球等鞭金藻与4种海洋微藻间的化感作用

利用交叉培养的方法,研究了球等鞭金藻与纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻等4种海洋微藻间的化感作用。并利用高效液相色谱分析了这4种海洋微藻的胞外滤液萃取物。结果表明,(1)球等鞭金藻胞外滤液浓度大于40%时,显著抑制三角褐指藻、新月菱形藻和牟氏角毛藻的生长,而对纤细角毛藻的生长则有明显的促进效果,但当胞外滤液浓度大于80%时则对纤细角毛藻的生长也表现出抑制作用。纤细角毛藻、新月菱形藻、牟氏角毛藻的滤液浓度大于40%时,对球等鞭金藻表现出显著抑制作用,三角褐指藻胞外滤液浓度大于80%时才能抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(2)4种海洋微藻胞外滤液的萃取物能明显抑制球等鞭金藻的生长。(3)纤细角毛藻、牟氏角毛藻、新月菱形藻和三角褐指藻的胞外滤液分别包含8种、5种、6种和7种物质,同时结果还表明4种海洋微藻产生的抑制球等鞭金藻生长的化感物质并不相同。     

几种微藻对方斑东风螺浮游幼虫生长和变态的影响

本文报道了4种微藻不同浓度对方斑东风螺幼虫生长和变态的影响.结果表明,幼虫对4种微藻都能摄食,当投喂不同浓度的牟氏角毛藻、湛江叉鞭金藻时,摄食角毛藻(20×104cells/cm3)生长最快达77.9μm/d、变态率52.5%;摄食金藻(20×104cells/cm3)变态率最高达59.0%、生长速度70.4μm/d,随金藻浓度的上升,幼虫生长速度和变态率都上升.投喂不同浓度的青岛大扁藻时,最高变态率是24.4%(1×104cells/cm3),最快生长速度是59.3μm/d(7×104cells/cm3),随扁藻浓度的上升,幼虫的生长速度上升而变态率下降.摄食云微型藻幼虫生长缓慢,浮游期全部死亡.幼虫单独摄食角毛藻、金藻和扁藻,其首次出现变态个体的日龄分别是10、11、14d,而完成变态的日龄分别是22~23d、21~23d和26~28d.比较上述4种微藻,角毛藻和金藻是方斑东风螺幼虫的最适饵料,根据大水体人工育苗的具体条件,合适浓度应为角毛藻(5~10)×104cells/cm3,金藻(10~15)×104cells/cm3.而扁藻不宜单独投喂,作为辅助饵料较合适.     

紫彩血蛤幼虫适宜饵料的研究

贝类人工育苗是解决养殖苗种的重要途径,而选择适宜的幼虫饵料则是育苗成败的关键因素之一。国内外关于双壳类幼虫饵料的研究曾有不少报道[1,2,4,5],但紫彩血蛤(Nuttalliaolivacea)幼虫适宜饵料的研究,尚未见报道。本试验用贝类育苗中常用的6种单胞藻为饵料,单种投喂或混合投喂,就饵料对紫彩血蛤幼虫生长发育、存活率和变态率的影响进行了研究。1　材料和方法1.1　材料1.1.1　饵料种类　小球藻(Chlorellaspp.)。亚心形扁藻(Platymonassubcordiformis)、新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)、湛江叉鞭金藻(DicrateriazhanjiangensisHu.Var.sp…     

饵料对中间球海胆生长发育的影响初探

实验结果表明 :单独投喂牟氏角毛藻或与三角褐指藻、绿色巴夫藻混投 ,中间球海胆幼虫成活率最高 ,其生长速度也最快 ,中间球海胆稚幼海胆培育的最好饵料是前期投喂的石莼等薄嫩的海藻 ,后期投喂海带其生长速度最快     

饵料对中间球海胆生长发育的影响初探

实验结果表明：单独投喂牟氏角毛藻或与三角褐指藻、绿色巴夫藻混投，中间球海胆幼虫成活率最高，其生长速度也最快，中间球海胆稚幼海胆培育的最好饵料是前期投喂的石莼等薄嫩的海藻，后期投喂海带其生长速度最快。     

UV-B辐射增强对壶状臂尾轮虫摄食的影响

研究了UV-B辐射条件下壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)对6株海洋微藻:小球藻(Chlorellasp.)、绿色巴夫藻(Pavlovauiridis)、扁藻(Tetraselmischuii)、球等鞭金藻8701(IsochrysisgalbanaPark8701)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetocerosmuelleri)和小新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclostertum)的室内摄食实验。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强对壶状臂尾轮虫的摄食有显著的抑制作用。与对照组相比,壶状臂尾轮虫对给定饵料单胞藻的滤水率和摄食率都随UV-B辐射剂量的增大而显著减小(P<0.05)。而且壶状臂尾轮虫对每一种饵料单胞藻的滤水率和摄食率是不相同的,这说明壶状臂尾轮虫对饵料单胞藻是有选择性的。     

5种微藻对4种滩涂贝类稚贝生长的影响

在室内可控条件下,比较和分析了青岛大扁藻Tetrasemis helgolandica、球等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbana、角毛藻Chaetoceros calcitrans、微绿球藻Nannochloropsis oculata和绿色巴夫藻Pavlovaviridis5种微藻对泥蚶Tegillarca granosa、缢蛏Sinonovacula constricta、青蛤Cyclina sinensis和彩虹明樱蛤Moerella iridescens4种滩涂贝类稚贝生长的影响。结果显示,在培养初期(5~6 d),投喂不同微藻的稚贝实验样品生长速度差异并不明显,但培养9~10 d后,各实验组稚贝实验样品的生长速度开始出现明显差异:投喂角毛藻、球等鞭金藻的泥蚶和缢蛏稚贝实验样品及投喂角毛藻、青岛大扁藻的青蛤和彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品,运动能力强,生长迅速、整齐,经过15~18 d的培养,成活率达85%以上;投喂微绿球藻的4种稚贝实验样品,运动能力弱,生长缓慢、不整齐,成活率低于20%。投喂角毛藻的泥蚶、缢蛏和青蛤稚贝实验样品的生长速度最快;投喂青岛大扁藻的彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的生长速度最快,而投喂角毛藻的彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的生长速度与之非常接近。角毛藻对泥蚶、缢蛏和彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的饵料效果最好,球等鞭金藻次之;青岛大扁藻对青蛤和彩虹明樱蛤稚贝实验样品的饵料效果与角毛藻非常接近,而青岛大扁藻对泥蚶和缢蛏稚贝实验样品的饵料效果较差;绿色巴夫藻的饵料效果与球等鞭金藻类似但均比球等鞭金藻差;微绿球藻的饵料效果最差。用颗粒粒度计数分析仪分析泥蚶和青蛤稚贝实验样品对5种微藻的选择性滤食后发现,最先被泥蚶稚贝实验样品滤食干净的是角毛藻,其后是球等鞭金藻;泥蚶稚贝实验样品开始滤食青岛大扁藻时的速度较慢,但当角毛藻和球等鞭金藻被滤尽后,青岛大扁藻也被迅速滤食,泥蚶稚贝实验样品滤食微绿球藻的速度最慢;最先被青蛤稚贝实验样品滤净的也是角毛藻,其后是青岛大扁藻,在角毛藻和青岛大扁藻被滤尽后,球等鞭金藻也迅速被滤食干净,微绿球藻同样是最慢被滤食的。可见,贝类稚贝总是优先滤食饵料效果好的微藻,饵料效果最差的微藻被贝类稚贝滤食的速度最慢。     

四种微藻对长棘海星幼虫存活率和生长发育的影响

长棘海星[the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar （CoTS）;Acanthasterspp.]的暴发严重破坏珊瑚礁生态系统的功能和物种多样性, 其幼虫的存活率是决定成体种群密度的关键因素之一,因此了解长棘海星浮浪幼虫阶段的摄食及营养需求对于长棘海星灾害防控至关重要。本研究选用杜氏盐藻（Dunaliella salina）、牟氏角毛藻（Chaetoceros meülleri）、亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subcordiformis）和小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）4种微藻喂养长棘海星幼虫,通过测定不同喂养条件下长棘海星幼虫的存活率、体长、体宽和胃面积等参数,结合4种微藻的营养含量,综合分析了不同微藻对长棘海星幼虫生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同的藻类投喂对长棘海星幼虫存活和生长发育产生显著的差异。幼虫生长到第16天时,牟氏角毛藻喂养的幼虫存活率为（7.20±0.01）％,所喂养幼虫的体长（678.83 μm）、体宽（391.04 μm）和胃面积（14 628.14 μm²）均显著高于杜氏盐藻、亚心形扁藻和小球藻喂养的幼虫。藻类生理指标和营养成分分析表明,牟氏角毛藻的蛋白质含量、能量、以及C20系列脂肪酸、饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸均高于杜氏盐藻和小球藻,而且其大小可能比较适宜幼虫的捕食。本研究表明特定种类的饵料藻类是决定幼虫发育的关键因素。     

四溴双酚A对7种海洋微藻的急性毒性

本文研究了四溴双酚A(TBBPA)对7种海洋微藻(微拟球藻、塔胞藻、亚心形扁藻、牟氏角毛藻、三角褐指藻、湛江等鞭金藻、等鞭金藻塔溪堤品系)的急性毒性。分析了不同质量浓度TBBPA暴露下7种微藻的相对生长率、抑制率,结果显示,7种海洋微藻对TBBPA的敏感性不同,存在明显的时间—剂量效应。采用概率单位—浓度对数法得到TBBPA对牟氏角毛藻、微拟球藻、等鞭金藻塔溪堤品系、湛江等鞭金藻、塔胞藻的96h半效应浓度分别为2.59、2.64、4.23、4.35和6.71mg·L-1,均属于高毒性。同时发现牟氏角毛藻在2.44mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率为54.72%,微拟球藻在3.456mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率为70.27%,等鞭金藻塔溪堤品系在6mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率为76.64%,湛江等鞭金藻在2.83mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率为39.24%,塔胞藻在9.83mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率为54.21%,三角褐指藻在浓度为9.83mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率为22.84%,亚心形扁藻在浓度14.6mg·L-1的TBBPA作用下96h抑制率仅为14.11%。结果显示,微拟球藻和牟氏角毛藻对TBBPA最敏感,可以作为潜在的生物指示物。     

3种海洋硅藻不同培养阶段挥发性成分的比较分析

本文应用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对威氏海链藻Thalassiosira weissflogii、小新月菱形藻Nitzschia closterium、角毛藻Chaetoceros calcitrons 3种硅藻的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,在3种硅藻的培养过程中,其挥发性成分除了壬醛及醇类呈现先增后降的趋势外,大多数不饱和醛类的含量在不断增加,烷烯烃类物质在不断减少,而乙酸乙酯、2-甲基-2-丙酸甲酯这类酯类化合物在角毛藻衰败期会显著富集。通过对代表性饵料硅藻的挥发性成分进行研究,可为海水养殖过程中微藻投喂种类、投喂时机的选择提供理论依据,并为海洋硅藻的进一步开发奠定基础。     

国际海洋测绘教育培训特点及发展对策

分析了海洋测绘教育培训国际化和标准化的原因及进程,论述了海洋测绘国际化教育培训的指导性文件及内容,针对国际化海洋测绘教育培训的特点与发展趋势,提出了发展我国海洋测绘教育培训的对策与建议。     

壳寡糖及其全乙酰化衍生物的制备及结构表征

探讨了壳寡糖及全乙酰壳寡糖的制备方法,通过正交实验考察了原料、温度、时间对降解产物的影响.制备了八种寡糖（八乙酰壳二糖、十一乙酰壳三糖、十四乙酰壳四糖和十七乙酰壳五糖,以及N,N′-二乙酰壳二糖、N,N′,N″-三乙酰壳三糖、N,N′,N″,N′′′四乙酰壳四糖和N,N′,N″,N′′′,N′′′′-五乙酰壳五糖）,并通过IR、NMR及MS等确定了其化学结构.     

聚多巴胺的合成、聚合机理及其在海洋防腐防污中的应用

聚多巴胺(polydopamine, PDA)含有大量的酚羟基和氨基官能团, 可以在玻璃、不锈钢、塑料、橡胶、聚四氟乙烯等材料表面黏附, 具有优异的粘附性能, 是重要的功能材料之一。本文对近年来国内外围绕聚多巴胺展开的研究进行了综述, 从聚多巴胺的合成方法、聚合机理和性能出发, 分析总结了当前合成的特点、机理研究的方案和存在的问题, 并对聚多巴胺在海洋防腐领域的应用进行了总结和展望, 旨在为研究者较全面了解聚多巴胺的研究现状提供参考。     

Adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids by clay minerals and marine sediments

The adsorption and desorption of proteins and polyamino acids on illite, montmorillonite, goethite, and marine sediments was investigated. Three ¹⁴C-labeled hydrophilic proteins, Rubisco from C. reinhardtii, and GroEL and GroES from genetically modified Escherichia coli, were synthesized and purified for this study. The proteins were strongly and rapidly adsorbed by the clay minerals and marine sediments, and much of the adsorbed protein was not readily desorbed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction and separation by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sucrose density gradients showed that Rubisco and GroEL were adsorbed on illite and sediments in their original forms. The apparent adsorption partition coefficients of the proteins were on the order of 10² l/kg on illite, 10³–10⁴ l/kg on goethite and montmorillonite, and 200 and 75 l/kg on Skan Bay and Resurrection Bay (Alaska) sediments, respectively. These partition coefficients are sufficiently large to permit sedimentary protein preservation via an adsorptive mechanism. Generally, basic polyamino acids had greater adsorption partition coefficients than acidic polyamino acids. Molecular size did not affect the electrostatic interaction between polyamino acids and mineral surfaces. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and negatively charged polyamino acids inhibited Rubisco adsorption, while positively charged cytochrome c and polyamino acids increased Rubisco adsorption. These results indicate that electrostatic interactions dominated in protein adsorption.     

Coastal and estuarine habitat mapping, using LIDAR height and intensity and multi-spectral imagery

The airborne laser scanning LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) provides high-resolution Digital Terrain Models (DTM) that have been applied recently to the characterization, quantification and monitoring of coastal environments. This study assesses the contribution of LIDAR altimetry and intensity data, topographically-derived features (slope and aspect), and multi-spectral imagery (three visible and a near-infrared band), to map coastal habitats in the Bidasoa estuary and its adjacent coastal area (Basque Country, northern Spain). The performance of high-resolution data sources was individually and jointly tested, with the maximum likelihood algorithm classifier in a rocky shore and a wetland zone; thus, including some of the most extended Cantabrian Sea littoral habitats, within the Bay of Biscay. The results show that reliability of coastal habitat classification was more enhanced with LIDAR-based DTM, compared with the other data sources: slope, aspect, intensity or near-infrared band. The addition of the DTM, to the three visible bands, produced gains of between 10% and 27% in the agreement measures, between the mapped and validation data (i.e. mean producer's and user's accuracy) for the two test sites. Raw LIDAR intensity images are only of limited value here, since they appeared heterogeneous and speckled. However, the enhanced Lee smoothing filter, applied to the LIDAR intensity, improved the overall accuracy measurements of the habitat classification, especially in the wetland zone; here, there were gains up to 7.9% in mean producer's and 11.6% in mean user's accuracy. This suggests that LIDAR can be useful for habitat mapping, when few data sources are available. The synergy between the LIDAR data, with multi-spectral bands, produced high accurate classifications (mean producer's accuracy: 92% for the 16 rocky habitats and 88% for the 11 wetland habitats). Fusion of the data enabled discrimination of intertidal communities, such as Corallina elongata, barnacles (Chthamalus spp.), and stands of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis, which presented misclassification when conventional visible bands were used alone. All of these results were corroborated by the kappa coefficient of agreement. The high classification accuracy found here, selecting data sources, highlights the value of integrating LIDAR data with multi-spectral imagery for habitat mapping in the intertidal complex fringe.