家用冰箱冷藏室卫生现状调查及清洗效果评价

目的 调查居民家用冰箱冷藏室微生物污染状况,并评价专业冰箱清洗对冰箱内微生物污染的改善效果。方法 在清洗前后,分别对成都市15台社区居民家用冰箱冷藏室的食物隔板、蔬菜框和门封条无菌采样,获得样品90份;检测样品细菌总数、真菌总数和大肠菌群以反映冰箱内卫生状况,同时进行大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的分离培养以反映致病菌污染状况;依据清洗前后微生物检出情况和清除率综合分析冰箱清洗效果。结果 清洗前,冰箱内细菌总数范围为2.4×10³~1.4×10⁵ CFU/cm²,清洗后细菌总数范围为0~230 CFU/cm²;食物隔板、蔬菜框和门封条的细菌清除率分别达到99.90%、99.89%、99.81%。清洗前,冰箱内真菌总数范围为0~750 CFU/cm²,清洗后真菌总数范围为0～58 CFU/cm²;食物隔板、蔬菜框和门封条的真菌清除率分别为99.40%、96.99%、99.41%。清洗前,冰箱冷藏室内大肠菌群平均检出率为64.44%,金黄色葡萄球菌平均检出率为13.33%,沙门菌平均检出率为2.22%,未检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌;清洗后,大肠菌群检出率为13.33%,均未检出金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌。结论 本研究的家用冰箱冷藏室清洗前细菌和真菌数量较大,且存在金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门菌污染,专业清洗后冰箱卫生状况明显改善,极大地降低了食品安全隐患。     

江苏省徐州市市售发酵与非发酵豆制品微生物污染调查

目的 调查江苏省徐州市市售豆制品微生物污染情况。方法 采集发酵、非发酵豆制品86份, 按照GB 4789进行大肠菌群、菌落总数(非发酵豆制品)、蜡样芽胞杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的定量和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、沙门氏菌的定性检测。结果 大肠菌群检出率为34.88%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌为12.79%, 金黄色葡萄球菌为1.16%, 其余致病菌均未检出。非发酵豆制品中大肠菌群检出率为65.91%, 计数>103 CFU/g占52.27%, 散装较预包装样品检出率高, 差异有显著意义(P<0.05); 菌落总数>105 CFU/g占75.00%; 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率为6.82%, 104 CFU/g(均<105 CFU/g)占4.55%; 金黄色葡萄球菌检出率为2.27%。发酵类豆制品中大肠菌群检出率为2.38%, 蜡样芽胞杆菌为19.05%, 104 CFU/g占7.14%(均<105 CFU/g); 预包装、散装样品蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。发酵、非发酵豆制品中大肠菌群检出率差异均有显著意义(P<0.05); 发酵豆制品合格率为97.62%, 非发酵豆制品合格率为11.36%, 差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。结论 徐州市豆制品中非发酵类卫生指标菌污染较为严重, 应加强卫生监督。     

预包装熟肉制品生产加工过程沙门菌污染状况及病原学特征研究

目的 了解预包装熟肉制品生产加工过程各环节中沙门菌污染状况,并分析分离株的分子特征及耐药性。方法 按照国家《熟肉制品（预包装）生产加工过程监测工作手册》采样要求,2015—2017年在德州某预包装熟肉制品厂采集环境样品和熟肉样品共460份,依据现行有效的GB 4789.4—2016进行沙门菌分离鉴定;用血清凝集法对沙门菌进行血清分型;用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）和多位点序列分型（MLST）法对沙门菌进行分子分型分析;采用微量肉汤稀释法对15种抗生素进行耐药性检测。结果 460份样品中沙门菌检出率为5.65%（26/460）,2016年沙门菌的检出率最高（7.65%,14/183）,不同年份沙门菌检出率差异无统计学意义（χ²=2.82,P>0.05）;中间产品中沙门菌的检出率最高,不同样品属性沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义（χ²=64.16,P<0.05）;仅在生制品加工车间检出沙门菌,不同车间沙门菌检出率差异有统计学意义（χ²=78.08,P<0.05）。26株沙门菌共分为6个血清型,肠炎沙门菌最多,占53.85%（14/26）。26株沙门菌经PFGE分型后获得12种带型,以S4型为主;经MLST分型共获得5种ST型,ST11为优势型别。26株分离株中有22株对不同的抗生素有耐药性,耐药率最高的是氨苄西林,为73.08%（19/26）,多重耐药率（耐3种及以上抗生素）为73.08%。结论 熟肉制品加工过程中沙门菌污染主要集中在加工过程的原辅料和中间产品环节,产品蒸煮后污染状况可被有效控制。     

2019年上海市餐饮生食肉制品及相关产品中细菌污染调查分析

目的 了解上海市各餐饮企业生食肉制品微生物污染状况,为该类样品食品安全监督提供科学依据。方法 采用国家标准规定的检测方法,2019年从上海市餐饮企业抽取共计198份生食肉制品及其相关产品进行了卫生指示菌和常见食源性致病菌检测,并用SPSS 16.0软件对测定结果进行分析。结果 从卫生指示菌看,不同样品中,生食肉制品成品及其原辅料菌落总数≥100 000 CFU/g占比2.06%(2/97),大肠菌群超过100 CFU/g占比5.15%(5/97),大肠埃希菌检出率为2.06%(2/97),其中牛肉原料样品检出率为11.11%(2/18),定量均为10 CFU/g；加工过程环节检测中,大肠菌群检出率为12.87%(13/101),其中加工器具大肠菌群检出率为20.83%(10/48)高于餐饮具样品的5.66%(3/53),差异有统计学意义(χ²=12.678,P＜0.05)。从食源性致病菌检测情况看,牛肉原料及成品沙门菌检出率均为5.56%(1/18),其余样品均未检出食源性致病菌。结论 2019年上海市餐饮生食肉制品成品、原料卫生指示菌和沙门菌的检出值得关注,应重视与食品直接接触的加工器具的卫生监督。     

新疆地区部分食品微生物污染检测结果分析

目的分析近两年新疆地区部分食品种类微生物检测结果,了解新疆地区食品的微生物污染状况,为食品安全监督管理部门提供科学依据。方法根据GB 4789系列标准方法的要求,对新疆地区抽送检的256批预包装熟肉制品、297批蜂蜜、89批饮料、42批发酵乳、93批糕点面包、96批冷冻饮品、37批速冻米面食品(包括10批生制品)进行菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7/NM、乳酸菌、霉菌和嗜渗酵母菌的微生物检测。结果 10批预包装熟肉制品、6批蜂蜜、9批冷冻饮品、6批饮料、1批速冻米面食品菌落总数超标;6批冷冻饮品和1批饮料大肠菌群超标;3批蜂蜜嗜渗酵母菌数超标;2批蜂蜜霉菌数超标;1批饮料酵母菌数超标;2批速冻米面食品(生制品)金黄色葡萄球菌超标;3批冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌。除发酵乳对菌落总数没有明确要求和糕点面包菌落总数未超标外,其他产品均出现菌落总数超标问题,其中饮料、冷冻饮品合格率低于95%,应划类于高风险产品;冷冻饮品和饮料还存在大肠菌群超标问题;冷冻饮品检出单核细胞增生李斯特菌,速冻米面食品(生制品)检出金黄色葡萄球菌,说明这2类食品致病菌检出风险较高。结论建议食品企业加强卫生管理,查找超标原因,采取有效措施确保食品安全,建议监管部门对微生物污染率较高的产品继续加强监管力度,以保障食品安全。     

肉鸡屠宰加工过程中胴体微生物污染分析及不同冲淋条件对胴体减菌的影响

测定肉鸡在屠宰加工过程中脱毛后、掏内脏后、胴体清洗后、预冷后、分割后、速冻后胴体表面的菌落总数、大肠菌群、肠球菌数量以及检测产品的金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;通过对不同浓度乳酸、不同温度热水、不同冲淋时间进行均匀设计分组,冲淋处理胴体清洗前的肉鸡胴体,测定其菌落总数。肉鸡在整个屠宰生产链上胴体污染的菌落总数、大肠菌群和肠球菌数分别为4.56⁵.74、2.665.74、2.66⁴.81、2.014.81、2.01³.57(log10CFU/cm2)。肉鸡产品的菌落总数4.57(log10CFU/cm2)符合GB16869-2005鲜、冻禽产品标准,大肠菌群3.50(log10 CFU/cm2)、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌的检出率分别为37.25%、12.75%,不符合标准,肠球菌没有限量标准,但产品的肠球菌数(2.53(log10CFU/cm2))较高;对肉鸡胴体表面减菌的适宜条件为乳酸浓度1.5%、热水温度50℃、冲淋时间15 s,可减少菌落总数1.998(log10CFU/cm2)。肉鸡屠宰过程中胴体微生物污染较严重,存在致病菌污染,乳酸结合热水冲淋可显著减少肉鸡胴体表面的菌落总数。     

多种不同方法对微生物能力验证样品测试结果的比较及分析

目的在检测实验室能力验证样品时,通过多种方法进行比较,提高检测能力和结果准确性。方法菌落总数依据国标方法,在相同条件下由不同操作人员重复测定共10次,通过测量结果的不确定度的评定确定置信区间。大肠菌群通过3种方法计数,用大肠杆菌/大肠菌群测试片对大肠埃希氏菌进行快速定性判定。金黄色葡萄球菌通过不同培养基、涂布量、接种方法的7种不同组合方法进行检测。结果本次能力验证结果报告菌落总数结果为23000 CFU/mL、大肠菌群结果为10000 CFU/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌结果为12000 CFU/mL、大肠埃希氏菌检出。4项测试结果均为满意。结论通过多种方法同步进行,能有效提高检测能力和结果准确性。     

2014～2018年福建省生产领域卫生纸卫生质量分析

对福建省生产领域近五年的卫生纸进行随机抽样和质量分析,分别检测了产品的细菌菌落总数、大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血链球菌。结果显示:卫生纸生产企业主要集中在福州、漳州、泉州三个地市,企业共占比64.4%;大肠菌群、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌均未检出,细菌菌落总数共5批次不合格,卫生指标合格率为97.7%;合格产品卫生性能逐年提升,呈现较高质量水平,细菌菌落总数检出率2014年为74.5%,近四年在39.5%~60.0%之间,呈现下降的趋势;细菌菌落总数统计均值,由60.8CFU/g下降至15CFU/g左右,从国标最高限值的10.1%下降到2.5%左右;按地域统计,不合格产品主要分布在福州地区;泉州、三明、厦门三地市生产的卫生纸合格产品质量较高,细菌菌落总数均值分别为14.7CFU/g、16.8CFU/g、12.6CFU/g,分别为国标最高限值的2.5%、2.8%、2.1%。按产品质量等级统计,在所有产品中,卫生纸合格品、一等品、优等品质量等级产品的卫生合格率分别为97.53%、96.97%、100%。     

北京市餐饮业食用冰块微生物污染水平调查

评估北京市餐饮业食用冰块微生物污染的风险。方法 在北京市场抽检了63份餐饮业食用冰块样品,冰块独立分装在无菌采样袋中,2 h内完成采样到检测的过程。按照国家标准方法检测其中的菌落总数、大肠菌群、沙门菌、志贺菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。结果 63份餐饮业食用冰块样品均未检出沙门菌、志贺菌和金黄色葡萄球菌等致病菌。连锁快餐店和咖啡店食用冰块的菌落总数和大肠菌群等指示菌计数较低,部分饮品甜品店食用冰块菌落总数和大肠菌群较高。结论 检测的食用冰块样品均是安全的。部分饮品甜品店用食用冰块指示菌较高,提示生产过程中可能存在微生物污染,需要严格执行卫生操作规范的程序。     

一起多所幼儿园食源性疾病暴发事件的溯源分析

目的 对一起涉及多所幼儿园的食源性疾病暴发事件的可疑食品和致病因子进行溯源调查,为今后类似事件的防控和处置提供参考依据。方法 采用实时荧光PCR法、质谱技术等快速检测技术,结合分离培养、酶联免疫法（ELISA）等传统鉴定方法对3所幼儿园采集的32份样品开展病原检测。使用描述性流行病学调查方法对事件进行调查,脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）方法对致病因子进行分子溯源分析。结果 3所幼儿园共有幼儿568名,62名病例,患病率为10.92%。临床症状主要为呕吐、腹泻等。从10份生物标本和某配餐公司统一配送的2份留存的拔丝肉松蛋糕检出金黄色葡萄球菌,蛋糕中金黄色葡萄球菌量分别为2.0×10⁷ CFU/g、1.4×10⁷ CFU/g,11株分离自病例和蛋糕的金黄色葡萄球菌同时检出葡萄球菌A型肠毒素基因（sea）和A型肠毒素（SEA）。PFGE指纹图谱为同一带型,提示病例和食品的分离株为同一来源。结论 本起暴发事件是由配餐公司统一配送的拔丝肉松蛋糕污染金黄色葡萄球菌产生肠毒素导致的3所幼儿园的食物中毒,应进一步加强对学校配餐食材的监管。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press     

INFOPRINT 2014 was Successfully Held in Dongguan

Sponsored by Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China （PEIAC） and organized by Print China magazine, the Seventeenth Beijing International Printing Information Conference （INFOPRINT 2014） was successfully held on 11th Dec. 2014 at Dongguan Exhibition International Hotel.