Nonlinear transient response of strain rate dependent composite laminated plates using multiscale simulation

The effects of strain rate dependency and inelasticity on the transient responses of composite laminated plates are investigated. A micromechanics model which accounts for the transverse shear stress effect, the effect of strain rate dependency and the effect of inelasticity is used for analyzing the mechanical responses of the fiber and matrix constituents. The accuracy of the micromechanics model under transverse shear loading is verified by comparing the results with those obtained using a general purpose finite element code. A higher order laminated plate theory is extended to capture the inelastic deformations of the composite plate and is implemented using the finite element technique. A complete micro–macro numerical procedure is developed to model the strain rate dependent behavior of inelastic composite laminates by implementing the micromechanics model into the finite element model. Parametric studies of the transient responses of composite plates are conduced. The effects of geometry, ply stacking sequence, material models, boundary conditions and loadings are investigated. The results show that the strain rate dependency and inelasticity influence the transient responses of composite plates via two significantly different mechanisms.     

Variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization of periodically heterogeneous materials

A new micromechanics model, namely, the variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH), is developed to predict the effective properties of periodically heterogeneous materials and recover the local fields. Considering the periodicity as a small parameter, we can formulate a variational statement of the unit cell through an asymptotic expansion of the energy functional. It is shown that the governing differential equations and periodic boundary conditions of mathematical homogenization theories (MHT) can be reproduced from this variational statement. In comparison to other approaches, VAMUCH does not rely on ad hoc assumptions, has the same rigor as MHT, has a straightforward numerical implementation, and can calculate the complete set of properties simultaneously without using multiple loadings. This theory is implemented using the finite element method and an engineering program, VAMUCH, is developed for micromechanical analysis of unit cells. Many examples of binary composites, fiber reinforced composites, and particle reinforced composites are used to demonstrate the application, power, and accuracy of the theory and the code of VAMUCH.     

Compressive response and failure of braided textile composites: Part 2—computations

In this, the second part of a two part paper, results obtained by using the finite element (FE) method in conjunction with micromechanics to predict the effective elastic stiffness and strength of a carbon 2D triaxially braided composite (2DTBC), are presented. The 3D FE based micromechanics study was carried out on one representative unit cell (RUC) of the carbon 2DTBC (the “micromodel”). The FE models were first used to determine the macroscopic elastic orthotropic stiffnesses of the 2DTBC. The micromodel was deemed acceptable (in terms of the number of elements used in the mesh of the micromodel) if the elastic stiffnesses it displayed were within 5% of the elastic properties found experimentally. Subsequently, buckling eigenmodes were determined for the FE RUC under uniaxial and biaxial loading states, corresponding to the experimental investigation reported in part I of this two part paper. The lowest symmetric modes were identified and these mode shapes were used as imperfections to the FE model for a subsequent nonlinear response analysis using an arc-length method in conjunction with the ABAQUS commercial FE code. The magnitude of the imperfections was left as a parameter and its effect on the predicted response was quantified. The present micromechanics computational model provides a means to assess the compressive and compressive/tensile biaxial strength of the braided composites and its dependence on various microstructural parameters. It also serves as a tool to assess the most significant parameter that affects compressive strength.     

Multi-level modeling of woven glass/epoxy composite for multilayer printed circuit board applications

The objective of this paper is to develop a hybrid homogenization method to predict the elastic properties of a common woven glass/epoxy composite substrate for multilayer circuit board applications. Comprehensive high resolution 3D finite element (FE) models of a quarter of the repeated unit cell (RUC) for the woven glass/epoxy composite were developed based on different micromechanical schemes. . Specifically, four different micromechanics schemes were investigated: self-consistent, Mori–Tanaka, three-phase approach and composite cylinder assemblage (CCA). The element based strain concentration matrices were determined and used to obtain the homogenized woven glass/epoxy composite properties via a specially developed MATLAB code. Attention was further devoted to the predictions of the homogenized elastic moduli of the multilayer printed circuit board (PCB). The results from our simulations, based on Mori–Tanaka and CCA, are in good agreement with existing experimental results, indicating that the newly proposed homogenization scheme can be used as a design tool to predict the overall properties of woven composite materials typically used in multilayer PCB applications.     

周期分布多边形夹杂奇异性应力干涉问题的研究

采用一种新型的杂交元模型和一种单胞模型来解决周期分布多边形夹杂角部的奇异性应力相互干涉的问题。新型杂交元模型是基于广义Hellinger-Reissner变分原理建立的,其中奇异性应力场分量和位移场分量是采用有限元特征分析法的数值特征解得到的。使用当前的新型杂交元模型,只需要在夹杂角部邻域的周界上划分一维单元,避免了像传统有限元模型那样需要划分高密度二维单元。文中给出了代表奇异性应力场强度的夹杂角部广义应力强度因子数值解,并考虑材料属性、夹杂尺寸和夹杂位置关系的影响。算例中,考虑了夹杂和基体完全接合的情况,并给出了考核例。结果表明:当前模型能得到高精度数值解,且收敛性好;与传统有限元法和积分方程方法相比,该模型更具有通用性,为非均质材料的细观力学分析打下了基础。     

A micromechanics approach to homogenizing elasto-viscoplastic heterogeneous materials

The variational asymptotic method for unit cell homogenization (VAMUCH) has emerged as a general-purpose micromechanics code capable of predicting the effective properties of heterogeneous materials and recovering the local fields. The objective of this paper is to propose a micromechanics approach enabling VAMUCH to homogenize elasto-viscoplastic heterogeneous materials. An affine formulation of the constitutive relations for an elasto-viscoplastic constituent, which exhibits viscoplastic anisotropy and combined isotropic–kinematic hardening, is derived. The weak form of the problem is derived using an asymptotic method, discretized using finite elements, and implemented into VAMUCH. The new features of VAMUCH are validated with examples such as homogenizing binary, fiber-reinforced, and particle-reinforced composites. VAMUCH is found to be capable of handling various microstructure, complex material models, complex loading conditions, and complex loading paths. More sophisticated material models can be implemented into it.     

Variational asymptotic homogenization of temperature-dependent heterogeneous materials under finite temperature changes

The variational asymptotic method is used to construct a thermomechanical model for homogenizing heterogeneous materials made of temperature-dependent constituents subject to finite temperature changes with the restriction that the strain is small. First, we presented the derivation for a Helmholtz free energy suitable for finite temperature changes using basic thermodynamics concepts. Then we used this energy to construct a thermomechanical micromechanics model, extending our previous work which was restricted to small temperature changes. The new model is implemented in the computer code VAMUCH using the finite element method for the purpose of handling real heterogeneous materials with arbitrary periodic microstructures. A few examples including binary composites, fiber reinforced composites, and particle reinforced composites are used to demonstrate the application of this model and the errors introduced by assuming small temperature changes when they are not necessarily small.     

非均质材料动力分析的广义多尺度有限元法

自然界和工程中的大部分材料都具有多尺度特征,当考察尺度小到一定程度后,都将表现出非均质性.针对非均质材料的动力问题,提出了一种广义多尺度有限元方法,其基本思想是利用静态凝聚法以及罚函数法构造能够反映单元内部材料非均质特性的多尺度位移基函数.与传统扩展多尺度有限元法中的基函数构造方式不同,广义多尺度有限元法的基函数无需通过在子网格域上多次求解椭圆问题得到,而可直接通过矩阵运算获得.其主要步骤如下:利用数值基函数将一个非均质单胞等效为一个宏观单元,进而形成整个结构的等效刚度矩阵,并得到宏观网格的节点位移,最后再次利用数值基函数得到微观尺度上的位移结果.该广义多尺度有限元法是扩展多尺度有限元法的一种新的拓展,可模拟具有更加复杂几何的非均质单胞的力学行为.通过数值算例,模拟了非均质材料的静力问题、广义特征值问题以及瞬态响应问题,计算结果表明:在边界条件一样的情况下,广义多尺度有限元法的计算结果与传统有限元的计算结果保持高度一致.与传统有限元相比,该方法在保证计算精度的同时极大地提高了计算效率.研究结果表明,广义多尺度有限元法能够很好地模拟非均质单胞的力学行为,具有良好的工程应用潜力.      

The size dependence of micro-toughness in ductile fracture

Micro-toughness in ductile fracture is defined as the plastic work dissipated per unit fracture surface area in the material separation processes of void growth and coalescence. A micromechanics model for the estimation of the size dependence of micro-toughness in ductile fracture is presented. Size effects are incorporated in the model using the conventional mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity (CMSG) theory. A finite element model of an axisymmetric representative unit cell with an initial spherical void is used to validate model predictions. Two characteristic length scales emerge from the model. The initial void radius sets the scale for the initial spherical void growth. For the subsequent void coalescence, the scale is set by the width of the intervoid ligament. Energy dissipation in ductile fracture is found to be dominated by the mechanisms of coalescence, and the micro-toughness in ductile fracture is found to be size dependent for dimple sizes approximately one order of magnitude larger than the material length scale.     

Modeling quasi-static crack growth with the extended finite element method Part I: Computer implementation

The extended finite element method (X-FEM) is a numerical method for modeling strong (displacement) as well as weak (strain) discontinuities within a standard finite element framework. In the X-FEM, special functions are added to the finite element approximation using the framework of partition of unity. For crack modeling in isotropic linear elasticity, a discontinuous function and the two-dimensional asymptotic crack-tip displacement fields are used to account for the crack. This enables the domain to be modeled by finite elements without explicitly meshing the crack surfaces, and hence quasi-static crack propagation simulations can be carried out without remeshing. In this paper, we discuss some of the key issues in the X-FEM and describe its implementation within a general-purpose finite element code. The finite element program Dynaflow™ is considered in this study and the implementation for modeling 2-d cracks in isotropic and bimaterial media is described. In particular, the array-allocation for enriched degrees of freedom, use of geometric-based queries for carrying out nodal enrichment and mesh partitioning, and the assembly procedure for the discrete equations are presented. We place particular emphasis on the design of a computer code to enable the modeling of discontinuous phenomena within a finite element framework.     

确定复合材料宏观屈服准则的细观力学方法

运用细观力学中的均匀化方法，分析了含周期性微结构复合材料的宏观屈服准则，并对Hill-Tsai准则进行了修正。从基于复合材料细观结构的代表性胞元入手，运用塑性极限理论中的机动分析以及有限元方法，计算了细观结构的极限载荷域。通过宏细观尺度对应关系，得到复合材料的宏观屈服准则。     

Unified elastoplastic finite difference and its application

Two elastoplastic constitutive models based on the unified strength theory (UST) are established and implemented in an explicit finite difference code, fast Lagrangian analysis of continua (FLAC/FLAC3D), which includes an associated/non-associated flow rule, strain-hardening/softening, and solutions of singularities. Those two constitutive models are appropriate for metallic and strength-different (SD) materials, respectively. Two verification examples are used to compare the computation results and test data using the two-dimensional finite difference code FLAC and the finite element code ANSYS, and the two constitutive models proposed in this paper are verified. Two application examples, the large deformation of a prismatic bar and the strain-softening behavior of soft rock under a complex stress state, are analyzed using the three-dimensional code FLAC3D. The two new elastoplastic constitutive models proposed in this paper can be used in bearing capacity evaluation or stability analysis of structures built of metallic or SD materials. The effect of the intermediate principal stress on metallic or SD material structures under complex stress states, including large deformation, three-dimensional and non-association problems, can be analyzed easily using the two constitutive models proposed in this paper.     

Multifunctional design of two-dimensional cellular materials with tailored mesostructure

Two-dimensional cellular materials (prismatic honeycombs) provide a range of properties that make them suitable for multifunctional applications involving heat dissipation and structural performance. In this paper we present two-scale homogenization-based finite element scheme for convective heat transfer and structural characterization of 2-D cellular metals with uniform and graded cell sizes of various topologies as well as with mixed cell-topologies. For convective heat transfer analysis, the cells are modeled implicitly as temperature-dependent sinks modeling the out-of-plane fluid convection through the cells; the sink strength is determined via a micromechanics problem of heat transfer in a cell. For structural analysis, the cellular material is represented as a micropolar continuum with linear elastic constitutive equations obtained via micromechanics solution of a representative unit cell. The analyses are then used in conjunction with an optimization algorithm to design cellular materials with functionally tailored mesostructures. The analysis and design framework enables tailoring cellular materials with graded cell structures of a given topology as well as with cell structures that combine multiple topologies.     

A refined finite element method for bending analysis of laminated plates integrated with piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composite actuators

This research presents a finite element formulation based on four-variable refined plate theory for bending analysis of cross-ply and angle-ply laminated composite plates integrated with a piezoelectric fiber-reinforced composite actuator under electromechanical loading. The four-variable refined plate theory is a simple and efficient higher-order shear deformation theory, which predicts parabolic variation of transverse shear stresses across the plate thickness and satisfies zero traction conditions on the plate free surfaces. The weak form of governing equations is derived using the principle of minimum potential energy, and a 4-node non-conforming rectangular plate element with 8 degrees of freedom per node is introduced for discretizing the domain. Several benchmark problems are solved by the developed MATLAB code and the obtained results are compared with those from exact and other numerical solutions, showing good agreement.     

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考虑共面载荷作用时薄壁蜂窝铝孔壁的弯曲、伸缩和剪切变形,基于Timoshenko粱理论精 确推导出了其共面弹性模量的计算公式,并利用壳单元设计了利用蜂窝铝特征单元来求共异 面弹性模量的有限元方法. 对厂家提供的两种蜂窝样品分别利用理论和有限元法进行了计算, 计算结果和实验数据相吻合,证明理论公式和有限元法的正确性. 最后就结构参数对蜂窝铝 各弹性模量相关材料效率的影响规律进行了分析.     

Linear viscoelastic analysis of straight and curved thin-walled laminated composite beams

This paper is devoted to study the behavior, in the range of linear viscoelasticity, of shear flexible thin-walled beam members constructed with composite laminated fiber-reinforced plastics. This work appeals to the correspondence principle in order to incorporate in unified model the motion equations of a curved or straight shear-flexible thin-walled beam member developed by the authors, together with the micromechanics and macromechanics of the reinforced plastic panels. Then, the analysis is performed in the Laplace or Carson domains. That is, the expressions describing the micromechanics and macromechanics of a plastic laminated composites and motion equations of the structural member are transformed into the Laplace or Carson domains where the relaxation components of the beam structure (straight or curved) are obtained. The resulting equations are numerically solved by means of finite element approaches defined in the Laplace or Carson domains. The finite element results are adjusted with a polynomial fitting. Then the creep behavior is obtained by means of a numerical technique for the inverse Laplace transform. Predictions of the present methodology are compared with experimental data and other approaches. New studies are performed focusing attention in the flexural–torsional behavior of shear flexible thin-walled straight composite beams as well as for thin-walled curved beams and frames.     

Design sensitivity analysis for parameters affecting geometry,elastic–viscoplastic material constant and boundary condition by consistent tangent operator-based boundary element method

This paper presents a design sensitivity analysis method by the consistent tangent operator concept-based boundary element implicit algorithm. The design variables for sensitivity analysis include geometry parameters, elastic–viscoplastic material parameters and boundary condition parameters. Based on small strain theory, Perzyna’s elastic–viscoplastic material constitutive relation with a mixed hardening model and two flow functions is considered in the sensitivity analysis. The related elastic–viscoplastic radial return algorithm and the formula of elastic–viscoplastic consistent tangent operator are derived and discussed. Based on the direct differentiation approach, the incremental boundary integral equations and related algorithms for both geometric and elastic–viscoplastic sensitivity analysis are developed. A 2D boundary element program for geometry sensitivity, elastic–viscoplastic material constant sensitivity and boundary condition sensitivity has been developed. Comparison and discussion with the results of this paper, analytical solution and finite element code ANSYS for four plane strain numerical examples are presented finally.     

Materially and geometrically non-linear woven composite micro-mechanical model with failure for finite element simulations

A computational micro-mechanical material model of woven fabric composite material is developed to simulate failure. The material model is based on repeated unit cell approach. The fiber reorientation is accounted for in the effective stiffness calculation. Material non-linearity due to the shear stresses in the impregnated yarns and the matrix material is included in the model. Micro-mechanical failure criteria determine the stiffness degradation for the constituent materials. The developed material model with failure is programmed as user-defined sub-routine in the LS-DYNA finite element code with explicit time integration. The code is used to simulate the failure behavior of woven composite structures. The results of finite element simulations are compared with available test results. The model shows good agreement with the experimental results and good computational efficiency required for finite element simulations of woven composite structures.     

Modeling the dynamic response of visco-elastic open-cell foams

This article introduces a mesoscopic formulation for modeling the dynamic response of visco-elastic, open-cell solid foams. The effective material response is obtained by enforcing on a representative 3D unit cell the principle of minimum action for dissipative systems. The resulting model accounts explicitly for the foam topology, the elastic and viscous properties of the cell wall, and the inertial effects arising from non-affine motion within the cells. The microinertial effects become significant in retarding the foam collapse during exceedingly high strain-rate loading. As an application example, a heterogenous case of compressive deformation at high strain rate is simulated utilizing the present model as a constitutive update in a non-linear finite element analysis code. This FEM simulation shows the ability of the model to capture the progressive foam collapse during the dynamic compression as observed in experimental studies. Using the microscopic model, the inertial and viscous strain-rate effects are investigated through the foam density, viscosity, and relative density. Based on the physics incorporated into the local cell model, we provide insight into the physical mechanisms responsible for the experimentally observed strain-rate effects on the behavior of dynamically loaded foam materials.     

Application of stochastic finite element method in estimation of elastic constants for NCF composites

The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of micro-structure variations on elastic constants of NCF (non-crimp fabric) composites. To reach this aim, a three-dimensional unit cell model is developed by the finite element code ABAQUS and mean value of elastic constants in NCF composites are determined by analytical and unit cell based methods with various boundary conditions. In addition, first- and second-order stochastic finite element formulations are derived and variances of elastic constants are computed with respect to the dispersion in length and width of the voids. Results show up to 9.1% scattering in the elastic constants.