油菜素内酯对高温胁迫下葡萄花色苷合成及果实品质的影响

以酿酒葡萄‘赤霞珠’（Vitisvinfera‘CabernetSauvignon’）为试材,于果实转色期前一周对整株喷施2,4–表油菜素内酯（2,4-brassinolide,EBR）,采用红外辐射器模拟增温环境,研究EBR处理对高温胁迫下果实成熟过程中花色苷合成及果实品质的影响。结果表明,高温降低了花色苷含量,下调了花色苷合成相关基因VvCHS、VvDFR、VvLDOX和VvMybA1的表达量。转色初期（花后63d）,高温处理的果实着色率比对照减少了17.80%。EBR提高了花色苷和可溶性糖的含量。花后77 d,高温+EBR处理与高温处理相比,果实花色苷含量提高了21.65%。果实成熟后期,高温+EBR处理VvCHS与VvLDOX表达量分别是高温处理的3.27和2.21倍。相关性分析显示,高温+EBR处理下花色苷含量与VvMybA1转录水平呈极显著正相关;可溶性糖与花色苷含量呈显著正相关。葡萄外源EBR处理可提高转色初期花色苷含量,改善果实着色,促进总糖和总酚积累,有效缓解高温对果实品质的影响。     

ABA对葡萄花色苷合成相关基因表达的影响

以京优葡萄为试材．研究果实成熟过程中果皮花色苷含量及其生物合成相关酶基因和转录因子转录水平的变化．同时研究不同浓度ABA处理对花色苷含量和相关基因转录水平的影响。结果表明,葡萄果实发育进入着色期,CHSs、CHIs基因家族中的CHS3、CH12和UFGT、MybAJ、MybAl-2随花色苷合成而大量表达,其转录水平与花...     

山葡萄花色苷稳定性研究

以山葡萄花色素苷提取液为试材,研究了光、热、pH、过氧化氢、抗坏血酸、金属离子、山梨酸钾、黄原胶等不同因素对山葡萄花色苷稳定性的影响.结果表明:光对花色苷稳定性影响较大;温度60℃以上花色苷降解明显;酸性环境中花色苷稳定性显著高于碱性环境;过氧化氢对花色苷具有破坏作用;抗坏血酸可以起到保护花色苷作用,但久置后反向促使花色苷的分解;Fe3+、山梨酸钾增加了花色苷的稳定性;黄原胶对花色苷稳定性影响不显著.     

果实花色苷合成激素调控的研究进展

色泽是果实的重要商品指标,果实的着色状况取决于花色苷的含量,而果实中花色苷的合成与植物激素关系密切.现综述了植物激素调控花色苷合成的机理研究近几年取得的进展,介绍了花色苷的种类、合成途径、控制基因及基因表达,详细阐述了果实花色苷合成过程中五大类植物激素的调控作用.     

部分中国野生葡萄果皮花色苷组分分析

【目的】中国具有丰富的野生葡萄资源,分析各野生种果皮花色苷的组分,对中国野生葡萄的鉴别、分类及综合开发利用具有重要的意义。【方法】以‘玫瑰香’‘普列文玫瑰’‘赤霞珠’和‘黑比诺’等4个欧亚种品种为对照,以刺葡萄、桑叶葡萄、蘡薁、山葡萄、腺枝葡萄、华东葡萄和1个分类地位未知的野生葡萄等中国野生葡萄为材料,利用14个花色苷标准品,采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(HPLC-UV)法分析其果皮中花色苷的组分和含量。【结果】欧亚种葡萄果皮中花色苷以单糖花色苷为主,而除腺枝葡萄外,中国野生葡萄果皮中的花色苷多以双糖花色苷为主;欧亚种葡萄果皮花色苷以二甲基花翠素(Mv)类花色苷为主,花葵素(Pg)类花色苷含量较少,而中国野生葡萄果皮中含有较多Pg类花色苷;除刺葡萄个别株系外,中国野生葡萄果皮中花色苷的总量明显高于欧亚种;中国野生葡萄不同种间花色苷的组分和含量存在较大差异。【结论】中国野生葡萄果皮中花色苷的组分和含量与欧亚种存在显著差异,且各野生种类之间也存在差异,可为野生葡萄的鉴别、分类和利用提供依据。     

脱落酸和2,4-表油菜素内酯对葡萄成熟过程中果实内源激素含量的影响

以酿酒葡萄"赤霞珠"和"烟73"为试材,研究了脱落酸(ABA)、2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)和BR生物合成抑制剂油菜素唑(Brz)处理对葡萄果实乙烯生成量、内源生长素(IAA)和赤酶素(GA3)含量的影响。结果表明:外源ABA和EBR处理促进了果实乙烯的释放,同时促进了果实着色,ABA和EBR处理后果实内源IAA和GA3含量略低于对照,但总体无显著差异。在不同浓度EBR处理中,以0.4mg/LEBR处理效果最显著。Brz处理抑制了乙烯的释放,推迟了果实着色,但对果实内源IAA和GA3含量没有显著影响。     

外源油菜素内酯处理对‘美乐’葡萄果实糖代谢的影响

以酿酒葡萄'美乐'为试材,于花后8周对其果实喷施不同浓度(0.2、0.4、0.6 mg.L-1)油菜素内酯(2,4-表油菜素内酯,EBR)溶液,以喷施等量蒸馏水为对照,研究EBR对果实成熟过程中糖组分、糖代谢关键酶及相关基因表达的影响.0.6 mg·L-1 EBR处理促进了果实发育过程中葡萄糖和果糖的积累,花后104 ...     

毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’花色苷组成与相关基因表达分析

以不同发育期毛欧杂种葡萄‘NW196’为试验材料,利用HPLC–MS检测其果皮中花色苷的组成及含量,Real-time PCR检测花色苷合成相关基因表达水平,并与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’比较。结果表明,成熟后期‘NW196’果皮中花色苷总量显著高于‘赤霞珠’;采收期‘NW196’葡萄果皮中共检测到23种花色苷,成熟后期单糖苷所占比例高于双糖苷,其中含量最高的是花翠素–3–O–葡萄糖苷,3’5’–羟基取代花色苷比例高于3’–羟基取代花色苷;与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’相比,‘NW196’果皮中酰化和甲基化花色苷比例较低。结论:毛欧杂种‘NW196’花色苷组成与欧亚种‘赤霞珠’差异明显,这与其品种特性有关,并受到类黄酮代谢路径相关基因的调控;此外,花色素双糖苷主要在转色初期合成。     

激素信号调控果树果实花色苷合成机制研究进展

围绕花色苷合成路径相关基因的表达调控,综述了脱落酸、茉莉酸、乙烯、生长素、细胞分裂素、油菜素内酯、赤霉素、独脚金内酯对果树中花色苷积累的调控作用及其内在分子机制,以期为明确植物激素信号转导关键通路,合理应用植物激素类物质调控果实发育提供理论支撑,同时也为不同果树花色苷代谢通路的深入研究提供参考。     

果实成熟期土壤含水量对‘北红’葡萄花色苷和果实品质的影响

为了提高酿酒葡萄的果实品质,以‘北红’葡萄为试材,在果实成熟期进行不同土壤含水量处理,研究其对果实品质、花色苷和酚类物质含量的影响。结果表明:降低土壤相对含水量明显提高了葡萄果实总糖含量,降低了可滴定酸含量;50%～60%的土壤相对含水量显著提高了采收期果实中花青素葡萄糖苷、甲基花翠素葡萄糖苷、二甲花翠素葡萄糖苷的含量,总花色苷、单宁、总酚含量也显著高于CK。利用主成分分析法对采收时果实中单体花色苷和果实品质指标分析结果表明,50%～60%的土壤相对含水量处理果实品质综合得分最高,也与实际情况相符。这表明在贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区,‘北红’葡萄果实成熟期土壤相对含水量为50%～60%时可显著提高果实品质。     

Effects of abscisic acid agonist or antagonist applications on aroma volatiles and anthocyanin biosynthesis in grape berries

The effects of applying abscisic acid (ABA), Abz (abscinazole, an inhibitor of CYP707A), and nordihydroguaiaretic acid ((NDGA), an inhibitor of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED)) on fruit firmness, anthocyanin biosynthesis, aroma volatiles, and their related genes were investigated in grape berries (Vitis vinifera L. × Vitis labrusca L. cv. Kyoho). ABA and Abz application promoted the accumulation of anthocyanin and aroma volatiles, the activity of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase, and cellulase, but reduced fruit firmness. On the other hand, NDGA showed the opposite tendencies. Abz decreased VvCYP707A1 expression but increased VvPYL8 expression. VvPP2C49 expression was negatively correlated with ABA concentration. The expression levels of VvMYBA2 and VvUFGT correlated with anthocyanin concentration, unlike those of VvLAR1. ABA and Abz application increased endogenous ABA concentrations and the expression levels of VvOPR3, VvACO1, and VvPG, whereas NDGA application decreased them. These results suggest that ABA concentrations influence anthocyanin formation and fruit softening through the expression of VvMYBA2, VvUFGT, and VvPG.     

环剥和GA处理对红地球葡萄果实性状的影响

以红地球葡萄为试材,于2003、2004年分别在河南长垣、开封及新密进行了4个独立试验,主要研究了环剥和GA3处理对红地球葡萄果粒大小、果穗重量、种子数目、果梗耐拉力等性状的影响。结果表明,于红地球葡萄果粒横径15-16mm时主干环剥可增大果粒10%左右,应用GA340-60mg/L水溶液浸蘸果穗,可显著增大果粒,增加果穗重量,对果穗其他性状、成熟期和可溶性固形物含量影响不大。     

葡萄果皮花色素的提取及其理化性质

以红地球葡萄品种为试材,研究了葡萄果皮中花色素的提取方法及色素理化性质。结果表明,1%盐酸-无水甲醇的提取葡萄果皮色素效率最高,其次是95%乙醇-4.7%盐酸(v/v=85/15)、1%盐酸-无水乙醇;以1%盐酸-无水乙醇为提取液,葡萄果皮质量与提取液的料液比宜为1∶5～1∶10(m∶v,g/mL)。光谱特性分析表明,葡萄皮花色素属于花色素苷类,其稳定性受溶液的pH值影响最大,当溶液pH≥9时,特征光谱消失。葡萄花色素具有一定的热稳定性,但在光下降解速度加快,受热后在光下降解更快;Fe3+对葡萄花色素的不良影响大于Zn2+、Ca2+;高浓度的蔗糖、果糖对花色素有一定的护色效应,而葡萄糖对其影响不明显;维生素C、苯甲酸钠对花色素有不良影响。     

Regulation of abscisic acid biosynthesis and signal transduction during carrot growth and development

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a common plant hormone that participates in growth and development processes and responds to abiotic stress. Carrot is a globally highly appreciated vegetable crop that shows obvious changes in tissues during growth. However, limited studies have investigated ABA biosynthesis and signalling in carrot. In this study, the ABA levels and expression levels of ABA-related genes in the roots, leaf blades, and petioles of carrot at five successive growth stages were measured. The endogenous ABA levels changed with the carrot tissue and growth stage. ABA content was highest in the leaf blades at each growth stage, and higher in the petioles than in the roots, except at Stage 2. The expression levels of most ABA-related genes were also highest in the leaf blades. The genes whose expression trends could reflect the ABA content may change with tissue in carrot. The results also indicated that the genes related to ABA biosynthesis and signal transduction may be influenced not only by ABA but also by other regulatory mechanisms such as carotenogenesis in carrot.     

Dynamics of anthocyanin and flavonol profiles in the ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape berry skin during development and ripening

‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) do not develop adequate berry colour in different parts of the world including Australia and USA leading to serious economic losses to the growers. In the present study, various anthocyanins and flavonols were identified in the skin of the ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape berries using LC/PDA/ESI-MS and their changes in the berry skin during development and ripening of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape berries were investigated during 2005–2006 and 2006–2007. Eleven anthocyanins and two flavonols were identified in the berry skin using LC/PDA/ESI-MS. Of the anthocyanins identified, four anthocyanins including cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside, malvidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside and malvidin 3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)-glucoside were not reported earlier. During both the years, the concentration of the 3-O-glucosides of delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin as well as the acetyl and coumaroyl esters of the 3-O-glucosides of cyanidin, peonidin, and malvidin in the berry skin increased during berry development and ripening. During 2006–2007, the concentration of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in the berry skin increased during the early stages of berry ripening and subsequently declined till harvest while in 2005–2006, the concentration increased during the initial phase of berry ripening and remained relatively stable thereafter till harvest. The concentration of total anthocyanins in the berry skin was higher during 2006–2007 as compared to 2005–2006. During both years, the concentration of quercetin 3-O-glucoside in the berry skin increased during berry development and ripening while the concentration of quercetin 3-O-glucuronide in the berry skin decreased during the same period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the evolution of different anthocyanins and flavonols in the ‘Crimson Seedless’ berry skin during berry development and ripening.     

葡萄果实始熟机理的研究——缓慢生长期外施激素和环剥的效应

在巨峰葡萄果实缓慢生长期对果实外施激素和对枝条环剥处理，结果表明，外源ＡＢＡ单独处理、果穗下方环剥与外源ＩＡＡ或ＡＢＡ联合处理均使始熟期提前到来；外源ＩＡＡ（３００ｍｇ／Ｌ）处理并没有推迟果实的始熟期，而外源ＧＡ３处理则使始熟延迟。分析各种处理果实的内源激素变化后认为，虽然果肉ＡＢＡ浓度的升高并不总与始熟期相一致，但ＡＢＡ做为始熟启动信息几乎是可以肯定的。ＩＡＡ浓度在始熟期毫无例外地下降到低谷，说明ＩＡＡ数量的减少也是始熟的必要条件之一。ＧＡ３处理在延迟始熟的同时减缓了ＩＡＡ的下降而并未影响ＡＢＡ的变化。果穗上下方环剥试验表明果实中启动成熟的ＡＢＡ可以不来源于叶片。讨论了果实中内外源激素的相互关系及其对始熟启动的调控机制     

Determination of the mechanical properties of the grape berry skin by hydraulic measurements

Theory and instrumentation are presented for determination of the mechanical properties of the grape berry skin. Water under pressure is slowly injected into the grape berry and the pressure and the increase of volume are measured. The stress and the strain in the skin are calculated and presented in the form of a stress-strain diagram. The pressure may be increased until the burst strength of the skin is reached. Examples of measurements are given and discussed. The method may be used to select cultivars resistant to splitting and for the investigation of the properties of the berry which are related to its turgor pressure.     

葡萄果实中绿叶气味组分（GLVs）合成与调控的研究进展

绿叶气味组分(GLVs)是葡萄果实中含量最高的挥发性物质,主要以游离态形式存在于葡萄果实及葡萄酒中。能为白葡萄酒带来"清新"的香气,也是红葡萄酒中果香气味组分乙酸己酯的直接前体物,其组成与含量对葡萄及葡萄酒香气品质具有重要的影响。笔者综述了葡萄果实中主要绿叶气味组分(GLVs)的种类、香气特点、生物合成途径及关键酶、生物合成影响因素等方面的研究进展,并提出相关转录因子的鉴定及其调控机制是今后主要的研究方向。     

不同反光膜对设施葡萄果实糖分代谢与品质的影响

对蓝色膜、红色膜、银色膜等不同反光膜对设施葡萄果实糖代谢和品质的影响进行了研究。结果表明,3种反光膜处理均提高了叶幕下方光强,改变了光质,调节了果实的蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,其中在红膜和蓝膜处理下果实的酸性转化酶(AI)活性最高。各覆膜处理的果实蔗糖合酶(SS)活性均高于对照,而蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性均低于对照,其中银色膜、红膜处理的活性较低。各覆膜处理下果实中果糖、葡萄糖含量均高于对照,其中蓝膜处理果实葡萄糖含量最高(68.0 mg/g),银色膜处理果糖含量最高(54.8 mg/g)。此外,各覆膜处理均显著改善了果实品质,特别是蓝膜处理最为显著,提高了果实中可溶性糖含量、平均单果质量,降低了可滴定酸含量。花青苷含量以红膜最高,蓝膜次之。