湘南某铅锌矿区周围农业土壤中重金属污染及其潜在风险评价

为了探究湘南某铅锌矿区尾砂坝垮坝之后,该区域周围的农业土壤中重金属污染情况,在该矿区周围采集农业土壤,分析土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和As的含量,分别运用单因子指数和潜在生态风险指数评价土壤重金属的污染状况和潜在生态风险.结果表明,土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、As的平均含量分别为566.82、285.90、69.00、10.29、670.12 mg·kg-1,该矿区周围的农业土壤仍旧受到不同程度重金属污染,其中Cd的污染指数最髙;所有农业土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和As的潜在生态危害性顺序是Cd>As>Pb>Cu>Zn,其中Cd和As是主要的生态风险的贡献因子.该区域的农业土壤受到重金属污染程度并没有随着时间而有所减轻.     

湖南省桂阳县某铅锌矿周边农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

对湖南省桂阳县市黄沙坪某铅锌矿周边的农田土壤进行了监测和评价,结果表明,该区域重金属超标严重,特别是Cd、Zn、Pb在采样区土壤中发生了明显的积累,污染可能较重.Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法计算的综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)的范围为123.5—2791.2,达到了中等及以上的风险程度的点位占78.5%,表明研究区域农田土壤存在很高的生态风险.相关分析结果及聚类分析结果表明,研究区大部分重金属元素来源比较接近,可能主要来自于人为污染,即采矿作业造成的污染.     

南运河重金属污染状况及生态风险评价

采集南运河的水样和沉积物样品,对其重金属污染状况和生态风险进行了分析评价。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对水、沉积物中铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、铜(Cu)和镉(Cd)浓度进行分析。结果显示南运河水样中这5种重金属浓度均低于地表水环境质量标准I类水质标准,虽然运河上游沉积物中As和Cd浓度较高,但沉积物中重金属浓度总体上均处于较低水平。地累积指数法计算显示:As和Cd在部分河段达到重度和中度污染水平,Cu、Cr、Pb均处于无污染水平。各种重金属的潜在生态风险指数(Eir)从大到小的顺序为:CdAsCuPbCr,与地累积指数法结果相似。南运河总的潜在生态风险指数(RI)均值为128.85,潜在生态风险程度为"中",沉积物中Cd和As是南运河需要优先控制的重金属污染物。     

湘中某冶炼区农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

利用野外采样与实验室分析相结合的方法,以湘中某冶炼区稻田土壤(0—20 cm)为研究对象,分析其中的Cd、Zn及Pb含量,评价其重金属污染程度与潜在生态风险.单因子污染评价结果表明,100%的土壤样点Cd处于重度污染;有96.0%的样点Zn处于重度污染,有99.5%的样点Pb处于重度污染,土壤的重金属污染程度为Cd>Pb>Zn.潜在生态风险评估结果显示,大多数样点Zn处于轻度生态风险;Pb每个生态风险级别的样点都有,其中处于强生态风险样点居多;100%的样点Cd处于极强生态风险水平.综合潜在生态风险表明,11.0%样点综合潜在生态风险达到很强水平,89.0%样点综合潜在生态风险处于极强水平.上述各项指标综合表明,湘中某冶炼区农田土壤受到了严重的重金属污染.     

小浪底水库沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

重金属污染已经成为水环境污染防治的重要内容.研究表明,进入水体中的重金属大部分与悬浮物结合,在水流缓慢时,悬浮物逐渐沉积下来,大大降低了水中重金属元素的浓度.在特定的环境地球化学条件下,水库沉积物中重金属可通过一系列物理、化学和生物过程而释放出来,导致水环境"二次污染",严重威胁水库生态环境安全.因此,研究沉积物中重金属的含量变化规律,评价重金属污染的潜在生态风险,探讨其在水体中的迁移转化过程,对于保护区域水环境质量和防治重金属污染具有重要意义.本实验通过采集小浪底水库表层沉积物样品,对水库沉积物中重金属的含量与分布进行研究,并对其潜在的生态     

成都市河流表层沉积物重金属污染及潜在生态风险评价

根据流经成都市内的三条河流（府河、南河、沙河）表层沉积物重金属数据，采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法对重金属的潜在生态风险进行了评价。结果表明（1）重金属潜在的生态危害因子（Er^i）说明大多属于轻微生态危害范畴，产牛生态危害的主要重金属是Hg、Cd，Cu、Pb次之，As影响最小；（2）多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数（RI）表明河流重金属污染属于轻微生态危害和接近中等生态危害，其受危害程度由强至弱的次序为：府河，南河，沙河。     

汀江某河段底泥中重金属含量的测定及生态风险评价

采用ICP-MS法测定汀江某河段底泥样品中重金属的含量,了解该地区13种元素的分布特征,通过地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对底泥重金属污染进行综合评价.结果表明,用ICP-MS测定重金属快速、简便、结果准确,地积累指数法得出13种元素污染程度由强至弱依次为Cd>Cu>As>Se>U>Co=Zn>Pb>Mn>Th>Ni=Tl>Cr,生态危害指数法得出6种重金属对样品所在区域造成的潜在生态危害,由强到弱依次为Cd>Cu>As>Pb>Zn>Cr,Cd、Cu和As为该地区的主要污染因子.其中3#点位RI值为1283,提示生态危害程度很强、污染程度最高,2#点位其次,1#点位也存在一定污染.     

北京某环路两侧土壤重金属污染风险评价

为了解北京市某环路两侧土壤重金属污染现状,对其22处采样截面的44个样品中的Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb总量进行测定,并用改进的BCR法对重金属形态进行分步提取和测定.结果表明,Cr、Pb和Cd的总量分别是北京地区土壤背景值的7.48、6.65和5.13倍;从提取形态来看,6种重金属主要以活性较低的还原态、氧化态和残渣态存在.采用4种评价方法从不同角度对研究区域土壤中重金属的污染风险进行了评价.基于总量的地累积评价结果显示,Cr、Pb和Cd污染级别最高,Ni、Cu和Zn次之;潜在生态风险指数法评价结果为Cd>Pb>Ni>Cr>Cu>Zn;基于形态学的评价方法 RAC风险评价法得到生物可利用性顺序为Zn>Cd>Ni>Cu>Pb>Cr;而次生相与原生相比值法的结论是生物潜在可利用性依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Ni>Cr.     

遵义东南部地区农业土壤重金属污染预警模型

于2003-2008年对遵义东南部地区耕作区的土壤重金属含量进行检测,选取Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As 5种重金属,将改进型层次分析法和时间序列法相结合建立农业土壤重金属污染趋势预警模型和恶化速度预警模型,采用二次指数平滑法预测未来农业土壤重金属综合污染指数及恶化速度.结果表明,如无人为保护措施,自2008年起再过37 a该地区土壤重金属含量将达轻度污染.校验结果表明预测值与实测值较为符合,平均相对误差小于6%.该模型适用于未受过人为大量污染的、重金属含量变化较为稳定的农业地区.     

山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药污染特征与风险评价

在山东省范围内采集农田表层土壤样品91个,采用气相色谱法分析了7种拟除虫菊酯类农药(SPs)的含量和组成,分析了其分布特征,比较了大田土壤和大棚土壤中该类农药含量的差异,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,7种拟除虫菊酯类农药总含量(∑_7SPs)范围在0.01—88.51μg·kg~(-1)之间,均值为5.65μg·kg~(-1).与国内其他地区农田土壤相比,山东省农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯含量处于中等偏低水平.山东省各地区的拟除虫菊酯含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯和氯氰菊酯的比例较高.部分地区大棚土壤中的含量高于大田土壤.风险评价结果表明,山东省农田土壤个别采样点中甲氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯具有生态风险,三分之一的采样点存在潜在生态风险,其余采样点不存在生态风险.     

Comparisons of human risk assessment models for heavy metal contamination within abandoned metal mine areas in Korea

Environmental Geochemistry and Health - This study was initiated to develop a model specialized to conduct human risk assessments (HRAs) of abandoned metal mine areas in Korea. The Korean guideline...     

拉萨垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理站周边土壤重金属含量分析及评价

填埋是西藏城乡生活垃圾处理处置主要方式.受垃圾填埋场渗滤液的影响,垃圾填埋场周边环境污染问题越来越引起社会关注.本文于2018年3月22日对拉萨市渗滤液处理站正南50 m和西南200 m处进行土壤采样,分析土壤酸度及Cd、Hg、As、Ni、Cu、Pb、Cr、Zn等8种重金属含量水平,采用Hakanson潜在生态风险危害法对垃圾填埋场周边土壤生态风险进行分析评价.结果表明,受垃圾渗滤液的影响,垃圾渗滤液处理站周边土壤酸度降低;Cd、As和Zn等3种重金属在两个监测点的含量均高于拉萨城市土壤元素背景值和中国土壤元素背景值,其中污染贡献率最大的是Cd,分别是拉萨城市土壤背景值的6.67倍和中国城市土壤元素背景值的8.25倍;根据两个监测RI值可知,150≤RI300为中等生态危害,其危害程度为西南200 m正南50 m.     

Pollution distribution of heavy metals in surface soil at an informal electronic-waste recycling site

We studied distribution of heavy metals [lead (Pb), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)] in surface soil at an electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling workshop near Metro Manila in the Philippines to evaluate the pollution size (spot size, small area or the entire workshop), as well as to assess heavy metal transport into the surrounding soil environment. On-site length-of-stride-scale (~70 cm) measurements were performed at each surface soil point using field-portable X-ray fluorescence (FP-XRF). The surface soil at the e-waste recycling workshop was polluted with Cu, Zn and Pb, which were distributed discretely in surface soil. The site was divided into five areas based on the distance from an entrance gate (y-axis) of the e-waste recycling workshop. The three heavy metals showed similar concentration gradients in the y-axis direction. Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations were estimated to decrease to half of their maximum concentrations at ~3, 7 and 7 m from the pollution spot, respectively, inside the informal e-waste recycling workshop. Distance from an entrance may play an important role in heavy metal transport at the soil surface. Using on-site FP-XRF, we evaluated the metal ratio to characterise pollution features of the solid surface. Variability analysis of heavy metals revealed vanishing surficial autocorrelation over metre ranges. Also, the possibility of concentration prediction at unmeasured points using geostatistical kriging was evaluated, and heavy metals had a relative “small” pollution scales and remained inside the original workshop compared with toxic organohalogen compounds. Thus, exposure to heavy metals may directly influence the health of e-waste workers at the original site rather than the surrounding habitat and environmental media.     

Human risk assessment of As,Cd, Cu and Zn in the abandoned metal mine site

The cancer risk and the non-cancer hazard index for inhabitants exposed to As, Cd, Cu and Zn in the soils and stream waters of the abandoned Songcheon Au–Ag mine area were evaluated. Mean concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in agricultural soils were 230, 2.5, 120, 160, and 164 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Mean concentrations of As, Cd and Zn of the water in the stream where drinking water was drawn was 246 μg L⁻¹, 161 μg L⁻¹ and 3899 μg L⁻¹, respectively. These levels are significantly higher than the permissible levels for drinking water quality recommended by Korea and WHO. The resulting human health risks to farmers who inhabited the surrounding areas due to drinking water were summarized as follows: (1) the non-cancer health hazard indices showed that the toxic risk due to As and Cd in drinking water were 10 and 4 times, respectively, greater than those induced by the safe average daily dosages of the respective chemicals. (2) the cancer risk of As for exposed individuals through the drinking water pathway was 5 in 1000, exceeded the acceptable risk of 1 in 10,000 set for regulatory purposes.     

农田土壤重金属污染状况及修复技术研究

重金属污染因具有毒性、易通过食物链在植物,动物和人体内累积,对生态环境和人体健康构成严重威胁。随着工业快速发展、农药及化肥的广泛使用,农田土壤重金属污染越来越严重,研究农田土壤重金属污染现状及修复技术对农产品安全具有重要意义。综合国内外农田土壤重金属污染状况,农田土壤重金属污染主要来源于固体废弃物堆放及处置、工业废物大气沉降、污水农灌和农用物质的不合理施用。该文综述了国内外有关农田重金属污染土壤修复技术（物理修复、化学修复、生物修复、农业生态和联合修复）的研究进展,并针对各种修复方法,阐述了其原理、修复条件、应用实例及其优缺点,重点论述了植物修复的机理和应用,提出了草本与木本联合修复可有效提高农田土壤重金属复合污染的修复效率,为农田土壤土壤重金属复合污染修复提出了新的途径。最后在对已有研究分析的基础上,提出了联合修复技术（如生物联合技术、物理化学联合技术和物理化学-生物联合技术）可以在一定程度上克服使用单一修复手段存在的缺点,可提高复合污染的修复效率、降低修复成本,未来应深入探索联合修复技术间的相互作用机理,以期为农田土壤重金属综合治理与污染修复提供科学依据。     

桂北锰矿废弃地主要植物种类调查及土壤重金属污染评价

采用样方法和实地勘查法调查了桂北荔浦锰矿区废弃地自然定居和人工种植的植物,并且对8个区的主要植物及其土壤重金属含量进行了分类、测试。并采用污染指数评价法对矿区废弃地土壤重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、飞蓬(Erigeron acer)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、耳草(Hedyotisauricularia)对重金属有较强的耐性,而且能适应废弃地的不良环境,可作为锰矿废弃地生态恢复的先锋植物;用3种不同的背景值对废弃地土壤重金属污染程度的评价结果是一致的,除Pb外,5种重金属元素单项污染指数均大于2,表示被污染,其中以Mn、Zn、Cd污染最为严重。锰矿废弃地人工复垦采用典型的农业恢复模式,以种植果树和经济作物为主,果实中Cr、Cd的含量均超过食品卫生限量标准,因此矿山恢复的早期不宜直接种植果树和食用经济作物。以上研究结果可为锰矿废弃地的生态恢复和植被重建提供科学依据。     

Investigation and risk assessment modeling of As and other heavy metals contamination around five abandoned metal mines in Korea

Tailings, agricultural soils, vegetables and groundwater samples were collected from abandoned metal mines (Duckum, Dongil, Dongjung, Myoungbong and Songchun mines) in Korea. Total concentrations of arsenic (As) and heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) were analyzed to investigate the contamination level. Several digestion methods (Toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), 0.1 N/1 N HCl) and sequential extraction analysis for mine tailings were conducted to examine the potential leachability of As and heavy metals from the tailings. The order of urgent remediation for the studied mines based on the risk assessment and remedial goals was suggested. The Songchun mine tailings were most severely contaminated by As and heavy metals. Total concentrations of As and Pb in the tailings were 38,600–58,700 mg/kg (av. 47,400 mg/kg) and 11,800–16,800 mg/kg (av. 14,600 mg/kg), respectively. Agricultural soils having high As concentrations were found at the all mines. Average concentrations of Cd in the vegetables exceeded the normal value at all mines areas, while As only at the Dongjung, Myoungbong, and Songchun mine area. One groundwater sample each from the Dongil and Myoungbong mines, and 4 groundwater samples from the Songchun mine had values above 10 μg/L of As concentration. The TCLP method revealed that only Pb in the Songchun tailings, 6.49 mg/L, exceeded the regulatory level (5 mg/L). Employing the 1-N HCl digestion method, the concentration of As in the Songchun mine tailings, 4,250 mg/kg, was up to 3,000 times higher than its Korean countermeasure standard. Results from the sequential extraction of As in the tailings showed that the easily releasable fraction in the Myoungbong and Songchun mine tailings was more than 30% and the residual fraction was less than 40%. Based on results showing the exposure health risk employing the hazard quotient and cancer risk of As, Cd and Zn, the Dongil mine needs the most urgent remedial action. The concentration reduction factor (CRF) of As in both soil and groundwater follows the order: Songchun>Dongjung>Dongil>Myoungbong>Duckum mine.