192株肺炎链球菌对新喹诺酮体外耐药性测定

目的:调查192株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素和环丙沙星等的耐药现状,并与新喹诺酮类进行比较.方法:根据美国国家临床实验室标准委员会(NCCLS)标准使用微量肉汤稀释法检测192株肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素和喹诺酮类抗菌药物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC).结果:肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率(中介率+耐药率)已达42.7%,对红霉素的耐药率为77.6%,克林霉素、白霉素、环丙沙星的耐药率分别为66.7%、65.6%、57.3%,新喹诺酮类抗菌药物对之有较好的抗菌活性,敏感率皆大于90%,与是否对青霉素、红霉素耐药无关.结论:在我国,肺炎链球菌对青霉素、红霉素的耐药率较高,新喹诺酮类抗生素有较好的抗菌活性.     

81株肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的：了解赣州市人民医院临床分离的肺炎链球菌分布及其耐药情况。方法回顾性分析2013年1月-12月临床分离的81株肺炎链球菌病区分布,并用VITEK2-compact上GP卡鉴定和GP68卡检测药敏。结果81株肺炎链球菌来自痰标本61株,血7株,脑脊液2株,鼻咽拭子4株,分泌物7株。81株肺炎链球菌对13种抗生素耐药性：青霉素48.2%;头孢曲松22.6%;头孢噻肟30.4%;亚安培南11.3%;左克1.8%;莫西沙星0;氧氟沙星3.8%;复方新诺明66.1%;红霉素92.2%;利奈唑胺0;万古霉素0;氯霉素5.6%;四环素78.2%。结论本地区肺炎链球菌耐药情况已很严峻,提示在临床合理使用抗生素的基础上监测肺炎链球菌的耐药情况十分必要;对耐青霉素的链球菌可根据耐药结果选用合理抗生素。     

南昌地区肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的了解南昌地区肺炎链球菌耐药情况,指导临床合理使用抗生素。方法用琼脂稀释法对临床分离的100株肺炎链球菌进行青霉素等12种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度（M IC）的测定。结果肺炎链球菌对青霉素的不敏感率为57.0%、,其中高度耐药率25.0%,中度耐药率32.0%;头孢呋辛耐药率为38.0%,头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、氯霉素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为12.0%、17.0%、20.0%和7.0%。对红霉素、阿奇霉素、四环素、复方新诺明、克林霉素有较高耐药率,分别为86.0%、90.0%、89.0%、86.0%和90.0%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌珠。结论南昌地区肺炎链球菌耐药严重,且多为多重耐药株,临床应合理选择用药。     

上海地区儿童肺炎链球菌耐药性研究

目的 了解上海地区2001年小儿社区获得性呼吸道感染息儿肺炎链球菌(SP)耐药情况，以指导临床抗生素合理使用。方法 用Kirby—Bauer法和E—test法检测100株SP对青霉素等10种抗菌药物敏感性。结果 SP总分离率29．1％；SP对青霉素耐药率55％，最低抑菌浓度(MIC90)0．75mg/L，MIC均值0．06mg/L；对阿莫西林、阿莫西林/克拉维酸和头孢曲松呈低耐药率，分别为3％、3％和6％；对头孢克洛耐率15％；对头孢映辛29％。SP对氯霉素耐药34％，而对磺胺甲恶唑／甲氧苄啶、红霉素和四环素均呈高度耐药，达80％～82％。结论 小儿SP耐药率远远高于成人，但阿莫西林和头孢曲松依然敏感，抗生素合理使用是重要的。     

小儿科痰培养肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的：研究小儿科痰培养肺炎链球菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法：对本院117株肺炎链球菌进行药物敏感试验。结果：青霉素耐药株占21.36%,头孢霉素、四环素以及氯霉素随着青霉素的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）升高而对肺炎链球菌的敏感性下降。青霉素敏感株的7%、中度耐药株的85%和高度耐药株的100%对1种以上的其他抗生素耐药。结论：肺炎链球菌耐药性上升迅速,且耐药程度高,临床上应该注意避免盲目用药,应该及时行药物培养并根据药敏结果酌情用药。     

204株肺炎链球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解襄樊市东风公司襄樊医院肺炎链球菌分布和耐药情况。方法应用K-B纸片扩散法检测对襄樊市东风公司襄樊医院2006年7月至2009年6月从临床分离的204株肺炎链球菌对青霉素等8种抗生素的敏感度,用E-test法检测对苯唑西林耐药的肺炎链球菌青霉素的MIC值。结果青霉素的耐药呈上升趋势,尤其是2008年7月至2009年6月。肺炎链球菌对克林霉素、红霉素、四环素的耐药性较高,分别为90.2%、83.3%、89.2%;对青霉素的耐药率为52.5%,对头孢噻肟的耐药率为15.7%;对氯霉素、氧氟沙星的耐药率较低,分别为23.5%、5.4%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌株。青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)的E-test检测结果以中介菌株为主,PNSSP的MIC值最高达到6μg/mL。结论襄樊市东风公司襄樊医院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药较为严重,耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌不断上升,有必要对其进行耐药性监测,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。     

肺炎链球菌的耐药性和耐药机制

耐药性肺炎链球菌在世界范围内的广泛流行引起了医学界的普遍关注，肺炎链球菌对β－内酰胺类，大环内酯类抗生素的耐药率在世界各地以较快速度上升，不同地区差异较大，磺胺类，四环素类，氯霉素耐药率普遍较高，出现了氟喹诺酮药性临床菌株，肺炎链球菌的β－内酰胺耐药性主要由青霉素结合蛋白变异所致，非pbp基因突变也会导致β－内酰胺耐药性，大环内酯耐药性肺炎链球菌的耐药表型MLS型，M型分别由耐药基因ermB和mefA介导，23SrRNA和核糖体蛋白L4突变也是其耐药机制之一。DNA促旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ基因突变引起的靶位改变导致肺炎链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药。肺炎链球菌也存在氟喹诺酮耐药性主动排系统，pmrA基因编码了外排蛋白PmrA。     

成都地区肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性调查

目的 了解成都地区临床分离的肺炎链球菌的耐药性，为肺炎链球菌感染临床合理应用抗菌药物提供理论依据。方法 二倍琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物对肺炎链球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果 91．94％菌株对青霉素敏感，8．06％中度耐药；88．71％菌株对SMZ／TMP敏感，11．29％中度耐药；肺炎链球菌对头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、头孢毗肟、氧氟沙星、司帕沙星、美洛培南、万古霉素敏感率为100％；对红霉素、克林霉素耐药率相当高，分别达到62．90％和74．19％。结论 成都地区肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率较低，而对大环内酯类和克林霉素类耐药率较高。     

204株肺炎链球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

目的了解自贡市第四人民医院肺炎链球菌分布和耐药情况。方法对自贡市第四人民医院2006年7月至2009年6月从临床分离的204株肺炎链球菌采用K-B纸片扩散法检测其对青霉素等8种抗生素的敏感度,用E-test法检测对苯唑西林耐药的肺炎链球菌青霉素的MIC值。结果青霉素的耐药呈上升趋势,尤其是2008年7月至2009年6月。肺炎链球菌对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素有较高的耐药率,分别为83.3%、89.2%、90.2%;对青霉素的耐药率为52.5%,对头孢噻肟的耐药率为15.7%;对氯霉素、氧氟沙星的耐药率较低,分别为23.5%、5.4%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌株。青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)的E-test检测结果以中介菌株为主,PNSSP的MIC值最高达到6μg/mL。结论自贡市第四人民医院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药较为严重,耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌不断上升,有必要对其进行耐药性监测,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。     

In vitro activity of older and newer fluoroquinolones against efflux-mediated high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

The effect of high-level efflux activity on the MICs of fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae in the absence of topoisomerase mutations leading to fluoroquinolones resistance was investigated. A S. pneumoniae ATCC 46619-derived strain with high-level efflux activity was obtained (SP-25A). Both the parent and obtained strains were tested against efflux substrates acriflavine (Acr) and ethidium bromide (EtBr), and against norfloxacin (NFX), ciprofloxacin (CFX), levofloxacin (LFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), trovafloxacin (TVX) and sitafloxacin (SFX), in presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor reserpine. gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE QRDR genes were amplified by PCR and sequenced. MICs of NFX and CFX against SP-25A were 64-fold higher than parent strain MICs (256 mg/L versus 4 mg/L and 64 mg/L versus 1mg/L, respectively). MIC of LFX increased from 1 to 4 mg/L and MICs of MFX, TVX and SFX remained virtually unchanged (0.1-0.2 mg/L). MICs of Acr and EtBr against SP-25A were 8- and 16-fold higher than against parent strains. In both cases, reserpine reverted MICs to the parent strain values (1 and 0.2 mg/L). Only parE showed two mutations leading to a Pro(454) --> Ser and Glu(443) changes, which have previously been shown not to lead to significant fluoroquinolones MIC increases. SP-25A showed a significant increase of MICs of the hydrophilic fluoroquinolones, apparently derived only from efflux activity. Efflux activity, at these high levels, can lead to high-level resistance to older hydrophilic fluoroquinolones, but does affect newer fluoroquinolones such as moxifloxacin, trovafloxacin and sitafloxacin.     

Antimicrobial activity and a comparison of published pharmacodynamics of gemifloxacin and eight fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gemifloxacin was evaluated for its in vitro activity and was compared with eight fluoroquinolones. Pharmacodynamic comparisons were made based on published pharmacokinetic information. Gemifloxacin demonstrated excellent in vitro activity (minimum inhibitory concentration necessary to inhibit 90% of the strains tested, MIC90 = 0.03 mg/L (range 0.0019-0.03 mg/L)) against 199 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Its activity was not influenced by penicillin or ciprofloxacin non-susceptibility. Gemifloxacin demonstrated excellent pharmacodynamic parameters, with a Cmax/MIC90 of 67 (where Cmax is the peak serum level) and an AUC/MIC90 of 297 (where AUC is the area under the curve). Compared with the other eight fluoroquinolones tested, gemifloxacin demonstrated the best in vitro activity and Cmax/MIC90.     

96株儿童肺炎链球菌耐药情况分析

目的 了解南京地区儿童感染肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 琼脂稀释法测定96株肺炎链球菌对14种抗菌药物最低抑菌浓度.结果 96株肺炎链球菌中,耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(penicillin resist streptococcus pneumoniae,PRSP)最小抑菌浓度(minimal inhibitory ...     

Pharmacokinetics of the newer fluoroquinolones

A large number of pharmacokinetic studies have been carried out using 4-quinolones in order to estimate total and renal clearance, to examine tissue penetration, to establish suitable dosage regimens and to determine the influence of kidney and liver impairment on the pharmacokinetic behaviour.Although the quinolones are poorly water soluble over the physiological pH range (6–8) they are well absorbed following oral administration. Ofloxacin is almost completely absorbed and ciprofloxacin has been shown to have an absolute bioavailability of 0.70. Plasma protein binding varies greatly from quinolone to quinolone ranging from about 10% in the case of norfloxacin to more than 90% in the case of nalidixic acid. Penetration of the quinolones into the prostate is generally good Most quinolones, too, have been shown to penetrate blister fluid rapidly and this model has proved useful in distribution studies. Some quinolones, like ofloxacin, are excreted largely unchanged while others like pefloxacin and acrosoxacin, are almost completely metabolized. Conjugation to very water-soluble glucuronides is not common although other types of metabolites have been shown. Little information appears to have been published on the effect of liver disease on the metabolism of the quinolones. This must be an important consideration for this type of drugs which are subject to hepatic transformation. The pharmacokinetic behaviour of quinolones in patients with impaired renal function has been extensively studied. The interaction of food on the absorption does not seem to be great, there is however evidence of a drug interaction between theophylline and some of the newer quinolones. Sucralfate and antacids containing Mg²⁺ or (and) Al³⁺ -ions can markedly impair the absorption of quinolone antibiotics.     

儿童感染肺炎链球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：分析儿童肺炎链球菌（SP）对常用抗生素的耐药情况。方法采用法国梅里埃公司的VITEK 2 Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪对本院2013年儿童感染SP分离情况及抗菌药物敏感性进行回顾性的分析。结果痰液、咽拭子为SP主要标本来源,分别占96.4%和2.9%;在280株SP中对常用抗菌药物的耐药率有普遍上升趋势,其中对红霉素、四环素、复方新诺明的耐药率较高（〉80%）,对青霉素类和三代头孢类的耐药率较低（〈40%）,对氯霉素、泰利霉素和美罗培南的耐药率更低（〈10%）,对利奈唑胺、万古霉素、厄它培南和氟喹诺酮类均无耐药性。结论加强对SP的耐药性检测,以指导临床医生制定合理有效的治疗及用药方案。     

肺炎链球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的 :调查肺炎链球菌对青霉素等抗菌药物的耐药性 ,并进行初步分析。方法 :采用肉汤微量稀释法测定肺炎链球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果 :统计分析 5年中痰标本分离的 16 0株肺炎链球菌对常用的 8种抗菌药物的耐药性 ,结果显示对头孢噻肟耐药率最低 ,对红霉素耐药率最高。结论 :肺炎链球菌的耐药性有逐年增加的趋势 ,其中耐青霉素肺炎链球菌 (PRP)的耐药性同时也有逐年增加的趋势。     

哌拉西林/三唑巴坦对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的体外敏感性

目的 评价哌拉西林/三唑巴坦对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的体外敏感性。方法 收集肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌426株,用Kirby-Bauer琼脂扩散法作药敏试验;用表型确认试验检测用广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果 426株肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中,哌拉西林/三唑巴坦的敏感性为99.53％,与亚胺培南(100％)和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(100％)相当,明显高于青霉素类抗生素哌拉西林(48.83％)和第二代头孢菌素头孢呋新(60.09％),也高于第三代头孢菌素头孢三嗪(62.91％)、头孢噻肟(64.79％)、头孢哌酮(65.73％)和头孢他啶(88.26％),略优于第四代头孢菌素头孢吡肟(94.37％)。142株(33.33％)菌株经表型确认试验证实为产ESBLs菌;哌拉西林/三唑巴坦对产ESBLs菌的体外敏感性为98.59％。结论 哌拉西林/三唑巴坦对肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌活性与亚胺培南和头孢吸酮/舒巴坦相当,高于第三、四代头孢菌素;哌拉西林/三唑巴坦可作为产ESBLs菌感染的治疗选择。     

Activity of nine fluoroquinolones against strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica

Thirty-two strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica were tested for their antimicrobial susceptibilities to nine fluoroquinolones. The most active agents were fleroxacin, temafloxacin, ciprofloxacin (MIC₉₀ 1 μg/ml), ofloxacin, lomefloxacin and enoxacin (MIC₉₀ 2 μg/ml). Pefloxacin and norfloxacin were active only against 59.3 and 83.1%, respectively, of the strains tested, whereas rufloxacin lacked activity against all the strains of B. bronchiseptica tested.