金属-聚合物复合CPU散热器散热性能的影响因素

随着计算机集成度越来越高,CPU散热问题日益突出。提出了一种新型金属与聚合物复合式CPU散热器,并基于热力学平衡原理,采用有限元分析软件对不同翅片材料和结构的散热器进行了研究。模拟结果表明:金属-聚合物复合CPU散热器可以达到金属CPU散热器相当的散热性能,当其翅片高度均为50 mm时,两者的温度差仅为0.73℃。金属-聚合物矩形微结构CPU散热器的散热性能优于金属散热器的散热性能。     

数据中心用浸没式冷却液的研究进展

液冷技术是解决数据中心散热难题的有效方案。在液冷的三种方式中,浸没式液冷是最理想和环保绿色的液冷技术。论文综述了浸没式液冷技术的关键材料——浸没式冷却液的发展现状,提出理想浸没式冷却液的技术指标,介绍了目前浸没式冷却液的分类、物化性能特点,综合考虑环境性能、电绝缘性能、热传递性能、热稳定性、安全性等因素,认为全氟烯烃是当前最为理想的浸没式冷却液。鉴于当前研究开发的成果和存在的问题, 今后的研究重点在于对浸没式冷却液进行科学的分子设计、建立高效和全面的筛选机制、开发绿色合成工艺路线。     

高热流密度器件水冷散热器结构性能的实验研究

与平行流水冷散热相比,现阶段对喷射流水冷散热的研究报道较少。为了研究喷射流结构的散热效果,本文设计了两种喷射流结构的水冷散热器,搭建了以去离子水为冷却介质的液冷散热器实验台,调节实验的热流密度及冷却水流量在不同条件下观察芯片温度及散热器底板温度的变化,得到了不同热流密度下芯片温度、散热器底板温度及热阻随冷却水流量的变化规律。散热器内部针翅结构和冷却水流动方式的改变可使芯片温度降低5~8℃,散热器底板平均温度也相应降低4℃左右,且底板温度梯度较小。同时,热阻的变化随流量增大逐渐变缓,散热器结构改进使热阻减小了7%~8%。实验结果表明,改进结构的散热器能有效加强边角区域流体的扰动,提升散热器整体的换热效率,表明喷射流水冷散热是一种高效的散热方式。     

10~30K温区纯不锈钢丝网与混填磁性填料制冷性能对比

低温回热材料的性能是制约深低温制冷机发展的关键因素之一。在10~30K温区,对比低温段回热器采用不锈钢丝网（SS）和SS与HoCu₂混合填充两种方式的回热器损失、能量流分布及制冷性能。数值模拟表明,回热器采用纯SS填充时存在较大换热损失,而混填时流阻损失影响显著增大,随着制冷温度提高,回热器换热损失均能减小,而流阻损失有所增加。低温级脉管内能量流模拟结果表明,HoCu₂填充时,回热器焓流较小,传输到冷端的PV功也较小。最后在主动调相的热耦合两级脉管上开展实验测试,结果显示,SS与HoCu₂混合填充的低温级脉管无负荷温度到9.56K,当制冷温度为25K及以下时,制冷效率高于纯SS填充;制冷温度高于28K时,纯SS填充的制冷效率更高。通过常规不锈钢材料和磁性材料填充回热器制冷性能对比,为液氢温区高效回热器设计提供参考。     

梯形和矩形纵肋管束特性研究及性能比较

研究得出梯形和矩形纵肋管束传热性能及流阻性能关系式,并着重分析两种纵助管束换热器的特性差异深入探讨了管束节距、肋高及厚度对传热和流阻性能的影响研究结果表明,即使同为纵助管束,由于肋片截面形式不同,其性能差异较大,换热程度相差-11％～34％,而流阻程度差距最高可达12倍梯形纵肋管束表现出更良好的低流阻特性和能量综合利用性能横向密排布置时,纵肋管束较光管管束具有更低的流阻特性和一定的传热增强作用,其中以梯形肋片更加明显     

CPU芯片水冷散热器的数值模拟与分析

随着CUP芯片的高频高速化以及集成电路的小型化高密度装配,芯片的发热量也不断增大,其散热问题已经变得越来越突出,而水冷技术以其优越的散热效果在大型计算机CPU芯片冷却设备中得到广泛应用。在进行水冷散热器的结构设计时,由于流体流动空间小,运动比较复杂,常用的实验检测方法具有一定局限性。本文通过建立CPU芯片水冷式散热器的翅片式、翅柱式、交叉柱式三种结构的三维物理模型,进行了内部冷却水流动与传热的数值模拟计算和结果的可视化处理,得到了不同内部结构下散热器内冷却水的温度场分布,为散热器结构的优化设计提供了理论依据,并通过比较分析,得出翅柱式结构散热器的散热效果较好。     

螺旋扭曲扁管换热器传热与流阻性能试验研究

对4种不同结构的螺旋扭曲扁管换热器的管程和壳程传热与流阻性能进行了试验研究,并和采用圆管作为换热管的弓形折流板换热器进行了比较,根据试验数据回归出反映螺旋扭曲扁管换热器管程和壳程传热与流阻特性的关联式。研究结果表明,螺旋扭曲扁管换热器管程与壳程都有较好的强化传热性能,螺旋扭曲扁管的几何尺寸和流体Re对其管、壳程传热与流阻性能有重要影响。     

碳基气凝胶/还原氧化石墨烯涂覆聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的制备及性能

碳基气凝胶的脆性、不可压缩性和较差的回弹性制约了其应用。通过原位冷冻干燥法将碳基气凝胶(CA)直接生长在具有还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)涂层的聚氨酯开孔泡沫(PUF)中,制备了CA/rGO-PUF复合材料。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了复合材料的微观结构,研究了取向结构对CA/PUF复合材料电导率、压缩性能和压阻性能的影响,考察了复合材料电导率随环境温度的变化。结果表明,PUF的泡孔被CA完全填充,复合材料同时具有CA的电学性能和PUF的力学性能。PUF表面的rGO涂层与CA结合性良好,复合材料具有温敏特性。CA/rGO-PUF复合材料具有显著的各项异性,在取向方向上的电导率为1.90 S/m,是垂直于取向方向的5倍。复合材料在两个方向上均展现了优异的回弹性能、稳定的压阻循环性能和负温度系数效应。     

阻流板对1/4螺旋折流板换热器综合性能的影响

建立存在三角区和阻流板堵住三角区2种1/4螺旋折流板换热器模型;采用大型CFD分析软件FLUENT借助数值模拟的方法,研究阻流板对换热器壳侧流动与传热性能的影响;并对阻流板结构进行了优化分析。结果表明:增加阻流板能够有效地提高换热器的壳程传热性能,但壳程压降也随之增加。小螺旋角时,增加阻流板使换热器的综合性能降低;当螺旋角增大到一定程度,阻流板增加后换热器综合性增加;阻流板完全堵住三角区时,换热器壳程传热系数最大,同时壳程压力损失也最高。螺旋角为15°,阻流板长度为5r/8时,较无阻流板时换热器综合性能基本相同,壳程传热系数增加7.5%—8.5%。计算结果为改进螺旋折流板换热器折流板结构、优化折流板间三角区、强化换热器传热等方面提供了理论依据。     

填充环氧树脂界面残余应力研究 Ⅴ.界面应力集中及残余应力的影响

本文针对橡胶和玻璃珠填充环氧树脂体系,通过显微光弹法测定填充粒子的界面应力集中系数,发现橡胶填充体系的应力集中发生在粒子赤道处,而玻璃珠体系发生在粒子两极。在低拉伸时,界面残余应力对应力集中的影响较大,但在高拉伸,特别是达到材料伸长率时,界面残余应力的作用可忽略。     

错流旋转填料床的质、热同传性能及传热机理研究

为了研究错流旋转填料床的质、热同传性能,采用热空气-氨水体系,考察了进气温度T、超重力因子β、液体喷淋密度q和气速u对错流旋转填料床传热性能的影响,在相同实验条件下对比了丝网填料和乱堆填料的传热性能。研究结果表明：气相体积传质系数k_ya_e、体积传热系数(Ua)_s随进气温度、超重力因子、气速、液体喷淋密度的增大而增大;传热效率ε、传热面积A随超重力因子、气速、液体喷淋密度的增大而增大;传热系数K随超重力因子、气速、液体喷淋密度的增大几乎不变,从而揭示了错流旋转填料床强化气液直接传热的机理是通过提高传热面积进而提高体积传热系数,而不是显著提高传热系数。在相同条件下,以丝网为填料时k_ya_e和(Ua)_s分别是乱堆填料的1.09~1.63倍和1.24~3.53倍。     

新型金属泡沫-微柱群复合热沉内流动传热性能分析

高效热管理技术是大功率微电子设备安全运行的可靠保障。为进一步强化高功率电子器件的冷却效果,本文提出了一种新型泡沫铝-微柱群复合热沉结构。采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法对新型水冷泡沫铝-微柱群复合热沉内的流场分布、壁面温度分布、阻力系数、换热性能及柱鳍与泡沫铝间的耦合传热规律等开展了深入分析。研究结果表明,与传统微柱群热沉相比,20PPI泡沫铝-微柱群复合热沉的壁面最高温度大幅降低,平均换热性能提升了33.9%~41.5%。然而,微柱群内填充泡沫铝却导致流动阻力增大,增加了7.9~10.5倍。泡沫铝-微柱群复合热沉的强化换热机理为：微柱群热沉内填充高热导率泡沫铝提升了热沉整体的有效导热性能,热量可通过金属泡沫固体骨架迅速传递,同时多孔界面较强的传热能力能够保证热量及时被冷却流体散除。本文相关研究成果可为高热流密度电子器件散热装置的研发提供理论指导。     

ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THREE SPOUTED BED ZONES DURING THE DRYING OF LIQUID MATERIALS

This work, presents an experimental study of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in spouted bed zones during the drying of liquid materials. Distilled water was used as the liquid material and glass beads as inert material. The effect of the inlet gas temperature (100 to 140 °C), the feed air flow rate relative to air flow at minimum spouting (1.1 to 1.3), and liquid feed flow rate to the bed were investigated. The similarity between heat and mass transfer was analyzed using the Lewis and Chitton-Colburn analogies. Results showed that the ratio between the heat and mass transfer Chilton-Colbum factors lay between 1,31 and 1.74.     

带有周期性扰流结构的微通道内流动与传热特性

设计了一种周期性扰流微结构,由布置在微通道侧壁的凹穴和微通道中心的针肋组成。研究了该热沉内流动和传热特性,分析了扰流结构几何参数对热沉不可逆损失和散热效率的影响,利用热阻和强化传热因子评价综合性能。研究表明,等腰梯形凹穴的底边相对长度（RL）对热沉性能具有显著影响。雷诺数（Re）较大时,减小RL能够明显减小凹穴内部的旋涡,从而减小流动摩擦损失,降低通道压降和流动不可逆性。同时,减小RL有利于增强流体对凹穴收缩段的冲刷,减小凹穴内的层流滞止区,将凹穴处的热量及时带走,从而提高热沉的散热效率。与传统光滑微通道（SM）相比,周期性扰流结构能够显著减小热沉的总熵产和热阻,增大强化传热因子,提高热沉的综合性能。综合考虑传热和流动阻力,较低泵功条件下,RL=0.3的热沉综合性能最优;较高泵功条件下,RL=0的热沉综合性能最佳。周期性扰流结构能够提高微冷却系统的效率和经济性,在微型器件冷却领域具有广阔的应用前景。     

Heat transport in structured packings with co-current downflow of gas and liquid

Improvements in catalyst activity make the heat transport in fixed bed reactors increasingly important. Structured packings operated in two-phase flow are expected to outperform randomly packed beds, but heat transfer data on structured packings is scarce. In this work structured packings such as OCFS (Open Cross Flow Structures), CCFS (Closed Cross Flow Structures), knitted wire, and foam were characterised with respect to the heat transfer performance. A dedicated set-up was designed and built which enabled us to measure the heat transfer rates in two-phase flow at ambient pressure in the absence of reaction. Benchmarking and set-up validation was carried out using glass beads. The structured packings—especially OCFS and CCFS—show heat transfer coefficients that are superior over those of glass beads, at lower energy dissipation.     

ANALOGY BETWEEN HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN THREE SPOUTED BED ZONES DURING THE DRYING OF LIQUID MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

This work, presents an experimental study of simultaneous heat and mass transfer in spouted bed zones during the drying of liquid materials. Distilled water was used as the liquid material and glass beads as inert material. The effect of the inlet gas temperature (100 to 140 °C), the feed air flow rate relative to air flow at minimum spouting (1.1 to 1.3), and liquid feed flow rate to the bed were investigated. The similarity between heat and mass transfer was analyzed using the Lewis and Chitton-Colburn analogies. Results showed that the ratio between the heat and mass transfer Chilton-Colbum factors lay between 1,31 and 1.74.     

Survey of heat transfer mechanisms in a slurry bubble column

Heat transfer mechanisms in the bulk and distributor regions of a slurry bubble column are investigated based on the measurements of local heat transfer in a 0.28 m diameter Plexiglas column. The gas, liquid and solid phases used are oil‐free compressed air, tap water and 35 μm glass beads. The slurry concentration and superficial gas velocity are varied from 0 to 40 vol% and 0.05 to 0.30 m/s respectively. Measurements have been made with a fast response heat flux probe which provided local instantaneous heat transfer coefficients. The time‐averaged heat transfer coefficients in the bulk region were on average about 50% higher than the distributor region of the column. The wall region heat transfer coefficients are well predicted by the correlation of Deckwer et al. (1980). Heat transfer mechanism in column centre can be adequately described by the consecutive film and surface renewal model.     

固体颗粒对池沸腾换热表面上结垢影响的机理分析

报道了固体颗粒对池沸腾换热表面结垢特性影响的实验研究结果。沸腾工质为ＣａＳＯ４水溶液，换热表面材料为紫铜，固体颗粒是０．５～１ｍｍ的玻璃珠。实验结果表明，在平表面池沸腾条件下引入固体颗粒只能在较短的运行时间内起到强化换热的作用。当运行时间较长时，不仅不能强化换热，反而因结垢而使得换热恶化。     

Wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in gas—liquid—solid fluidized beds

Wall to bed heat transfer has been studied in three-phase fluidized beds with a cocurrent up-flow of water and air. Six sizes of glass beads, two sizes of activated carbon beads and one size of alumina beads, varying in average diameter from 0.61 to 6.9 mm and in density from 1330 to 3550 kg/m³, were fluidized in a 95.6 mm diameter brass column heated by a steam jacket. Complementary heat transfer experiments have been performed also for a gas–liquid cocurrent column and liquid–solid fluidized beds. The wall-to-bed coefficient for heat transfer in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed is evaluated on the basis of the axial dispersion model concept. The ratio of the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the gas–liquid–solid fluidized bed to that in the liquid–solid fluidized bed operated at the same liquid flow rate is correlated in terms of the ratio of the velocity of gas to that of liquid and the properties of solid particles. A correlation equation for estimating the wall-to-bed heat transfer coefficient in the liquid–solid fluidized bed is also developed.     

微/小圆柱针肋热沉传热特性

圆柱形微/小针肋热沉热阻由底板及微/小肋热传导热阻、冷却液与肋间对流换热热阻以及冷却液吸热焓变热阻等组成。以去离子水为冷却液,恒定热流下,进行了叉排排布的不同尺寸的微/小圆柱形针肋热沉的单相强制对流传热实验,实验Re为100～1000,加热功率为50～300 W。实验表明：微/小圆柱形针肋热沉的Nu随Re和加热功率的增大而增大,当Re=600时对