Ge(Li)γ谱本底的直接扣除法

本文介绍了一种直接扣除峰下本底的技术,这个技术已在《SPAN Ge(Li)γ谱分析程序》中得到成功的应用。这个方法是积分峰本底技术的完善和发展,它对于十分复杂的包含有多重峰的Ge(Li)γ谱也能得出合理的本底线,并且能从γ谱中直接扣除。     

PIXE spectrum analysis taking into account bremsstrahlung spectra

Continuous background appearing over the wide region of X-ray energy in the PIXE spectrum is very troublesome presence in the peak fitting. In the usual manner, the spectrum of continuous background is predicted as a function of polynomial and is subtracted from the X-ray spectrum. However, the parameters of the polynomial are determined with difficulty in the case that the continuous background exists under many peaks of characteristic X-rays. We calculated the production cross sections of continuous X-rays for several elements on the basis of the theories of quasi-free electron bremsstrahlung (QFEB), secondary electron bremsstrahlung (SEB) and atomic bremsstrahlung (AB), and obtained the continuous X-ray spectrum as a function of atomic number and X-ray energy. X-ray spectra of a standard sample and of a bovine liver sample were analyzed by a pattern analysis method assuming the reference spectra consisting of characteristic X-rays and continuous X-rays for each element. The results of analysis are quite satisfactory. By the present method, the PIXE spectra can be analyzed under little influence of the background subtraction, and it enables us a full auto-analysis of PIXE spectrum.     

多参量数据的离线分析

本文介绍了一种适用于ND620系统的多参量数据离线分析程序,采用FORTRAN—77语言可运用于PDP11系列的计算机,本文并讨论了粒子的鉴别和二维符合谱本底扣除等问题。     

核电厂热释光个人剂量监测环境本底扣除修正

介绍了热释光(TLD)个人剂量监测中环境本底剂量监测的常用方法和核电厂普遍采用的本底扣除方法。核电厂TLD监测具有监测人数多、使用数量大、测读/退火耗时长的特点,而目前核电厂普遍采用的TLD本底扣除方法,忽略了大批量TLD测量和退火时间不同造成的本底剂量差异,对监测结果准确性形成大的影响。针对上述问题,本文尝试使用时间累积本底,针对每个剂量计的测读和退火时间,进行本底扣除,消除TLD退火和测读时间差异形成的剂量误差,提高核电厂职业外照射个人剂量监测的准确性。     

基于傅里叶变换的本底扣除法在X荧光分析中的应用

X荧光分析(XRF)法具有原位、快速和多元素同时测量等优点,广泛应用于野外测量和实验室分析。由XRF谱全能峰获得元素含量,须作本底扣除。本文采用基于傅里叶变换的本底扣除法,其特点为分析准确度高、不易受本底变化影响。结果显示,采用FFT本底扣除,野外测量得到的Sr含量与实验室分析结果的平均误差为11.0%;而用线性本底扣除,该平均误差为25.9%。     

Observation of Edge Plasma Fluctuations with a Fast Camera in Heliotron J

fast video camera is verifi to be a powerful tool for observation of fiments/blobs near the last closed °ux surface (LCFS). In order to extract the fltuation component from the raw data of the fast camera, a pre-processing technique, sliding time window averaging subtraction (STWAS) has been developed to remove the background of slowly varying emission from the bulk plasma. By using this pre-processing technique, the fast camera data are analyzed. A method to identify the fiments in the pre-processed image is also discussed.     

Pu材料γ能谱分析软件CMGA2.0

在92～112keV区间内,Pu材料的多通道γ能谱共包含²³⁸Pu、²³⁹Pu、²⁴⁰Pu、²⁴¹Pu和²⁴¹Am自发衰变发出的8条γ射线和29条X射线。CMGA通过分析该区间能谱,可给出样品中Pu同位素丰度。升级后的CMGA（2.0版）对2例样品6次重复测量的能谱进行分析,其给出的²⁴⁰Pu与²³⁹Pu含量的比值分别为质谱分析结果的1.010±0.008和0.995±0.011。通过对比CMGA2.0使用不同本底描述方法得到的92～105keV区间能谱拟合图,可看出双线性积分步本底函数可更好地描述复杂重峰下的本底。     

基于递推关系式的γ能谱全能峰基底扣减方法

为准确估计γ能谱全能峰下侧的基底计数，提出了基于递推关系式的基底扣减方法。首先利用蒙特卡罗模拟给出了单峰和重峰情况下基底的理论形态，然后对模拟中基底的形成过程进行数学抽象，得到相邻两道基底间的递推关系式。利用此关系式，结合边界条件，求解出最终的基底计算公式。实际应用显示，使用该公式于模拟的γ能谱，计算基底与理论基底吻合较好；使用该公式于实测γ能谱，扣减基底后的全能峰的拟合优度优于传统的线性基底扣减法。新的基底扣减方法在原理上更符合基底的形成机制，实际效果也较传统方法好。     

Iterative and accurate determination of small angle X-ray scattering background

X-ray scattering is widely used in material structural characterizations.The weak scattering nature,however,makes it susceptible to background noise and can consequently render the final results unreliable.In this paper,we report an iterative method to determine X-ray scattering background and demonstrate its feasibility by small angle X-ray scattering on gold nanoparticles.This method solely relies on the correct structural modeling of the sample to separate scattering signal from background in data fitting processes,which allows them to be immune from experimental uncertainties.The importance of accurate determination of the scaling factor for background subtraction is also illustrated.     

Methodologies for rapid evaluation of seismic demand levels in nuclear power plant structures

A methodology for rapid assessment of both acceleration spectral peak and “zero period acceleration” (ZPA) values for virtually any major structure in a nuclear power plant is presented. The methodology is based on spectral peak and ZPA amplification factors, developed from regression analyses of an analytical database. The developed amplification factors are applied to the plant's design ground spectrum to obtain amplified response parameters. A practical application of the methodology is presented.This paper also presents a methodology for calculating acceleration response spectrum curves at any number of desired damping ratios directly from a single known damping ratio spectrum. The methodology presented is particularly useful and directly applicable to older vintage nuclear power plant facilities (i.e. such as those affected by USI A-46). The methodology is based on principles of random vibration theory. The methodology has been implemented in a computer program (SPECGEN). SPECGEN results are compared with results obtained from time history analyses.     

Reconstruction of the background spectrum for processing airborne gamma survey data

The reconstruction of the background spectrum is based on a decomposition of the initial spectrum into components which are due to the radiation from naturally occurring radionuclides on the Earth’s surface, cosmic rays, and radiation from the spectrometer itself. For the spectra of the naturally occurring radionuclides, the response functions of the detector are calculated for ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰ K in the soil; the instrumental and cosmic-ray background is determined by means of aircraft flights at a large altitude. The method has been tested under real conditions and has given satisfactory results for the evaluation of the soil content of naturally occurring radionuclides and ¹³⁷Cs from global fallout. The method will increase considerably the sensitivity and accuracy of the aerial gamma-ray surveys for the detection of technogenic sources of radiation, whose activity is comparable to that of naturally occurring radionuclides and which have no distinct isolated photopeaks in the observed spectrum.     

Homogenisation method for the modal analysis of a nuclear reactor with internal structures modelling and fluid–structure-interaction coupling

A homogenisation method is presented and validated in order to perform the dynamic analysis of a nuclear pressure vessel with a “reduced” numerical model accounting for inertial fluid–structure coupling and describing the geometrical details of the internal structures, periodically embedded within the nuclear reactor. Homogenisation techniques have been widely used in nuclear engineering to model confinement effects in reactor cores or tubes bundles. Application of such techniques to rector internals is investigated in the present paper. The theory bases of the method are first recalled. Adaptation of the homogenisation approach to the case of rector internals is then exposed: it is shown that in such case, confinement effects can de modelled by a suitable modification of classical fluid–structure symmetric formulation. The method is then validated by comparison of 3D and 2D calculations. In the latter, a “reduced” model with homogenised fluid is used, whereas in the former, a full finite element model of the nuclear pressure vessel with internal structures is elaborated. The homogenisation approach is proved to be efficient from the numerical point of view and accurate from the physical point of view. Confinement effects in the industrial case can then be highlighted.     

在回旋加速器上用α束进行在束测量时的γ本底研究

随着加速器技术的发展以及高分辨、高效率半导体探测器的不断提高,在束γ谱学越来越受到人们的重视,因为它是研究原子核高自旋态的有力工具,可以为研究核结构提供更丰富的信息。在一定人射能量的核反应过程中,往往可以同时打开几个反应道,用Ge(Li)探测器进行在束测量时,就会记录到许多γ射线,使在束γ谱变得相当复杂,在这样测得的γ谱中,还附加了许多本底γ峰,它们主要来自Ge(Li)探测器中的非弹性中子散射和中子核反应所产     

An absolute determination of the U fission cross section at 964 keV

An absolute measurement of the ²³⁵U fission cross section has been carried out using a ²⁴Na---Be photoneutron source with median neutron energy of 964 keV. A symmetric two-foil experiment was set up to measure the fission rate in a low-albedo laboratory, and variations in the source-to-foil spacing used to determine the room background. Fission fragments passing through a limited solid angle aperture were recorded from each foil by solid state tracketch techniques. The photoneutron source was calibrated after each run using the manganese bath method and the secondary national standard source NBS-II. A computed neutron source spectrum with 32 keV FWHM was derived by the Monte Carlo method and used in reducing the data to a cross section at 964 keV. The final value of 1.21 ± 0.025 barns is absolute in that, except for small corrections, its determination was independent of any other cross section data.     

基于贝叶斯推断的堆芯功率分布重构

基于贝叶斯推断理论,实现了一种有效融合堆内中子探测器实际测量值与中子学理论计算值两类信息的堆芯功率分布重构方法。应用大亚湾核电站1号机组的测量数据对贝叶斯推断方法的功率分布重构精度进行了验证,并将贝叶斯推断方法与卡尔曼滤波方法以及耦合系数法进行了精度对比。验证结果显示,贝叶斯推断方法在整个循环寿期内的均方根误差、最大相对误差、功率峰重构误差分别不大于0.31%、1.64%和0.07%,且重构精度优于卡尔曼滤波方法以及耦合系数法。重构精度以及计算速度表明贝叶斯推断方法有潜力被应用于功率分布在线监测系统。      

集装箱检测系统的数字减影研究

基于^60Co同位素源集装箱辐射检测图像,参照医学DSA数字减影血管造影的原理和技术,采用图像配准和图像处理等软件方法探讨实现了集装箱辐射图像的数字减影处理,结果显示能较为有效地去除背景影响,更好实现了货物识别。     

Fast nuclide identification based on a sequential Bayesian method

The rapid identification of radioactive sub-stances in public areas is crucial.However,traditional nuclide identification methods only consider information regarding the full energy peaks of the gamma-ray spectrum and require long recording times,which lead to long response times.In this paper,a novel identification method using the event mode sequence(EMS)information of tar-get radionuclides is proposed.The EMS of a target radionuclide and natural background radiation were established as two different probabilistic models and a decision function based on Bayesian inference and sequential testing was constructed.The proposed detection scheme individually processes each photon.When a photon is detected and accepted,the corresponding posterior probability distribution parameters are estimated using Bayesian inference and the decision function is updated.Then,value of the decision function is compared to preset detection thresholds to obtain a detection result.Experi-ments on different target radionuclides(137Cs and 60Co)were performed.The count rates of the regions of interest(ROI)in the backgrounds between[651,671],[1154,1186],and[1310,1350]keV were 2.35,5.14,and 0.57 CPS,respectively.The experimental results demonstrate that the average detection time was 6.0 s for 60Co(with an activity of 80400 Bq)at a distance of 60 cm from the detector.The average detection time was 7 s for 137Cs(with an activity of 131000 Bq)at a distance of 90 cm from the detector.The results demonstrate that the proposed method can detect radioactive substances with low activity.     

New Technical Approach to Monitoring of Low-Level Environmental Gamma Radiation Using NaX(Tl) Scintillation Instrument

The environmental dose evaluation around a nuclear facility is usually performed by means of calculational methods on the basis of effluent monitoring at a release point. It has been desired to develop practical techniques of direct monitoring in the environment, because the Japan Atomic Energy Commission set up 5 mrem/yr as an objective dose value for the whole-body exposure due to normal operation of LWRs on a single site.

In evaluating gaseous plume doses less than 5 mrem/yr in routine monitoring, there are many difficult problems to be solved. We have developed two techniques for separation of the plume exposures less than 1 mrem/yr from the background radiation, using a NaI(Tl) scintillation counter having flat energy response.

One technique is based on the difference in energy spectrum distribution between plume gamma and natural gamma radiation. And, separation of the respective exposures is made by analysis of the two informations obtained by a two-channel monitoring system. Another technique is to reduce the natural gamma radiation components by using a special concave lead shield for the NaI(Tl) scintillation probe. A combination of the techniques can much improve the efficiency of separation of ⁴¹Ar plume radiation from fluctuating background radiation.     

贝叶斯反卷积在EAST电荷交换复合光谱分析中的应用

电荷交换复合光谱(Charge e Xchange Recombination Spectroscopy,CXRS)诊断是核聚变装置上测量等离子体离子温度和旋转速度的常规诊断之一。然而在实验中,诊断光通过光谱仪后,由于仪器函数的卷积效应,会使测量到的光谱出现明显展宽,影响数据处理的精度,所以需要对实验测量到的光谱进行反卷积处理。本文采用的反卷积方法是基于贝叶斯条件概率公式推导得出,并结合标准灯获取的仪器函数来进行反卷积,分别从仿真和实验两个方面验证了该方法的可靠性。结果表明将贝叶斯反卷积运用到先进实验超导托卡马克(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak,EAST)电荷交换复合光谱分析中,能有效提高实验测量精度。结合快速极紫外谱仪(Extreme ultraviolet,EUV),对EAST实验中经过贝叶斯反卷积后测量到的光谱进行了杂质谱线识别工作,进一步提高了精度。     

半定量法201Tl双时相显像鉴别诊断甲状腺冷结节

为探讨甲状腺冷结节2 0 1Tl双时相显像的实用价值 ,取甲状腺单个冷结节患者 87例 ,静脉注射2 0 1Tl 12 1MBq后 15min显像及 12 0min延迟显像。按半定量法分别进行感兴趣区计数 ,计算结节组织与正常组织摄取比 (15min记为ER ,延迟记为DR)及滞留指数 [RI =(DR -ER) /ER×10 0 %]。结果表明 ,ER、DR和RI的恶性与非恶性组之间差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。囊性腺瘤者ER、DR和RI均明显低于恶性者 (P <0 .0 1) ;炎症者与恶性者比较差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。半定量法的灵敏度、特异性和诊断正确率明显优于目视法 ,ER分别与DR、RI之间比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。显像结果提示 ,半定量法2 0 1Tl诊断显像可明显提高甲状腺单个冷结节的良、恶性质的诊断效率 ,具有临床应用价值。