太阳能光伏发电半导体制冷研究综述

半导体制冷作为新型的制冷方式,具有许多优点,是近年来国内外的研究热点。随着国内外对半导体制冷的研究与创新,半导体制冷技术得到不断发展与进步。本综述结合现阶段国内外对半导体制冷的研究成果,从理论、材料、结构、传热等方面进行叙述,供相应的研究借鉴与参考。     

热电制冷的应用与优化综述

热电制冷(TEC)是以温差电现象为基础的制冷方式,是基于帕尔贴效应的固态环保型制冷技术。与其他制冷方式相比,热电制冷具有体积小、结构简单、可靠性高、制冷迅速等优点。本文通过研究国内外的相关文献,主要从热电制冷的应用及性能优化两方面综述了热电制冷近年来的研究进展和成果。对热电制冷在热电冰箱、热电空调和电子器件冷却等方面的应用及相关研究进行了归纳分析,并对热电制冷与太阳能、蒸气压缩以及蒸发冷却等复合系统应用进行了分析阐述。在热电制冷性能优化方面,总结了在材料已定时提升热电制冷的性能优化方法,包括热电制冷器结构、工作参数及热端散热等,并在工作参数优化过程中分析了近年来研究较多的脉冲电流研究进展。     

半导体制冷在空调中应用的研究

本文针对半导体制冷方式在空气调节中的应用进行了性能分析,提出改善半导体制冷系数的基本方向是改进半导体材料性能。目前,可通过改善传热条件,提高半导体制冷的性能。     

半导体制冷在空调中应用的研究

本文针对半导体制冷方式在空气调节中的应用进行了性能分析，提出了改善半导体制冷系数的基本方向是改进半导体材料性能，目前，可通过改善传热条件，提高半导体制冷的性能。     

半导体制冷与固体除湿结合装置的性能探究

半导体制冷（又称热电制冷）因为降温迅速、易于控制等优点,广泛应用在工业生产、日常生活等方面。而热端散热效果成为制约半导体制冷效率的主要因素。半导体制冷在空气除湿领域的应用研究日趋深入,但传统的冷却除湿要求半导体冷端温度较低,使半导体制冷效率降低。建立半导体制冷（热管排热系统）、固体吸附剂结合的除湿模型,通过6级半导体制冷与热管散热系统的实验装置对干工况进行模拟验证,再模拟固体除湿工况在不同输入电流下的性能。模拟结果表明：当除湿量与文献中半导体冷却除湿装置相同时,该半导体与固体除湿结合的模型的系统COP为1.78,明显高于文献中装置的COP。说明结合固体吸附剂后可以加强传质动力提高冷端温度,从而提高系统性能。     

应用半导体制冷的冷藏链用储藏箱性能实验研究

半导体制冷片因其体积小、制冷速度快的优点在冷藏链运输领域具有很强的应用潜力。为测试半导体制冷箱的制冷效率,本文搭建了制冷储藏箱性能测试实验台,对应用两片TEC1-12706型及TEC1-12712型半导体制冷片的制冷储藏箱的工作性能进行实验研究。实验中分别在储藏箱中加入2 000 m L冰块开始实验及应用1 500 mL冰块与3 kg食材及3瓶500 mL矿泉水的组合开始实验,两次实验中同时改变热端散热方式及冷端风扇吹风方式。结果表明:对于同型号半导体制冷片,水冷方式时制冷效果更好,但持久性不强;同型号半导体制冷片冷端风扇下吹方式与侧吹方式相比气流组织更好。当容积为0. 1 m^3的储藏箱面向冷藏需求时,可应用两片采取热端风冷方式的TEC1-12706型半导体制冷片,此时10 h内箱体中心温度最大约为6℃,最小约为0℃;当容积为0. 1 m^3的储藏箱面向冷冻需求时,可应用两片TEC1-12712型半导体制冷片结合水冷式热端和风扇下吹式冷端,能维持3 h箱体内温度不高于0℃。     

基于液体循环冷却的温差半导体的研究

温差半导体是采用半导体制冷元件,利用热电制冷效应的特殊制冷方式。由于其独特的优点而被广泛应用。温差半导体散热方式更成为温差半导体技术继续发展的关键。阐述了温差半导体的技术应用及其在应用中存在的技术瓶颈,提出采用液体循环散热系统。与目前现有产品进行了温差性能测试的比较,结果显示液体循环散热系统具有良好的性能指标。     

热电制冷技术进展与展望

热电制冷技术是一种通过珀耳贴效应直接利用电能实现制冷的固态制冷技术。与蒸气压缩式制冷相比,热电制冷具有尺寸任意缩放、无振动、可靠性高和控温精度高等优点。本文从热电制冷的发展简史和基本原理出发,重点介绍了热电材料、制冷机结构、功能层界面以及热端散热器等影响热电制冷机性能因素的研究进展,并根据热电制冷的优势特性介绍了热电制冷的应用,最后对热电制冷技术的研究进行了总结和展望。     

一种新型便携式制冷保温容器的试验研究

研制一种新型便携式制冷保温容器制冷系统，主要用于保存血液。确定半导体制冷核心部件的参数，如半导体制冷片的选择、容器内部结构及系统的匹配。通过性能试验进行优化，对影响半导体制冷的因素进行讨论。实验结果表明，将半导体制冷应用于保温容器是可行的，而且是有利的。该研究结果对半导体制冷技术在小型制冷保温容器中的进一步研究和应用具有一定的指导意义。     

电声散射显著降低重掺硅热导率

正热电材料是一种利用半导体内部载流子与声子间的相互作用,实现热能与电能相互转化的能源材料,具有体积小、重量轻、造价低、无噪声、运行稳定等优点,可用于固态制冷及温差发电等领域,如计算机芯片制冷、激光器制冷、便携式冰箱制冷及汽车尾气余热发电等。热电材料的最高性能目前仍无理论上限,然而现实中材料较低的转化效率是限制热电材料发展的主要原因。一直以来,对于热电材料电子、声子相互作用及传输特性的深入理解是热电研究领域的重要课题,也是提高材料热电性能的必要前提。     

跨临界CO2蒸气压缩式制冷与热泵技术综述

CO2跨临界制冷循环模式因环境友好性、高温制热性、低环境温度适应性、全工况范围高效性等众多优势成为制冷领域中最热门的研究课题之一.本文分别讨论了跨临界CO2制冷或热泵技术在车辆空调、建筑采暖与热水供应、烘干产业、商超冷链等行业中的发展现状,总结并预测了跨临界CO2技术的未来发展趋势.CO2制冷技术在车辆热管理领域发展前...     

微型制冷系统研究进展

得益于制造技术的进步和传热传质理论的发展完善,制冷系统不断向小型化、便携化发展,近年来出现了不少形式的微型制冷系统。本文介绍了3种主要的微型制冷系统:蒸气压缩制冷、吸收式制冷和半导体制冷系统。结合近年来国内外文献,介绍了制冷系统微型化的最新发展状况,并对各种系统的优缺点进行对比,重点介绍了微型蒸气压缩制冷系统及其核心部件—微型压缩机的发展现状。最后论述了制约制冷系统微型化的瓶颈问题,提出了微型制冷系统的发展方向。     

吸收式制冷(热泵)循环流程研究进展

吸收式制冷作为最早的人工制冷方法,诞生至今已有200多年。在民用和工业中的实际应用有60多年。近20余年来,吸收式制冷在理论与应用等方面都取得了迅速发展,并在制冷机市场上占有相当的份额,得到国内外厂商和学者的广泛关注与研究。随着人类能源消耗量的不断增加,需要进一步深入研究新能源、分布式能源及能源的高效利用。余热、废热、可再生的太阳能、地热能等的利用使得热能驱动的吸收式制冷(热泵)技术得到越来越多的关注。与采用电驱动蒸气机械压缩式制冷(热泵)系统不同,吸收式制冷(热泵)技术可利用采用低品位热源的热能直接驱动,运行成本远低于电驱动系统。吸收式系统多采用H2O-LiB r溶液、NH3-H2O溶液等自然工质作为制冷剂,具有环境友好特性,同时具有安全、可无噪音运行、可靠性高等显著优点。但也具有占地面积大、初投资高,冷却负荷高,一次能源效率低(直燃形式)等不足。针对这些特性,现阶段的主要研究方向包括:循环设计优化、工质对选择、系统部件热质传递强化、系统控制策略优化等。狭义的吸收式循环是指闭式、溶液吸收制冷剂蒸气的吸收式制冷(热泵)循环。该类循环按照循环形式分类包括单吸收循环、多吸收循环和复合循环。单吸收循环主要包括基本单效吸收循环、扩散吸收循环、膜吸收循环、热变换器循环、重力驱动的阀切换循环以及自复叠循环;多吸收循环主要包括再吸收循环、多效循环、中间效循环、多级循环、中间级循环以及GAX循环;复合循环主要包括喷射-吸收复合、压缩-吸收复合和膨胀-吸收复合等复合形式。现有吸收式制冷技术研究热点主要包括且不局限于太阳能、中低温余热利用、冷热电联产、储能(蓄冷、蓄热),膜交换材料、高温下耐腐蚀材料,塑料热交换器等方面。吸收式循环现有循环结构的提出针对的是一定温度和浓度下循环,面对新的应用场景、新材料以及新吸收工质对,吸收式循环可以提出多种更高效、更宽热源驱动温度范围和溶液浓度范围的新循环。     

高速钢制备和热处理工艺的研究现状及发展趋势

高速钢主要用于制造各种机床的切削刀具和轧辊材料,对我国制造业的发展意义重大。综述了传统铸造法、粉末冶金法、喷射成型法和电渣重熔法制备高速钢的研究进展,探讨了4种制备方法的优缺点,重点分析了高速钢热处理流程(分段预处理→高温淬火→多次回火)中各阶段的主要目标、温度和时间选择、物相转化、沉淀硬化和碳化物种类,提出高速钢未来的主要制备工艺是铸造法和粉末冶金法,并指出了对热处理过程中碳化物的种类、溶解、析出、转化和分布进行研究,将是未来的研究重点和方向。     

半导体凉席的理论研究

介绍了热电制冷的原理及发展状况,提出了半导体凉席的具体模型并进行理论性分析,指出了提高半导体材料的优值系数和利用热管对热端散热是研制半导体凉席的技术关键,为半导体制冷的进一步应用和半导体凉席步入市场提供了理论参考。     

Conditionnements thermiques par fluide intermédiaire et accumulation d'énergie latenteThermal conditioning through intermediary fluid and latent power storage

As a result of direct automation of the industrial refrigerating plants the efficiency is generally reduced by: (1) not limiting the peaks of refrigeration demand; (2) not profiting by the permissible temperature variations of the stored goods; (3) allowing unstable cycles of production and distribution. From this ascertainment the authors investigate the advantages of the different forms of storing thermal energy.The conventional thermal energy storage methods are compared such as: (1) the most popular sensible heat storage by means of water or chilled water tank: (2) the storage below freezing by means of liquid solutions (salt, alcohol, glycerol, glycol…); (3) the ice accumulation systems; (4) the eutectic-plate systems. Moreover, temperature fluctuations of the stored goods in a cold store are contemplated as a posible method of storing sensible heat, if moderate (4K for frozen and 2K for fresh goods).The above-mentioned methods, using either sensible or latent heat, are compared in terms of: utilization temperature, accumulation temperature range, and storage capacity per unit mass and unit volume. Loading and unloading rates of the storage device are also significant characteristics.The development of new storage methods are then investigated mainly in respect of energy savings in the field of agro-industries requiring both refrigeration and heating. (1) The accumulation of warm water, using either electric supply during low-fare periods, or heat pumps associated to heat rejection recovery of refrigerating plants, or any combination of both sources; (2) the latent heat accumulation which allows an important space saving compared to sensible heat accumulation.The most important recent improvements are mentioned: (1) physico-chemical (supercooling, non-reversibility of the change-of-phase process, crystallizing rate and heterogeneous crystallization); (2) heat exchange problems; (3) technological constraints; (4) financial amortization.As an illustration of the advantages of heat storage, the authors present a possible application for slaughter houses aiming at energy savings by means of: (1) heat recovery from refrigerant condensation for preheating of process water, with or without thermodynamical amplification (heat pump); (2) optimization of the running cycles of the compressors and adjustment of condensing and evaporating temperature levels. The example of a 10,000 t/year slaughterhouse is presented where an eutectic accumulation device is included in the glycol-water distribution system, allowing for the transfer of a 1250 kWh refrigeration capacity from peak to low level demand periods, with a reduced volume of 25 m³.As a conclusion, the authors review the main types of application of heat storage.     

Conditionnements thermiques par fluide intermédiaire et accumulation d'énergie latente

As a result of direct automation of the industrial refrigerating plants the efficiency is generally reduced by: (1) not limiting the peaks of refrigeration demand; (2) not profiting by the permissible temperature variations of the stored goods; (3) allowing unstable cycles of production and distribution. From this ascertainment the authors investigate the advantages of the different forms of storing thermal energy.The conventional thermal energy storage methods are compared such as: (1) the most popular sensible heat storage by means of water or chilled water tank: (2) the storage below freezing by means of liquid solutions (salt, alcohol, glycerol, glycol…); (3) the ice accumulation systems; (4) the eutectic-plate systems. Moreover, temperature fluctuations of the stored goods in a cold store are contemplated as a posible method of storing sensible heat, if moderate (4K for frozen and 2K for fresh goods).The above-mentioned methods, using either sensible or latent heat, are compared in terms of: utilization temperature, accumulation temperature range, and storage capacity per unit mass and unit volume. Loading and unloading rates of the storage device are also significant characteristics.The development of new storage methods are then investigated mainly in respect of energy savings in the field of agro-industries requiring both refrigeration and heating. (1) The accumulation of warm water, using either electric supply during low-fare periods, or heat pumps associated to heat rejection recovery of refrigerating plants, or any combination of both sources; (2) the latent heat accumulation which allows an important space saving compared to sensible heat accumulation.The most important recent improvements are mentioned: (1) physico-chemical (supercooling, non-reversibility of the change-of-phase process, crystallizing rate and heterogeneous crystallization); (2) heat exchange problems; (3) technological constraints; (4) financial amortization.As an illustration of the advantages of heat storage, the authors present a possible application for slaughter houses aiming at energy savings by means of: (1) heat recovery from refrigerant condensation for preheating of process water, with or without thermodynamical amplification (heat pump); (2) optimization of the running cycles of the compressors and adjustment of condensing and evaporating temperature levels. The example of a 10,000 t/year slaughterhouse is presented where an eutectic accumulation device is included in the glycol-water distribution system, allowing for the transfer of a 1250 kWh refrigeration capacity from peak to low level demand periods, with a reduced volume of 25 m³.As a conclusion, the authors review the main types of application of heat storage.     

Developments in reverse Brayton cycle cryocooler in China

As one of the primary methods of cryogenic refrigeration, reverse Brayton cycle cryocooler, which includes high-speed turbine using gas bearing and compact heat exchanger, has many advantages such as long-life, high reliability and efficiency. In this paper general aspects of reverse Brayton cycle cryocooler in China are introduced, such as its application in the space simulation program, mechanical cryocooler for lower temperature space applications. The main design parameters and operating performance of cryocoolers are presented in this paper.