含预制裂隙类岩石裂隙演化与破裂特征的试验研究

裂隙岩体是自然界中普遍存在的工程岩体,在外力作用下易引起岩体结构破坏失稳而诱发工程故事。为此,基于相似理论制作了含十字交叉裂隙的类岩石试样,利用RMT-150B岩石力学试验机,对含有不同裂隙长度和裂隙倾角的类岩石试样进行单轴压缩试验,分析其裂隙演化规律和破裂特征。研究结果表明:含预制裂隙试样的抗压强度明显低于完整试块;当主裂隙长度一定时,裂隙岩样的峰值应力随次裂隙长度的增大而降低;当裂隙倾角为0°和60°时,裂隙岩样表现为拉伸型翼形裂纹的破坏形式;当裂隙倾角为30°和45°时,裂隙岩样表现为拉剪混合型裂纹的破坏形式,既有翼形裂纹,又有次生共面裂纹。     

含端部裂隙大理岩单轴压缩破坏及能量耗散特性

对含端部双裂隙?50 mm×50 mm的圆柱体大理岩试样进行单轴压缩试验,并利用高速摄影仪实时记录试样破坏过程,研究了端部裂隙长度和倾角对大理岩力学特性及裂纹扩展规律的影响。研究表明,当裂隙长度达到门槛值前,试样的单轴抗压强度的弱化程度较低,弹性模量、峰值应变的变化较小。相对垂直裂隙,相同长度的倾斜裂隙对大理岩的影响更加显著。试验结果与理论分析均表明,裂纹一般不从端部垂直裂隙尖端起裂,试样的起裂裂纹大多发展为主裂纹,扩展过程中较少产生分支与分叉,试样表面会产生局部剥落,倾斜裂隙试样宏观上呈剪切或拉剪复合破坏,垂直裂隙试样呈劈裂拉伸破坏。试样能耗参数与单轴抗压强度的变化趋势一致,试样总应变能和其单轴抗压强度有较好的正相关关系。最后,比较了动、静载荷作用下含端部裂隙大理岩力学响应与裂纹扩展过程的差异。      

预制裂隙花岗岩的强度特征与破坏模式试验

为了探究单轴压缩条件下裂隙岩石的强度特性、裂纹起裂规律及破坏模式, 采用水刀切割技术预制裂隙花岗岩试件, 利用GAW2000刚性试验机对单裂隙花岗岩试样进行单轴压缩试验.试验结果表明: 与完整试样相比, 裂隙岩石试样单轴抗压强度明显降低, 降低幅度与预制裂隙和外荷载方向的夹角β密切相关, β=75°时, 强度最低, 降幅达到84.5%, 基于最大畸变能准则计算了裂隙花岗岩的峰值抗压强度与裂隙倾角的关系, 试验结果与数值解吻合; 裂隙的存在改变了岩石的破坏模式, 裂纹起裂角随裂隙倾角的增加而单调增大, 岩石试样的破坏模式由剪切破坏为主转变为张拉破坏占主导.真实裂隙岩石试样的力学性质及裂纹起裂特征更准确地揭示了单裂隙花岗岩的强度变化规律和破坏模式, 为岩土工程设计和巷道裂隙围岩体的支护提供科学依据.      

基于RFPA-3D含裂隙矿体破裂扩展数值模拟研究

为了深入探究不同参数条件下含裂隙矿体的力学特性及破裂扩展路径、破坏模式及破裂扩展规律,借助RFPA-3D真实数值模拟仿真软件开展了3种不同长度预制裂隙及5种不同角度下的单轴压缩数值模拟试验。结果表明:(1)随着裂隙长度增大,模型试样峰值应力逐渐降低;随着裂隙倾角增大,模型试样峰值应力出现“V”字型变化规律;当裂隙倾角为60°时,模型试样峰值应力最低。(2)张拉应力是引起模型试样裂隙尖端产生起裂的主要因素,剪切应力是造成裂隙横向扩展并形成破碎区的主要原因。(3) 0°～30°模型试样以张拉劈裂破坏为主,45°～60°模型以剪切破坏为主,90°模型试样呈现出明显的剪切-张拉组合破坏。     

循环扰动荷载作用下花岗岩中裂隙萌生扩展过程的颗粒流模拟

从细观角度、采用颗粒离散元法开展了预制裂隙花岗岩循环加卸载的数值模拟试验。首先,使用图像处理技术识别花岗岩中的不同细观组分、结合室内单轴压缩试验结果对细观力学参数进行了标定。然后,通过编制颗粒流代码追踪裂隙的类型和扩展过程,分析岩石破坏过程中裂隙发展的阶段性特征。结果表明:不同倾角裂隙岩石的新生裂隙走向与预制裂隙贯通方向基本一致;根据新生裂隙的优势倾向分组得到裂隙起裂角与预制裂隙倾角的关系:倾角β≤45°时剪切和张拉裂隙的起裂角单调递减,倾角β≥60°时剪切和张拉裂隙的起裂角单调递增;循环扰动荷载增加了裂隙岩体的轴向变形,轴向累积残余应变曲线呈反S形、提高扰动荷载应力上限促使曲线进入加速阶段;试件峰值强度随裂隙倾角增大表现出先减小后增大的趋势,峰值强度为实验室完整岩石单轴抗压强度的63% ~ 89%,反映了较为明显的劣化现象;在循环荷载作用下,剪切裂隙和张拉裂隙增长曲线表现出明显的变化特点,在裂隙不稳定扩展阶段中张拉裂隙数目增长速率显著大于剪切裂隙,对分析岩石变形破坏过程具有一定的参考意义。      

断续节理对岩体力学性能的影响

采用颗粒流数值模拟程序,建立不同节理状态的岩石试样模型,对其进行双轴试验模拟,从岩桥长度、节理长度和倾角三个方面对断续节理影响下的岩体破裂形式和力学性质进行了数值模拟分析.岩桥的破裂方式为翼裂纹扩展下的拉剪复合破坏,模型破裂大致经历了翼裂纹的扩展、次生裂纹的延伸以及岩桥的贯通三个过程,而且表现出明显的蠕变特性以及延性破坏.岩桥长度的变化对峰值强度和弹性模量影响较小;相比岩桥长度,节理岩样的力学特性对节理长度更加敏感.对于不同的节理倾角,岩石试件表现出不同的初始破裂形式,0°倾角岩样的破裂方式为翼裂纹的扩展和次生裂纹的延伸,中间岩桥没有被贯通,15°倾角岩样的初裂强度和峰值强度最大.      

含预制缺陷类岩体模型破断试验与分析

为了探究内部缺陷形状由裂隙至圆孔的变化对类岩体脆性材料破断模式与特征的影响,构建了含缺陷的单轴压缩力学模型,并利用水泥砂浆材料制作类岩体试样,系统地研究了缺陷形状由裂隙至圆孔变化过程中含缺陷试件的强度变化特征和裂纹演化扩展机制。结果表明:当荷载方向与缺陷长轴垂直时,缺陷周边应力集中在长短轴端点处且与缺陷无关;缺陷对试样峰值强度影响较为明显,在缺陷形状由裂隙向圆孔变化的过程,峰值强度降低幅度逐渐增大;缺陷变化对试样的裂纹起裂与裂纹扩展的影响不显著;缺陷试样的最终破坏模式可划分为剪切破坏和拉-剪混合破坏,当m值大于0.60时破坏模式为剪切破坏,当m值小于0.33时破坏模式为拉-剪混合破坏。     

多形态裂隙砂岩水力耦合破坏过程与增透机理试验研究

水力耦合激活岩石天然裂隙,诱导裂隙扩展形成复杂裂隙网络,增加岩石渗透性是矿产地热共采体系中的关键技术。本文通过预制含单裂隙、T型裂隙和Y型裂隙的砂岩试样,进行三轴水力耦合试验,研究多形态裂隙砂岩的关键阈值（闭合应力、起裂应力、损伤应力、峰值强度）、弹性模量、泊松比以及破坏模式等力学特性,同时开展裂隙渐进演化过程中声发射和渗透率的演化规律研究,进一步分析水力耦合作用下裂隙岩石增透机理。结果表明:多形态预制裂隙砂岩试样在水力耦合作用下,既有裂隙均通过拉伸、剪切或混合模式扩展形成次生裂纹,构成裂隙网络,试样渗透率显著增加。单裂隙试样的次生裂隙以剪切破坏为主,T型和Y型裂隙试样的次生裂隙为剪切破坏和张拉-剪切破坏两类。此外,多形态裂隙对试样强度的影响大于水的弱化作用。随着轴压增大,岩石渗透率峰前阶段先减小后增大,达到强度破坏时突跳增大。当试样达到峰值后应力突然下降时,渗透率达到最大值,渗透率增透效果最好。预制裂隙角度和形态的变化对突跳系数的影响幅度较小,单裂隙的平均突跳系数值大于Y型裂隙大于T型裂隙。研究结果有助于理解裂隙破坏和流体流动行为,进而指导矿产地热共采的工程。      

单轴拉伸作用下岩石裂隙起裂扩展的数值模拟

地下采矿工程开挖对天然岩石是一种卸荷行为,卸荷后的岩石容易受到拉应力作用,造成岩石内部原生裂隙的扩张贯通,从而极大影响工程岩体稳定性。为研究拉伸作用下岩石内部裂隙的萌生演化规律,采用扩展有限单元法,对含不同裂隙倾角的岩石进行了模拟研究。结果表明:拉伸应力下岩石裂隙起裂主要受Ⅰ型应力强度因子控制,裂隙倾角越大,起裂越困难,相应的起裂角也越大;裂隙扩展时的扩展角保持不变,扩展方向与最大拉应力方向保持垂直。     

含齿形裂隙类岩石材料单轴压缩试验研究

为研究含齿形裂隙岩石在单轴压缩下的破坏特征及强度特性,制作了含不同裂隙倾角和起伏角的齿形裂隙类岩石材料试件,并采用岩石力学伺服试验机进行单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：（1）试件主要产生拉伸、剪切和拉剪复合裂纹,且根据裂纹的扩展路径可划分为A型（拉伸破坏）、B型（剪切破坏）、C型（复合破坏）3种破坏模式,裂隙倾角对试件最终破坏模式影响显著;（2）当裂隙倾角较小时,试件应力—应变曲线为多峰曲线,随着裂隙倾角的增大,曲线呈单峰形式,表现为延性减弱,脆性增强,而裂隙倾角相同但起伏角不同的试件应力—应变曲线大致相同;（3）当裂隙起伏角相同时,试件当量峰值强度随裂隙倾角的增大呈先减小后增大的规律,且裂隙起伏角对试件当量峰值强度的影响小于裂隙倾角。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of rates of infection of two methods of emergency ventricular drainage

The rates of infection of two methods of external ventricular drainage in use at Atkinson Morley's Hospital--namely, (a) percutaneous drainage with Rickham reservoirs and (b) tunnelled ventriculostomies--were compared in this retrospective review. Percutaneous drainage of CSF with Rickham reservoirs was associated with a 27% rate of infection as identified by positive microbiological cultures; tunnelled ventriculostomy catheters had a 10% infection rate. The difference in the infection rate between the two methods was statistically significant (P < 0.015). Other variables examined, including the age and sex of the patients and the reasons for ventricular drainage, were not associated with an increased rate of infection. Most infections from either method were caused by a coagulase negative staphylococcus. The average duration of ventricular drainage before identification of positive cultures was 5.7 days for Rickham reservoirs and 6.0 days for ventriculostomies.     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.