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1.
董欣  杜鹏飞  李志一  王浩昌 《环境科学》2008,29(6):1495-1501
为了研究城市不透水下垫面的降雨径流过程和污染负荷,以屋面为例,选择径流管理模型SWMM,采用独立场次实测数据,应用基于不确定性分析的HSY算法和Monte Carlo采样方法对模型中的水文水力和水质参数进行识别和验证.结果表明,地表不透水区径流模型中主要包含6个关键参数,分别为不透水区初损填洼深度(S-imperv)、不透水区曼宁系数(N-imperv),指数累积方程中的最大可能累积值(max buildup)、累积常数(rate constant),指数冲刷方程中的冲刷系数(coefficient)和冲刷指数 (exponent).水文水力参数的识别可以最小二乘法偏差作为目标函数,水质参数的识别可以场次污染负荷和污染物峰值浓度作为目标函数.参数识别结果为N-imperv0.012~0.025, S-imperv 0~0.7, max buildup 15~30, rate constant0.2~0.8, coefficient0.01~ 0.05, exponent1.0~1.2.参数的区域灵敏度由大到小排序为 coefficient、S-imperv、N-imperv、max buildup、exponent、rate constant.识别后的参数可以通过模型验证,但是在模拟一些雨型特殊的降雨径流污染物浓度曲线时,仍然存在一定的困难.  相似文献   

2.
城市化发展导致不透水地表面积率大幅攀升,由此带来的一系列问题逐渐受到人们关注,夏季城市汇水区域地表产生高温径流后汇入下游受纳水体所造成的雨水径流热污染,对水生态、水环境造成不良影响的风险尤为突出.选取北京市典型汇水区域,对 2021-2022 年多场降雨径流出流温度进行监测与分析,并对气象因素、下垫面温度及管道内径流热量等数据进行同步采集,运用皮尔逊相关系数法分析其影响因素.结果表明:研究区域夏季降雨常出现雨水径流温度升高现象,降水量小于 12.5 mm、降雨历时短于 250 min的降雨场次更易于升温,升温幅度最高可达 4.1℃;径流温度升高往往出现在径流过程初期,温度达峰平均时间为 38 min;径流是否升温与降雨强度峰值位置之间没有明显关系;气温、不透水地表初始时刻温度、降雨历时及降水量是雨水径流温度的极显著影响因素(P<0.01);降雨期间气温、降雨历时、不透水地表初始时刻温度和管道内壁温度 4 个指标,可以基本解释研究区域 96.7%的径流温度输出情况.  相似文献   

3.
镇江城市降雨径流营养盐污染特征研究   总被引:9,自引:6,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
边博  朱伟  黄峰  卞勋文 《环境科学》2008,29(1):19-25
城市降雨径流污染是城市水体水质恶化的主要原因之一,为了分析降雨径流的污染特征,从2006-05开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用功能对其降雨径流水质进行监测,分析了径流中固体悬浮物和营养盐的变化特征.结果表明,镇江不同功能区中5~40 μm粒径的固体悬浮物体积分数最大;商业区径流污染物浓度很高,其中SS浓度高达978 mg/L,是城市面源污染的主要来源;降雨初期的30 min径流污染物浓度很高,随降雨历时的延长污染物浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定;溶解态氮、颗粒态磷和固体悬浮物是径流中污染物输出的主要形态;通过分析固体悬浮物与其他污染物的相关性,发现固体悬浮物是径流中营养盐吸附的载体,去除固体悬浮物是治理镇江降雨径流污染的有效途径.  相似文献   

4.
刘勇  聂含冰  江成  詹聪  桂双林  李田 《环境工程》2023,41(12):70-75
前期研究表明,新型透水铺装通过在结构层引入毛细柱,不仅可有效提高设施在高地下水位地区应用的水文控制效果从而缓解城市内涝风险,还能够有效缓解城市热岛从而调节城市热环境。为了探讨新型透水铺装对于城市雨水径流污染的控制效果,实验构建了新型透水铺装(IPP)、传统混凝土砖缝隙透水铺装(PICP)和不透水混凝土路面(CP)3种不同的停车场现场设施,基于全年实际降雨条件下监测数据,分析对比了IPP和PICP对于雨水径流水质净化的效果差异,评估了2种设施全年所排放的城市面源污染负荷。实验结果表明:与PICP设施相比,IPP对NO3--N、TN的总污染负荷控制率分别从14.4%、37.3%提高至45.6%、58.8%,对TSS和COD总污染负荷控制率分别从81.9%、84.2%提高至97.5%和96.7%;PICP和IPP 2种设施对于TP的去除效果均较好,其总污染负荷控制率分别为82.5%、86.2%。统计结果显示,新型透水铺装IPP可明显减少NO3--N、TN、TSS、COD污染物的排放,从而有效缓解雨水径流导致的城市面源污染问题。  相似文献   

5.
在假设每一雨水口集水流域产生的地面暴雨径流均汇入该雨水口的条件下,通过研究雨水口入流污染物浓度随入流流量变化的规律,建立城市雨水口地面暴雨径流浓度模型,并采用2000年7 ̄9月间重庆市两个雨水口的测量数据,对模型的模拟精度进行验证。  相似文献   

6.
城市入河径流排放口总污染特征研究   总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3       下载免费PDF全文
罗鸿兵  罗麟  黄鹄  何强  刘娉 《环境科学》2009,30(11):3227-3235
流入城市雨源性河流的径流污染不容忽视,以我国南方典型城市深圳市的福田河流域为研究对象,经过18场典型降雨径流的测定,从污染过程线、径流初期效应识别和降雨事件平均浓度(EMC)等方面分析和讨论了城市河流入河径流排放口的总污染特征规律,有利于指导城市河流污染控制.结果表明,排放口地表径流浓度随时间变化历程中,COD、SS、TN、TP和BOD5普遍超出地表Ⅴ类水标准十多倍以上,某典型降雨场次的重金属(铬、镉、铜、砷和汞)污染较为严重,研究区排放口的浓度范围和平均值均高于重庆沙坪坝雨水口和加拿大Silerwood的雨水排放口,但低于武汉十里铺排放口.COD、SS、BOD5的初期效应尤为明显并且COD和SS冲刷强度较大,TN、TP初期效应不明显.COD、SS、TN、TP和BOD5的EMC浓度平均值分别为224.14、571.15、5.223、2.04、143.5 mg/L,在某种程度上,深圳市研究点的COD和SS的EMC值高于邻近的澳门、珠海,TN、TP值高于北京、广州、上海等城市,与国外的一些研究结果相比较,EMC值比韩国、美国及加拿大一些城市地表径流污染物浓度高得多,可见由排放口入河的径流总污染极其严重并需要治理.  相似文献   

7.
雨洪管理措施的应用可有效控制雨水径流量及其污染物,系统分析雨洪管理措施对径流及其污染物的影响有助于理解雨洪管理的水环境效应。本文基于Meta方法整理国内已发表的文献案例,通过提取雨洪管理措施的类型、应用尺度、降雨特征及径流量和污染物削减率等信息,综述了雨洪管理措施应用后径流量和污染物的变化。结果表明:(1)不同雨洪管理措施所产生的水环境效应存在差异,样本中屋顶绿化的径流削减能力最强,透水铺装的径流污染物削减效果最佳;(2)雨洪管理措施对水环境的影响具有尺度效应,大尺度区域内雨洪管理措施对径流量削减作用较弱,而小尺度区域内径流污染物削减作用较弱;(3)雨洪管理措施对径流量及其污染物的削减能力随降雨量增加呈下降趋势。结合案例数据,系统分析了雨洪管理措施在径流量及其污染物控制效果上的差异及成因,可为径流调控与污染治理等实践提供理论参考。  相似文献   

8.
生物滞留池是一种采用分散方法,从源头削减雨水和控制污染物迁移的高效LID措施。从水文效应、水质处理及模型建立三方面回顾了国外生物滞留池的研究现状,对生物滞留池用于国内城市雨水径流控制展望如下:在满足水量负荷下对溶解性N和颗粒悬浮物去除的研究;生物滞留池长期运行稳定性研究,包括填料的二次污染和自然再生等;生物滞留池水力模型和水质模型的研究必须与理论研究相结合,以减少试验周期和优化试验参数。  相似文献   

9.
  总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
Storm runoff pollution process was investigated in an urban catchment with an area of 1.3 km^2 in Wuhan City of China. The results indicate that the pollutant concentration peaks preceded the flow peaks in all of 8 monitored storm events. The intervals between pollution peak and flow peak were shorter in the rain events with higher intensity in the initial period than those with lower intensity. The fractions of pollution load transported by the first 30% of runoff volume (FF30) were 52.2%-72.1% for total suspended solids (TSS), 53.0%-65.3% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40.4%-50.6% for total nitrogen (TN), and 45.8%-63.2% for total phosphorus (TP), respectively. Runoff pollution was positively related to non-raining days before the rainfall. Intercepting the first 30% of runoff volume can remove 62.4% of TSS load, 59.4% of COD load, 46.8% of TN load, and 54.1% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. It is suggested that controlling the first flush is a critical measure in reduction of urban stormwater pollution.  相似文献   

10.
城市垃圾产生量预测研究   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6  
通过对城市生活垃圾产生状况的分析,选取我国西部和东部的典型城市成都、上海进行研究。运用线性回归模型对两城市垃圾量进行预测,为城市建设规划和垃圾综合处理提供依据。  相似文献   

11.
城市降雨径流模拟的参数不确定性分析   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
黄金良  林杰  杜鹏飞 《环境科学》2012,33(7):2224-2234
以厦门城市小流域为例,基于蒙特卡洛随机采样和区域灵敏度分析(RSA)方法,从参数的可识别性和灵敏度分析2个方面来分析城市降雨径流SWMM模型参数的不确定性.结果表明,水文水力模块中汇水单元不透水区贮水深度(Dstore-Imperv)、汇水单元透水区贮水深度(Dstore-Perv)和CN特征曲线(Curve Number)这3个参数可识别性较好,区域灵敏度高;水文水力模块的区域灵敏度的排序为:Dstore-ImpervCNDstore-Perv汇水单元透水区曼宁糙率(N-Perv)传导系数(Conductivity)管道曼宁糙率(Con-Mann)汇水单元不透水区曼宁糙率(N-Imperv).水质模块冲刷函数中地表冲刷系数(Coefficient)和地表径流幂指数(Exponent)这2个参数以及累积函数中的地表最大可累积的污染物量(Max.Buildup)的识别性较高,区域灵敏度较大.而从区域灵敏度的排序来看,3种用地类型的地表累积速率(Rate Constant)参数K-S距离最小,Max.Buildup、Coefficient和Exponent参数的K-S距离相对较大.  相似文献   

12.
厦门市城市绿地雨洪减排效应评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
城市绿地在对雨水的渗透、滞留和调蓄方面具有非常显著的作用,能够有效削减城市的雨洪流量,缓解内涝压力.以海绵城市试点——厦门市为典型区,在日降雨数据、土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、城市绿地空间分布数据和城市建成区空间范围数据等多源数据的支撑下,系统评价了厦门市建成区城市绿地的雨洪减排效应.其中,雨洪减排效应的实物量通过SCS(Soil Conservation Service)模型进行评估,价值量则利用替代市场法进行估算.结果表明:2010年厦门市单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为262.28 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为4 385.40×104 m3,减排服务价值为2.75×108元;2015年单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为335.77 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为7 634.37×104 m3,减排服务价值为5.49×108元.城市绿地面积、降水量及其时程分配是影响城市绿地雨洪减排效应的关键因子,在其共同驱动下,2015年厦门市城市绿地的雨洪减排效应较2010年显著增加.研究显示,SCS模型在数据输入和参数率定等方面具有显著优势,能够在地理空间上连续模拟厦门市整个建成区的产流量,进而实现行政区单元和城市绿地类型单元雨洪减排效应的双重评价,3种城市绿地类型(乔木、灌木和草本)单位面积的雨洪减排效应并无明显差异,受绿地面积支配,厦门市80%的城市绿地雨洪减排效应由乔木绿地产生.   相似文献   

13.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Monitoring data are often used to identify stormwater runoff characteristics and in stormwater runoff modelling without considerationof their inherent uncertainties. Integrated with discrete sample analysis and error propagation analysis, this study attempted to quantifythe uncertainties of discrete chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) concentration, stormwater flowrate,stormwater event volumes, COD event mean concentration (EMC), and COD event loads in terms of flow measurement, samplecollection, storage and laboratory analysis. The results showed that the uncertainties due to sample collection, storage and laboratoryanalysis of COD from stormwater runoff are 13.99%, 19.48% and 12.28%. Meanwhile, flow measurement uncertainty was 12.82%,and the sample collection uncertainty of TSS from stormwater runoff was 31.63%. Based on the law of propagation of uncertainties,the uncertainties regarding event flow volume, COD EMC and COD event loads were quantified as 7.03%, 10.26% and 18.47%.  相似文献   

14.
北京城市道路地表径流中PAHs的污染特征研究   总被引:11,自引:2,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
张巍 《环境科学学报》2008,28(1):160-167
以北京城市道路地表径流中的PAHs为研究对象,于2006年雨季在海淀区成府路和海淀路设置3个采样点采集了6场地表径流和同期雨水样品,分析了溶解相和颗粒相PAHs的浓度.对地表径流和雨水样品中PAHs的浓度特征,地表径流中PAHs在时间和空间上的变化,及辅助参数的相关性进行了探讨.结果表明,海淀路地表径流EMC值大于成府路,自行车道地表径流EMC值与机动车道相近,道路地表径流PAHs的污染程度不能仅根据车流量判断.对单场径流历时中PAHs浓度变化的分析和累积污染负荷曲线的研究均表明,道路径流初期冲刷效应并不是普遍发生的,而是受路面积尘特征和降雨条件等多种因素的影响.  相似文献   

15.
    
Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-o pollutantconcentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runo coe cient. In this study, runo quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parkinglot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCsas a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors ofpollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could beaccurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used forthe development of estimation models.  相似文献   

16.
Rainfall is an important factor in estimating the event mean concentration (EMC) which is used to quantify the washed-off pollutant concentrations from non-point sources (NPSs). Pollutant loads could also be calculated using rainfall, catchment area and runoff coefficient. In this study, runoff quantity and quality data gathered from a 28-month monitoring conducted on the road and parking lot sites in Korea were evaluated using multiple linear regression (MLR) to develop equations for estimating pollutant loads and EMCs as a function of rainfall variables. The results revealed that total event rainfall and average rainfall intensity are possible predictors of pollutant loads. Overall, the models are indicators of the high uncertainties of NPSs; perhaps estimation of EMCs and loads could be accurately obtained by means of water quality sampling or a long term monitoring is needed to gather more data that can be used for the development of estimation models.  相似文献   

17.
前期晴天时间对城市降雨径流污染水质的影响   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
边博 《环境科学》2009,30(12):3522-3526
识别影响城市降雨径流污染的主要因子是城市降雨径流污染治理和管理的前提和基础.为此,从2006年5月开始,选择镇江具有代表性的土地使用类型监测城市地表径流水质,分析前期晴天时间对城市地表降雨径污染物的影响.结果表明,随着前期晴天时间的增加,径流中粒径<40 μm的颗粒物粒径体积分数增加;径流中主要水质参数(TN、TP、Zn、Pb、Cu、TSS和COD)与前期晴天时间呈显著正相关,初期地表径流中溶解态污染物增加,说明前期晴天时间是影响城市径流污染浓度和形态的主要因子,从而为城市降雨径流污染的控制和治理提供科学依据.  相似文献   

18.
  总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
To investigate the distribution of pollutant concentrations and pollution loads in stormwater runoff in Chongqing,six typical land use types were selected and studied from August 2009 to September 2011.Statistical analysis on the distribution of pollutant concentrations in all water samples shows that pollutant concentrations fluctuate greatly in rainfall-runoff,and the concentrations of the same pollutant also vary greatly in different rainfall events.In addition,it indicates that the event mean concentrations (EMCs) of total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from urban traffic roads (UTR) are significantly higher than those from residential roads (RR),commercial areas (CA),concrete roofs (CR),tile roofs (TRoof),and campus catchment areas (CCA);and the EMCs of total phosphorus (TP) and NH3-N from UTR and CA are 2.35-5 and 3 times of the class-III standard values specified in the Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB 3838-2002).The EMCs of Fe,Pb and Cd are also much higher than the class-III standard values.The analysis of pollution load producing coefficients (PLPC) reveals that the main pollution source of TSS,COD and TP is UTR.The analysis of correlations between rainfall factors and EMCs/PLPC indicates that rainfall duration is correlated with EMCs/PLPC of TSS for TRoof and TP for UTR,while rainfall intensity is correlated with EMCs/PLPC of TP for both CR and CCA.The results of this study provide a reference for better management of non-point source pollution in urban regions.  相似文献   

19.
镇江城市径流颗粒粒径分布及其与污染物的关系   总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10       下载免费PDF全文
朱伟  边博  李磊 《环境科学学报》2008,28(4):764-771
为了解城市中不同粒径颗粒物对于径流中污染物的影响,2006年3月在镇江城市不同功能区地表采集了沉积物样品和径流样品,分析了颗粒物的粒径分布和污染物浓度.结果表明,晴天条件下道路沉积物主要由粒径<250μm的颗粒组成;降雨初期主要为<5μm的颗粒物随径流迁移,随降雨历时的延长较大颗粒开始随径流迁移,降雨期间随地表径流迁移主要为小于150μm的颗粒物,特别是5~40μm粒径段的颗粒要特别予以关注;同时污染物浓度也由降雨初期的高浓度逐渐下降并趋于稳定.明确了径流中污染物的主要输出形态,并通过分析不同降雨历时污染物与固体悬浮物和颗粒粒径的相关性探明了径流污染物形态输出的原因,从而为城市非点源污染的管理以及控制方法的选择提供科学依据.  相似文献   

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A stormwater management system utilizing the mechanisms of sedimentation and filtration/infiltration was developed and constructed for the immobilization of suspended solids and heavy metal constituents (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu, Cd, Ni) in runoff. Monitoring took place between May 2010 and November 2012 on a total of 24 storm events. This research on the fractionation of heavy metals in runoff and discharge of a stormwater system provided insight on the actual efficiency of the system and determined the implications for treatment of the particulate-bound and dissolved heavy metals in runoff. Results revealed that the partitioning of heavy metal load in runoff in either dissolved or particulate-bound were influenced by flow rate and total suspended solids load, and evident in high-intensity storm (rainfall-runoff event). On the other hand, the partitioning of heavy metal load discharge from the stormwater system was more apparent during the early period of discharge having higher variability in dissolved than particulate-bound heavy metal. Findings revealed that fractionation of heavy metals played an important role in the performance of the stormwater system; thus, must be considered in designing stormwater systems. For the stormwater system to be effective, it is recommended to design the system treating not only the early period of a storm (first flush criteria) rather until the peak part of the hydrograph (high flow rate where partitioning was greatest) from a load basis.  相似文献   

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