汽车用5754铝合金板材搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

对3 mm厚汽车用5754铝合金板材的搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)工艺进行系统研究,研究了焊接速度、轴肩直径和搅拌针长度等工艺参数对搅拌摩擦焊接头(对接和搭接)微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着焊接速度的提高, 5754铝合金FSW对接接头的焊核区和轴肩区的面积逐渐减小,而搅拌针区面积先增大后减小。当焊接速度为300 mm/min时, 5754铝合金FSW对接接头的强度系数达到0.975,这是因为轴肩区和搅拌针区面积相近(面积比例为0.97),增大了焊核区和热影响区界面面积。随着5754铝合金FSW搭接搅拌针长度的增加,上下板材接触面积逐渐增大,最大拉力和抗剪强度呈先降低而后提高的趋势。研究结果表明,当上板为前进侧焊接时,焊缝中产生严重隧道缺陷,最大拉力显著减小;轴肩直径由10 mm增加到12 mm时,搭接接头中轴肩区和搅拌针区的面积相近,此时微观组织中没有隧道缺陷,接头的最大拉力和抗剪强度较高。     

工艺参数对5754铝合金搅拌摩擦焊搭接接头剪切性能的影响

在旋转速度800 r/min和焊接速度300 mm/min条件下,对3 mm厚的5754铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊搭接试验,研究了工艺参数(搅拌针长度、轴肩尺寸和上板承力位置)对搭接接头拉伸性能的影响规律。结果表明,搅拌针长度由3.2 mm增加到5 mm时,可以消除AS侧的隧道缺陷,但Hook缺陷依然存在于RS侧;当上板前进侧承力时,产生较大面积的隧道缺陷;当轴肩尺寸由12 mm增大到16 mm时,隧道缺陷消除,但是在AS和RS侧均存在Hook缺陷。5754铝合金FSW搭接接头的最大拉力和抗剪强度受隧道缺陷和Hook缺陷影响显著,当搅拌针长度5.0 mm或轴肩尺寸16 mm时,搭接接头的微观组织中没有隧道缺陷,并且Hook缺陷尺寸较小,5754铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的最大拉力较大,抗剪强度较高。     

铝合金2024-M搅拌摩擦焊接头性能

通过轴向拉伸试验,研究了搅拌针旋转速度对铝合金2024-M接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,轴向拉伸断裂部位随搅拌针转速的变化而变化,高转速下接头组织中有大量块体颗粒被保留下来,降低了接头强度,断裂发生在焊核区;低转速下因轴肩与焊接材料间摩擦机制作用在接头成形中的比例减小,层间结合力减弱,接头断裂面呈现层状结构,焊核区又成为断裂的敏感部位;当焊接速度为20 mm/min时,搅拌针转速存在一个理想的焊接参数范畴,在这个焊接参数范畴内焊接的试样断裂通常发生在母材区,断裂面与拉伸轴成45°,属典型的剪切断裂.     

焊接参数对7A04铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能的影响

采用不同的焊接参数对3 mm厚7A04铝合金板进行焊接,并对接头的组织、沉淀相、力学性能及断口形貌进行了分析. 结果表明,焊核区组织发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶粒,热影响区晶粒发生明显粗化. TEM分析结果显示,经搅拌摩擦焊后,焊核区部分沉淀相溶解. 焊核区晶粒尺寸随焊接速度增大而减小. 当焊接速度为120 mm/min,旋转速度为800 r/min时,接头强度达到最大值 454.2 MPa,为母材的95%,断后伸长率为3.97%,为母材的70%. 硬度测试显示搅拌摩擦焊接头发生软化,焊缝区域硬度低于母材,硬度值最低点出现在热影响区;拉伸断口形貌SEM图像表明接头断裂方式为韧性和脆性混合型断裂.     

静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊T型接头组织及力学行为

介绍了静止轴肩搅拌摩擦焊(SSFSW)原理,通过优化焊接工艺,实现了T型接头搅拌摩擦焊.采用金相、拉伸和探伤试验对接头进行性能检测.试验表明,当焊接旋转速度为1 400 ～2 200 r/min、焊接速度30～50 mm/min时,能够获得表面成形美观的焊接接头;着色和X射线无损检测表明,内部无明显缺陷;金相试验表明,与常规FSW相比,SSFSW具有典型的FSW微观结构组织形貌,但焊核区洋葱环呈扁平状;拉伸试验表明,SSFSW接头系数能达到母材的65％以上,断裂发生在焊接热影响区.     

6063-T6铝合金双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及力学性能分析

对4 mm厚6063-T6铝合金进行了双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊接试验. 结果表明,双轴肩搅拌摩擦焊可以实现6063-T6铝合金的焊接,得到表面成形良好且内部无缺陷的接头. 接头宏观形貌为哑铃状,其微观形貌分为焊核区、热力影响区、热影响区及母材区. 在搅拌头转速为1 200 r/min,焊接速度为400~700 mm/min的工艺区间内,接头强度呈先升高后降低的趋势,最高可达181.64 MPa,为母材的68.5%,硬度分布呈W状分布,接头断裂位置位于前进侧热影响区,断裂方式为韧性断裂.     

2A12T4/6061T6异种铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头性能分析

为满足异种铝合金结构件焊接需求，对10 mm厚的2A12T4/6061T6异种铝合金板进行了搅拌摩擦焊接试验，分析了不同工艺参数焊接接头的微观组织和性能。结果表明：焊接接头焊核区与热机械影响区分界在前进侧明显，而在返回侧不明显；除搅拌头旋转速度为700 r/min、前进速度为300 mm/min的焊接试样外，其余试样的拉伸断裂均发生在6061T6铝合金侧的热影响区，拉伸断裂均呈韧性断裂；焊核区的硬度比热影响区的硬度大，但比母材的硬度小，2A12T4铝合金侧的硬度明显高于6061T6铝合金侧的硬度。当搅拌头旋转速度为600 r/min、焊接速度为300 mm/min时，焊接接头的抗拉强度最高，为249 MPa。     

铝锂合金FSW焊接接头性能

研究2060铝锂铝合金FSW焊接接头性能,采用光学显微镜、SEM等手段分析2060铝锂合金的微观组织、拉伸性能、显微硬度、断口形貌等性能,结果表明:在用FSW焊接2060铝锂合金过程中,当转速升高时,焊核区硬度升高;当焊速升高时,焊核区硬度基本不变,但热影响区硬度最低点向远离焊核区中心的方向移动;较高的焊接速度下(200 mm/min),随转速增加,接头强度逐渐升高,强度系数最高可达到89%;在较低焊接速度下(80 mm/min),随转速的增加,接头强度最高可达母材的87%,延伸率为10%;当转速较低时,断口呈层状结构;当转速较高时,断口出现小的韧窝。     

焊接参数对7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

使用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)设备,采用不同搅拌针转速和焊速对厚6 mm的7075高强铝合金平板进行对接试验,并对不同焊接工艺下的接头进行微观组织观察和力学性能测试。研究结果表明:7075铝合金FSW接头由焊核区(WNZ)、热机影响区(TMAZ)、热影响区(HAZ)及母材区(BMZ)组成;随着搅拌针转速的增大,接头中焊核区的晶粒越大;随着焊速的增大,接头中焊核区晶粒越细小;不同工艺参数下的FSW接头显微硬度分布曲线都呈W形。随着转速的提高和焊速的减小,接头显微硬度升高,但波动范围较小;随着转速和焊速的提高,接头抗拉强度先降低后提高;转速为400 r/min,焊速为120 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度最高,为417 MPa,是厚6 mm的7075铝合金FSW最佳的工艺参数。     

焊后热处理对6A02-H112铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头力学性能的影响

针对6A02铝合金搅拌摩擦焊缝中易出现S线的问题,对10 mm厚6A02-H112铝合金轧制板进行搅拌摩擦焊接,研究焊后热处理对焊接接头性能的影响。结果表明,热处理使6A02铝合金FSW接头的强度和塑性大幅降低。拉伸试样横截面显微组织和断口形貌分析显示,焊接态FSW焊缝焊核区存在S线特征,且在焊缝中部向后退侧偏移。焊态试样在母材区发生断裂。热处理后,显微硬度显著提高,S线处硬度值相对较小,试样裂纹沿S线断裂,断口呈脆性断裂。     

Preparation of bimetallic nano-composite by dissimilar friction stir welding of copper to aluminum alloy

Butt friction stir welding between pure copper and AA5754 alloy was carried out. Reinforcing SiC nano- particles were utilized in friction stir welded (FSW) joints to decline the harmful effects of intermetallic compounds. Tensile tests, micro-hardness experiments, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to studying the properties of welded joints. The joints with a travel speed of 50 mm/min and a rotation speed of 1000 r/min showed the best results. The presence of nano-sized SiC particles reduced the grain size of aluminum and copper in the stir zone (SZ) from 38.3 and 12.4 μm to 12.9 and 5.1 μm, respectively. The tensile strength of the joint in the presence of reinforcing SiC nano-particles was ~240 MPa, which is ～90% of that for the aluminum base. Furthermore, the highest microhardness of the weld zone was significantly increased from HV 160 to HV 320 upon the addition of SiC nano-particles. The results also showed that raising the heat generation in FSW joints increased the amount of Al₄Cu₉ and Al₂Cu intermetallic compounds.     

Influence of Processing Parameters on Induced Energy, Mechanical and Corrosion Properties of FSW Butt Joint of 7475 AA

Friction stir welding (FSW), a promising solid state joining process invented at TWI in 1991, was used to join 9?mm thick 7475 aluminum alloy which is considered essentially unweldable by fusion processes. In the present work, the process parameters such as tool rotational speed were varied from 300 to 1000?rpm for a travel speed of 50?mm/min and the influence of process parameters in terms of energy input on microstructure, hardness, tensile strength, and the corrosion property of 7475 aluminum joints was evaluated and analyzed. The maximum tensile strength of FSW joints was obtained at rotational speed of 400?rpm and traverse speed of 50?mm/min (59.2?kJ) which attributed maximum stirred zone area and maximum hardness. The maximum corrosion resistance properties of weld in 3.5% NaCl solution, however, were obtained at rotational speed of 1000?rpm and traverse speed of 50?mm/min. Furthermore, for a given weld, stirred zone showed improved corrosion properties than TMAZ.     

High-Speed Friction Stir Welding of T6-Treated B_4Cp/6061Al Composite

T6-treated 20 wt% B_4 Cp/6061 Al sheets were joined under welding speeds of 400–1200 mm/min by friction stir welding(FSW) with a threaded cermet pin. The macro-defect-free FSW joints could be achieved at high welding speeds up to 1200 mm/min, but larger plunge depth was required at the welding speeds of 800 and 1200 mm/min to eliminate the tunnel defect. In the nugget zone(NZ) of the joints, the B_4 C particles were broken up and uniformly redistributed. The NZ exhibited lower hardness than the base metal(BM), and the hardness value almost did not change with increasing welding speed, attributable to the dissolution of precipitates. Compared with the BM, the joints showed lower tensile strength. As the welding speed increased from 400 to 800 mm/min, the joint efficiencies were nearly the same and up to ～ 73%. When the welding speed increased up to 1200 mm/min, the tensile strength significantly decreased, due to the occurrence of kissing bond defect at the bottom of the NZ. With increasing welding speed, the fracture location of the joints transferred gradually from the heat-affected zone to the NZ due to the kissing bond defects.     

2219铝合金双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与力学性能分析

采用双主轴回抽式搅拌摩擦焊对2219铝合金板进行了焊接,分析了接头的微观组织和力学性能,探讨了搅拌针回抽速度对接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,焊缝平稳段上层试样断裂于前进侧热力影响区,靠近热影响区;平稳段下层试样断裂于焊缝中心的搅拌针端部搅动区;而回抽段焊缝断裂于后退侧热影响区,靠近热力影响区.焊接接头抗拉强度达到母材的70％,断后伸长率为80％以上;当回抽速度为6 mm/min时,断后伸长率最高.硬度最低值位于热力影响区和热影响区交界处.     

SiCp/2009Al复合材料搅拌摩擦焊T形接头组织与力学性能

在工具转速800 ~ 1200 r/min、焊接速度100 ~ 150 mm/min的工艺参数下，对6 mm厚的硬态(自然时效态)体积分数为15% SiCp/2009Al复合材料轧制板材进行T形搅拌摩擦焊(friction stir welding, FSW)，均获得了致密无缺陷的接头. 结果表明，FSW过程中，剧烈塑性变形使焊核区部分SiC颗粒发生一定程度的破碎，破碎程度随转速的增加而增加，随焊接速度的增加而减弱；焊核区中的微米级强化相发生破碎、溶解，并沿焊核区细晶界面析出. T形接头横板两侧各存在2个低硬度区，靠近焊核区的低硬度区的硬度比远离焊核区的低硬度区的硬度低；固定焊接速度为100 mm/min时，转速从800 r/min增加到1200 r/min时，接头的抗拉强度不变；固定转速为800 r/min时，将焊接速度从100 mm/min增加到150 mm/min时，接头的抗拉强度轻微降低. 接头拉伸过程中在横板与竖板交界处受应力最大，所有接头均在此区域断裂.     

Al-Zn-Mg铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与分层性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊方法对14 mm厚Al-Zn-Mg铝合金进行对接焊接,研究了沿厚度方向分层切片的横向拉伸和应力腐蚀性能,揭示搅拌摩擦焊接头分层力学和腐蚀性能的不均匀性。研究结果表明,焊核区为细小的再结晶组织,焊核区从上表层到下表层晶粒尺寸逐渐减小;接头两侧的热影响区存在明显软化区;接头分层的抗拉强度波动较小,在315～330 MPa之间,断裂位置均位于前进侧的软化区;接头上、下表层在四点弯曲试验中均未发生腐蚀断裂,接头上、下表层热影响区的腐蚀敏感性最高;晶内析出相发生粗化和晶界析出相连续分布,是导致热影响区力学性能和耐蚀性能降低的根本原因。     

Dissimilar Joining of Pure Copper to Aluminum Alloy via Friction Stir Welding

In this study, the dissimilar friction stir welding(FSW) butt joints between aluminum alloy 5754-H114 and commercially pure copper were investigated. The thickness of welded plates was 4 mm and the aluminum plate was placed on the advancing side. In order to obtain a suitable flow and a better material mixing, a 1-mm offset was considered for the aluminum plate, toward the butt centerline. For investigating the microstructure and mechanical properties of FSWed joints, optical microscopy and mechanical tests(i.e., uniaxial tensile test and microhardness) were used, respectively.Furthermore, the analysis of intermetallic compounds and fracture surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effect of heat generation on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the FSWed joints was investigated. The results showed that there is an optimum amount of heat input. The intermetallic compounds formed in FSWed joints were Al4Cu9 and Al2Cu. The best results were found in joints with 1000 rpm rotational speed and100 mm/min travel speed. The tensile strength was found as 219 MPa, which reached 84% of the aluminum base strength.Moreover, maximum value of the microhardness of the stir zone(SZ) was attained as about 120 HV, which was greatly depended on the grain size, intermetallic compounds and copper pieces in SZ.     

转速对7055铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂特征的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊对5 mm厚7055铝合金进行对接试验,通过拉伸试验研究不同转速接头断裂位置及其横截面的显微组织,断口形貌特征.结果表明,随着转速的提高,薄弱区发生了转移:当转速为700~800 r/min时,接头在热影响区发生45°剪切断裂;当转速提高至900~1 100 r/min时,接头在焊核区发生"S"形断裂;进一步提高转速至1 200~1 400 r/min时,接头沿着前进侧热力影响区或前进侧热力影响区与焊核区边界发生断裂.断口形貌分析表明,热影响区断口呈现大而深的韧窝,焊核区断口呈现小而浅的韧窝,均属韧性断裂;热力影响区边界断口呈韧-脆混合断裂特征.     

搅拌头偏移对Ti/Al异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头成形及拉伸强度的影响

采用搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)完成了3 mm厚TC4钛合金和2A14-T14铝合金的连接,研究了搅拌头偏移对接头的成形及拉伸性能的影响。结果表明在搅拌头向铝合金侧的偏移对接头的最大抗拉强度有显著的影响。接头最大抗拉强度随搅拌头的偏移量的增加逐渐升高。在偏移量为2.0 mm、搅拌头转速从400 r/min增加到700 r/min时,接头的最大抗拉强度逐渐降低。在偏移量为2.5 mm、接头的最大抗拉强度随转速的增加逐渐升高。当在搅拌头转速为700 r/min, 焊接速度为60 mm/min时,所得接头强度最高,约347 MPa,为铝合金母材的83 %。接头的断裂位置和拉伸强度均取决于微观组织和金属间化合物。对于强度最高的接头,由于TiAl相的生成,接头于铝合金侧热影响区发生断裂。     

焊接速度对AA6082搅拌摩擦焊接头根部 缺陷及性能的影响

研究了不同焊接速度对5.1 mm厚6082-T6铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头根部缺陷及性能的影响.采用光学显微镜观察了不同参数下接头根部缺陷形貌并对不同焊接速度下的接头进行了拉伸和弯曲试验.结果表明,随着焊接速度的不断增加,接头根部未焊透缺陷倾向变大,接头软化区部位最低硬度值逐渐增高.焊接速度由50 mm/min增大到400 mm/min时,接头抗拉强度逐渐增加.进一步增大焊接速度到600 mm/min时,由于根部未焊透缺陷的严重性变大,造成接头强度下降.在软化区是接头薄弱区的条件下,其尺寸较小的根部缺陷不影响接头抗拉强度.但是对接头的抗弯强度有显著的不利影响.