江苏沿海滩涂地区大麦平衡施肥研究

本文应用正交设计方法 ,进行了大麦平衡施肥试验 ,在土壤肥力水平中等条件下 ,大麦施肥以氮肥和磷肥为主 ,钾肥次之。大麦平衡施肥原则为 :氮肥以公顷施纯氮 2 2 5kg左右为宜 ,磷肥以公顷施磷素(P2 O5) 4 5～ 90kg之间为合适 ,钾肥在大麦当季可以少施或不施。同时 ,对大麦收获后土壤表层养分的变化进行了研究。     

沿海滩涂农田耕层土壤饱和导水率间接方法的评价

为筛选和构建适合苏北沿海滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤饱和水力传导率间接估算的土壤转换函数,在典型地块实测土壤饱和导水率和相关土壤基本性质的基础上,分析了11种根据基本土壤性质预测饱和导水率的转换函数方法的适用性,同时探讨了基于人工神经网络方法的土壤转换函数的预测效果。结果表明:滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤平均饱和导水率为10.04 cm/d,属低透水强度;在现有的土壤饱和导水率转换函数中,Vereecken函数是最适合滩涂围垦农区土壤、具有最佳预测精度的转换函数,其预测均方根误差为8.154,其次是Li、Campbell和Rawls函数;以砂粒、粘粒、容重和有机质作为输入因子,基于人工神经网络的土壤转换函数较Vereecken函数其预测均方根误差降至7.920,在输入因子中增加土壤盐分指标可进一步提高饱和导水率的预测精度,其预测均方根误差降为7.634。本文的研究结果显示利用人工神经网络方法建立的转换函数可有效提高滩涂盐渍农田土壤饱和导水率的预测精度。     

苏北沿海滩涂地区土壤有机质含量的高光谱预测

基于反射高光谱快速、无损的检测优势,以苏北沿海滩涂地区不同成陆年代土壤作为光谱信息源,应用偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法,研究了原始反射光谱（REF）、微分光谱（FDR）、反射率倒数的对数（lg(1/R)）和波段深度（BD）对不同成陆年代土壤有机质含量的预测精度。结果表明,不同成陆年代土壤有机质含量预测的最佳光谱指标存在差异。REF是构建总体样本有机质含量PLSR预测模型的最佳光谱指标,均方根误差（RMSE）和相关系数（r）分别为2.7231和0.8701;FDR是预测成陆千年土壤样本有机质含量的最佳光谱指标,RMSE和r分别为2.0110和0.9436;BD所构建的成陆百年土壤有机质含量的PLSR预测模型为最优,RMSE和r分别为2.7051和0.8770。相关分析表明,可见光波段、以1 400 nm为中心及1 900～2 450 nm的红外波段是估算土壤有机质含量的最佳波段。     

如东沿海滩涂土壤形成与垦区土壤改良

简述了沿海滩涂土壤的形成及垦区土壤的养分变化，在沿海新垦区，通过人工植被，旱改水，围田养鱼等一系列改良措施，缩短了土体盐分淋洗时间，促进表层土壤养分积累，由此提出快速改良滨海重盐土的有效途径。     

江苏典型滩涂区地下水及土壤的盐分特征研究

本文通过大量采样分析及数值拟合等方法,研究获得江苏典型滩涂分布区的地下水以及土壤的盐分含量、盐分离子组成特征及其分布规律;分别获得了地下水矿化度与地下水电导率、土壤全盐量与1:5土水比浸提液电导率之间的关系函数,应用这些关系函数将能够快速获得具有良好精度的相应要素的测定结果。本文研究成果将为江苏滩涂开发利用提供重要的理论及决策依据,并因而具有较为广泛的应用前景。     

江苏大丰麇鹿保护区不同改良措施对滩涂土壤的改良效应研究

在大丰市麋鹿保护区内,设置滩涂荒地(A样区)、挖沟排盐结合耐盐植物初步改良(B样区)、挖深沟作垄结合耐盐植物多年改良(C样区)和在C样区改良基础上进行覆被种植再改良熟化(D样区)共4个试验样区,按0～20cm和20～40cm两层采集土壤,测定土壤pH和总盐分含量,分析、评价不同改良措施对苏北淤泥质滩涂土壤的改良熟化效应...     

沿海滩涂区土壤重金属含量分布及其有效态影响因素

为揭示沿海地区土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征及其与自然、人为因素的关联,以近年来围垦开发强度较大的江苏沿海某滩涂区为研究对象,采用经典统计与地统计相结合的方法研究了表层土壤主要重金属Pb、Cr、Cd、As全量与有效态含量状况及其空间分布,分析了沿海滩涂区土地利用方式对重金属含量的影响,探讨了重金属有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明:目前研究区土壤环境质量状况良好,土壤Pb、Cr、Cd、As均呈累积趋势但基本都低于土壤环境质量一级标准值;土地利用方式不同程度地影响了Pb、Cr、Cd全量与有效态含量,As全量与有效态含量受土地利用方式影响较小;研究区土壤Pb、Cr、Cd全量与Pb、Cr有效态含量具有明显的趋势效应,且研究区土壤重金属全量与有效态含量的空间分布受大尺度的潮汐作用与小尺度的人为因素的共同控制;土壤Pb、Cr、Cd有效态含量与黏粒含量、阳离子交换量和p H显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关,土壤As有效态含量仅与土壤p H显著正相关。本研究为沿海滩涂区土壤重金属源头减量、活性钝化、污染消减与风险防范提供科学依据。     

施用牛粪对沿海泥质滩涂土壤原始肥力驱动及黑麦草幼苗生长的影响

【目的】沿海滩涂土壤属于滨海盐土类型,由于长期受海洋潮汐的影响,盐渍化作用导致土壤盐分含量偏高、 土体发育不明显、 理化性状差、 肥力水平低下,且滩涂面积还在以一定的速度增长,同时可耕地面积的逐年递减和淡水资源的日益遗乏,滩涂盐土的开发利用越来越受到人们的关注。本文研究牛粪不同用量驱动新围垦滩涂土壤原始肥力并为绿肥植物黑麦草幼苗生长提供养分的作用,以期为滩涂盐土的改良提供一条可行的途径。【方法】采用田间小区随机区组试验,探讨了牛粪不同施用量(0、 30、 75、 150、 300 t/hm2)对滩涂土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体、 盐分、 pH、 有机碳、 氮磷养分含量等肥力因子及黑麦草幼苗生物量、 生长状况的影响。 【结果】滩涂0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的数量随牛粪施用量的增加呈逐渐增加趋势。与对照相比,牛粪用量150和300 t/hm2处理的滩涂0—10和10—20 cm土层土壤0.25 mm水稳性团聚体差异均达到显著水平; 施用牛粪各处理滩涂土壤有机碳分别比对照增加17.4%、 32.6%、 55.0%、 205.8%; 与对照相比,施用牛粪各处理显著降低了滩涂土壤盐分含量,降幅分别达25.2%、 75.8%、 76.0%、 75.9%; 施用牛粪对滩涂土壤pH值降低不明显; 随牛粪施用量的增加,滩涂土壤全氮、 全磷、 碱解氮、 有效磷含量均呈逐渐上升趋势; 施用牛粪增加了黑麦草幼苗地上部和根系干重; 施用牛粪各处理黑麦草幼苗株高分别比对照增加52.6%、 46.1%、 74.2%、 56.2%(P＜0.05); 牛粪施用量达150 t/hm2时可显著增加黑麦草幼苗的分蘖数; 随牛粪施用量的增加,黑麦草根系总根长、 平均直径、 根表面积、 根体积均呈逐渐上升趋势。【结论】施用牛粪改善了滩涂土壤的初始肥力特性,促进了绿肥植物黑麦草地上部及根系的生长,并提高了黑麦草幼苗的生物量,因此,牛粪可作为改良新围垦滩涂土壤的“原始肥力驱动剂”。利用牛粪进行滩涂土壤的改良还有效地处理了畜禽粪便,是滩涂土壤改良和畜禽粪便合理利用一举两得的新途径。     

珠三角滩涂围垦农田土壤和农作物重金属污染

为了研究珠三角滩涂围垦农田土壤和农作物重金属污染状况,采集了广州南沙、中山一带围垦农田农作物及其根际土壤样品,测定重金属的质量分数。结果表明,围垦农田土壤样品中Cu、Ph、Cd、Ni、Cr和Zn含量均大于广东省相应土壤环境背景值,其中Cu（56．06mg·kg^-1）、Pb（48．30mg·kg^-1）、Cd（0．72mg·kg^-1）、Ni（41．15mg·kg^-1）、Cr（115．1mg·kg^-1）和Zn（200．1mg·kg^-1）分别为背景值的3．30、1．34、12．82、2．26、2．28和4．23倍。与《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）中Ⅱ级标准（pH〈6．5）比较,土壤样品中Cu、Cd、Ni和Zn的超标率分别为73．7％、88．6％、59．6％和28．9％。以GB15618-1995中Ⅱ级标准为评价标准,采用Nemerow指数法进行评价,土壤重金属平均综合污染指数为1．86,属3级轻污染。与《食品中污染物限量》（GB2762-2005）等相关标准比较,农作物中Cu、Pb、Cd、Ni、Cr和Zn含量的样品超标率分别为0、28．9％、2．6％、48．3％、12．3％和6．1％。由此可见,珠三角滩涂围垦农田土壤和农作物重金属污染问题已经比较突出,土壤污染以Cd为主,而农作物污染则以Ni、Ph、Cr为主。     

Enumeration and characterization of arsenate-resistant bacteria in arsenic free soils

The numbers of arsenate-resistant bacteria present in four different soils were determined. Counts were typically in the order of 10⁶ arsenate-resistant colony forming units g⁻¹ of soil, accounting from 7 to 50% of the total viable count. Arsenate-resistant bacteria obtained from woodland soil and leaf litter were further characterized. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that these bacterial isolates represented six bacterial groups including the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. Almost all of these isolates were bacteria that have not previously been shown to tolerate arsenic. Some of these bacteria were capable of growth when exposed to high levels of arsenate (over 250 mM), although arsenite tolerance was much lower. These results support the suggestion that arsenate-resistant bacteria are common in natural environments and may play an important role in arsenic cycling in soils.     

Isolation and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria in some Iranian soils

The ability of a few soil bacteria to transform unavailable forms of potassium (K) to an available form is an important feature in plant growth-promoting bacteria for increasing plant yields of high-K-demand crops. In this research, isolation, screening, and characterization of six isolates of K solubilizing bacteria (KSB) from some Iranian soils were carried out. The ability of all isolates were tested in three treatments including acid-leached soil, biotite, and muscovite by analyzing the soluble K content after 5 days of incubation at 28 ± 2°C. Identification and phylogenetic analyses were also carried out by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA analyses. Among the six efficient isolates, five isolates belonged to Bacillus megaterium (JK3, JK4, JK5, JK6, and JK7), while isolate JK2 belonged to Arthrobacter sp. The soluble K contents in all isolated-treatments were significantly (p < 0.01) higher than the contents in nonbacteria treatment. Herein, isolate JK2 had lower potential for K solubilization (910 mg kg^?1) compared with other isolates in acid-leached soils. The six bacterial strains showed higher solubilized K in biotite treatment than other two treatments. Overall, it can be concluded that the isolates belong to B. megaterium are the most efficient KSB under in vitro condition.     

基于典范对应分析的苏北滩涂土壤春季盐渍化特征研究

运用常规统计学和典范对应分析方法,对苏北滩涂土壤全盐量(TS)、盐分离子组成、碱化度(ESP)、pH的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,该区土壤为轻度至中度盐化,不同层次土壤中,Na+与Cl-、K+与Mg2+始终保持较好的关联性。TS的空间分布,在0～120 cm全剖面上主要受控于Cl-、SO24-、Na+因子,分层与全剖面的情况有所不同,但Na+均为主要因子之一;ESP在全剖面上主要受CO32-和HCO3-因子制约,其中在0～10 cm和20～40 cm土层主要受CO32-因子制约,10～20 cm土层内主要受HCO3-因子制约,40～100 cm土层则主要受Na+因子制约;pH受盐分离子的影响较小,在全剖面上分布较为均匀。     

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi in desert soils: species,limitations and mechanisms

Desert soils are infertile, and the ability to improve them by P-fertilization is limited by the solubility of phosphate. We aimed to understand the function of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and the mechanisms behind phosphate solubilization in desert soils. Vegetated and barren desert soils, mine spoil and a fertile temperate grassland loam were sampled. Bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified, and their phosphate-solubilizing abilities were measured in vitro. The release of plant available PO₄, SO₄, NO₃ and NH₄ from desert soils did not compare with that of a grassland soil. Desert soils had substantially lower solubilization than grassland, 162 and 99–121 µg PO₄-P g^?1 dry soil, respectively. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi were inhabiting the soils. Si addition increased phosphate solubilization of fungi by 50%. The isolated microbes were shown, using ³¹P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, to rapidly take-up both intracellular and extracellular phosphate during the phosphate solubilizing process. Desert soil had potentially active microbial populations that are capable to solubilize inorganic phosphorus; S and Si as the limiting factors. Acidification as the main mechanism to solubilize mineral phosphate was not as evident in our desert soils as in former studies dealing more fertile soils.     

中国太湖流域水稻土中的反硝化细菌

This study attempted to determine the characteristics of the communities, the ecological factors, and the denitrifying enzyme activity for denitrifying bacteria found in the paddy soils of the Taihu Lake Basin, China. Samples of the six main soil types of the basin were taken from paddy fields with different fertilities. The total numbers of bacteria and denitrifying bacteria in the high fertility soils were much more than those in low fertility soils, and the number of denitrifying bacteria accounted for 49% to 80% of the total number of bacteria. The O2 content was an important ecological factor that affected denitrification. Of test the strains isolated from the paddy soils in the Taihu Lake Basin, some (e.g., Pseudomonas spp.) grew well under low oxygen partial pressure, while others (e.g., Bacillus spp.) had no strict predilection with O2 content. Another critical ecological factor was the nitrogen concentration. Three selected denitrifying bacteria grew better in aculture medium with 135 instead of 276mg L^-1 nitrogen. At the same time 67% of the test strains were able to reduce NO3^- to NO2^- and 56% had N2O reductase.     

Methane turnover and temperature response of methane-oxidizing bacteria in permafrost-affected soils of northeast Siberia

The abundance, activity, and temperature response of aerobic methane-oxidizing bacteria were studied in permafrost-affected tundra soils of northeast Siberia. The soils were characterized by both a high accumulation of organic matter at the surface and high methane concentrations in the water-saturated soils. The methane oxidation rates of up to 835 nmol CH₄ h⁻¹ g⁻¹ in the surface soils were similar to the highest values reported so far for natural wetland soils worldwide. The temperature response of methane oxidation was measured during short incubations and revealed maximum rates between 22 °C and 28 °C. The active methanotrophic community was characterized by its phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) concentrations and with stable isotope probing (SIP). Concentrations of 16:1ω8 and 18:1ω8 PLFAs, specific to methanotrophic bacteria, correlated significantly with the potential methane oxidation rates. In all soils, distinct 16:1 PLFAs were dominant, indicating a predominance of type I methanotrophs. However, long-term incubation of soil samples at 0 °C and 22 °C demonstrated a shift in the composition of the active community with rising temperatures. At 0 °C, only the concentrations of 16:1 PLFAs increased and those of 18:1 PLFAs decreased, whereas the opposite was true at 22 °C. Similarly, SIP with ¹³CH₄ showed a temperature-dependent pattern. When the soils were incubated at 0 °C, most of the incorporated label (83%) was found in 16:1 PLFAs and only 2% in 18:1 PLFAs. In soils incubated at 22 °C, almost equal amounts of ¹³C label were incorporated into 16:1 PLFAs and 18:1 PLFAs (33% and 36%, respectively). We concluded that the highly active methane-oxidizing community in cold permafrost-affected soils was dominated by type I methanotrophs under in situ conditions. However, rising temperatures, as predicted for the future, seem to increase the importance of type II methanotrophs, which may affect methane cycling in northern wetlands.     

污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术进展

微生物修复是土壤环境生物修复技术的重要组成部分,是最具发展和应用前景的生物学环保新技术.本文以土壤中重金属及典型有机污染物为对象,从土壤微生物与污染物质的相互作用入手,较为系统地综合评述国内外污染土壤的微生物修复原理与技术,并结合当前土壤污染的新特点,提出了需进一步认识和解决微生物修复过程中出现的新现象和新问题,以不断丰富和拓展土壤环境微生物修复范畴与内涵.     

紫色土发育成的水稻土微团粒结构中有机－无机复合体的性质

This paper deals with characteristics of organo-mineral complexing of microaggregates in the paddy soils developed from purple soils in Sichuan, China. Results show that the contents of organic matter in microaggregates are in the order of 1-0.25 mm > smaller than 0.05 mm > 0.05-0.25 mm. But the organic matter in 1-0.01 mm microaggregates accounts for 68.1%-78.7% of that in soil. The organic matter in < 0.05 mm microaggregates is complexed humus on the whole, of which the degree of organo-mineral complexing varies between 96.1% and 99.5%, which is higher than that of the soil or > 0.05 mm microaggregates. The contents of loosely combined humus and the ratios of loosely and tightly combined humus markedly decline with the size of microaggregates. Flesh soil humus formed from semi-decomposed organic material or organic manure added is combined first with < 0.001 mm clay, and then aggregated with other organic and mineral particles to form larger microaggregates, in which the aging of humus happens at the same time; whereas organic matter of the light fraction is mainly involved in the formation of > 0.05 mm microaggregates.     

Seasonal fluctuations in microbial populations and available nutrients in forest soils

Viable microorganisms, soil respiration, and available N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, and P contents were determined in samples of five different forest soils collected in spring, summer, autumn, and winter. Viable microorganisms and soil respiration were positively correlated and showed a clear seasonal trend. The soils exhibited high microbial population values in spring and autumn and low values in summer and winter; total respiration values were largely higher in autumn than in the other seasons. Seasonal variations in available Ca, Na, and K contents were much more marked than those found for available N, Mg, and P. Available N and K and the microbial population showed similar seasonal trends whereas available Ca, Mg, Na, and P did not exhibit a distinguishable and uniform seasonal pattern. The quantities of available nutrients in soils followed the order Ca>K=Na>Mg>P>N. Soils developed over basic rocks showed higher values of both microbial density and microbial activity than those in soils developed over acid rocks. All the variables analysed were clearly related to the type of soil but varied with the date of sampling; a significant seasonal effect on the microbial population, microbial activity and available nutrients was detected in all the soils studied.     

Placement effects of organic sources on nitrogenase activity and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in flooded rice soils

The placement effects of organic sources (cellulose and rice straw) at different depths on nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction assay, ARA) associated with four tropical rice soils were investigated. Results showed that placement of organic sources in the top profile (1–2 cm) produced a higher nitrogenase activity; while placement in the 2–4 cm and 4–6cm profiles significantly decreased the activity irrespective of soil type. The effect of organic sources on nitrogenase varied depending on the soil type. Cellulose and rice straw caused differential stimulation in response to the placement. Evidence was provided for the creation of favourable redox potential supporting higher nitrogenase activity in series receiving organic amendments in the top profile. Higher nitrogenase activity in the top profile was associated with greater populations of nitrogen-fixing Azospirillum sp., anaerobic nitrogen fixers and Azotobacter sp. Moreover, the lower amounts of reducing sugars and higher carbon dioxide evolution gave evidence of higher microbial activity in the top profile. These results clearly indicate the positive relationship between nitrogenase activity, nitrogen-fixing populations and redox status in the top layers of flooded tropical rice soils. Received: 5 June 1996