monitored at 7, 14, 28, 45, and 60 d following supplementation. Manchego cheeses were made with bulk milk from the 3 treatment groups. Milk yield increased in dairy ewes receiving extruded linseed. Milk protein, fat, and total solids contents were not affected by linseed supplementation. Milk contents of α-linolenic acid increased from 0.36 with the control diet to 1.91% total FA with the high extruded linseed diet. Similarly, cis-9 trans-11 C18:2 rose from 0.73 to 2.33% and its precursor in the mammary gland, trans-11 C18:1, increased from 1.55 to 5.76% of total FA. This pattern occurred with no significant modification of the levels of trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10 cis-12 C18:2 FA. Furthermore, the high extruded linseed diet reduced C12:0 (−30%), C14:0 (−15%) and C16:0 (−28%), thus significantly diminishing the atherogenicity index of milk. The response to linseed supplementation was persistently maintained during the entire study. Acceptability attributes of n-3-enriched versus control cheeses ripened for 3 mo were not affected. Therefore, extruded linseed supplementation seems a plausible strategy to improve animal performance and nutritional quality of dairy lipids in milk and cheese from ewes.     

高脂日粮中n-6、n-3脂肪酸配比对小鼠机体抗氧化能力及血脂的影响

为了了解不同n-6、n-3系多不饱和脂肪酸配比对小鼠机体抗氧化能力和血脂的影响,通过测定饲喂6周不同饲料C57小鼠血浆中总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)和致动脉粥样硬化指数(A11并进行统计分析.实验结果表明,从改善血脂、提高机体抗氧化能力来看,n-6、n-3不饱和脂肪酸比例10:1组效果好于5:1组,若添加抗氧化剂LA,有利于改善机体脂质过氧化产生的不良影响,对预防动脉粥样硬化会起到积极的作用.     

The effects of antioxidant combinations on color and lipid oxidation in n-3 oil fortified ground beef patties

This study was carried out to determine an effective combination of chelators, reductants and free radical scavengers for enhancing color stability and minimizing lipid oxidation in muscle foods fortified with n − 3 fatty acids. Chelators (sodium tripolyphosphate, STPP; sodium citrate, CIT), reductants (sodium erythorbate, ERY) and radical scavengers (butylhydroxyanisole, BHA; mixed tocopherols from two different sources, 30 or 95TOC; rosemary extract, ROSE) were incorporated in various combinations into ground beef (15% fat) with or without n − 3 oil fortification (n = 8). Individually, STPP and CIT had no significant effect on a* values except day 4, but showed higher a* values when combined with ERY (STPP + ERY and CIT + ERY) (P < 0.05). CIT had lower hue angle values than STPP on days 4 and 6, but CIT + ERY showed more discoloration than STPP + ERY (P < 0.05). CIT + ERY showed less lipid oxidation than CIT alone (P < 0.05), whereas there was no difference between STPP and STPP + ERY. CIT + ERY + ROSE demonstrated higher a* values than CIT + ERY + 95TOC on days 4 and 6 (P < 0.05); there was no difference between ROSE and 95TOC groups when n − 3 oil was incorporated into ground beef patties (P > 0.05). The combination of ROSE and ERY appeared to be effective in slowing the decline of a* values. All antioxidant combinations were effective at delaying lipid oxidation when compared to CON or n − 3. A combination of CIT, ERY and ROSE was most effective for stabilizing color and delaying lipid oxidation.