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1.
Natural Resource Dependency and Decentralized Conservation Within Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project,Nepal 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Project (KCAP) in Nepal is among the first protected areas in the world to institute a completely
decentralized system of conservation and development. Proponents of decentralized conservation claim that it increases management
efficiency, enhances the responsiveness to local needs, and promotes greater equity among local residents. This study assessed
local equity by evaluating the levels of dependencies on natural resources among households and the factors affecting that
dependency. Data were collected via detailed surveys among 205 randomly selected households within the KCAP. Natural resource
dependency was evaluated by comparing the ratio of total household income to income derived from access to natural resources.
Economic, social, and access-related variables were employed to determine potential significant predictors of dependency.
Overall, households were heavily dependent on natural resources for their income, especially households at higher elevations
and those with more adult members. The households that received remittances were most able to supplement their income and,
therefore, drastically reduced their reliance on the access to natural resources. Socio-economic variables, such as land holdings,
education, caste, and ethnicity, failed to predict dependency. Household participation in KCAP-sponsored training programs
also failed to affect household dependency; however, fewer than 20% of the households had any form of direct contact with
KCAP personnel within the past year. The success of the KCAP as a decentralized conservation program is contingent on project
capacity-building via social mobilization, training programs, and participatory inclusion in decision making to help alleviate
the dependency on natural resources. 相似文献
2.
McDuff MD 《Environmental management》2001,27(5):715-727
Stakeholder participation has become a key factor in the success of grassroots conservation and natural resource management
programs. Yet the majority of program evaluations are conducted by external consultants for the purposes of accountability,
rather than program improvement. Too often, systematic evaluations of conservation programs are not conducted at all. The
objective of this study was to build the capacity of a grassroots conservation organization to conduct participatory evaluation, involving project stakeholders in the design, implementation, and use of evaluation. The study applied a conceptual
model for participatory evaluation to the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya (WCK), the largest grassroots conservation program for youth
in Africa, involving more than one million youth since 1968.
Seven trainings in participatory evaluation were conducted with WCK staff, teachers, and community members. The 120 participants,
representing nine WCK regions with 800 clubs, showed a significant increase in attitudes and knowledge regarding evaluation,
as reflected by mean test scores before and after training. To institutionalize evaluation at WCK, existing organizational
practices were assessed and used as a foundation for developing an evaluation system.
Based on club competitions, a new evaluation initiative was launched called the WCK Incentive Program. Participants in all
seven workshops identified indicators and sources of evidence for this evaluation system, which now serves as a basis for
rewarding outstanding performance in WCK. This study revealed the importance of incentives for evaluation, the need to build
on existing structures to promote organizational learning, and the necessity for the conservation community to commit resources
to capacity building in participatory evaluation. 相似文献
3.
König HJ Sghaier M Schuler J Abdeladhim M Helming K Tonneau JP Ounalli N Imbernon J Morris J Wiggering H 《Environmental management》2012,50(1):153-165
Environmental threats and progressive degradation of natural resources are considered critical impediments to sustainable development. This paper reports on a participatory impact assessment of alternative soil and water conservation (SWC) scenarios in the Oum Zessar watershed, Tunisia. The first objective was to assess the impact of three SWC scenarios on key social, economic and environmental land use functions. The second objective was to test and evaluate the applicability of the 'Framework for Participatory Impact Assessment (FoPIA)' for assessing scenario impacts in the context of a developing country, in this case Tunisia. The assessed scenarios included: the originally planned SWC policy implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land of the watershed, the current implementation (70 %), and a hypothetical expansion of SWC measures to the entire watershed (100 %). Our results suggest that implementation of the SWC policy at 100 % coverage of arable land achieves the maximum socioeconomic benefit. However, if stakeholders' preferences regarding land use functions are taken into account, and considering the fact that the implementation of SWC measures also implies some negative changes to traditional landscapes and the natural system, SWC implementation at 85 % coverage of arable land might be preferable. The FoPIA approved to be a useful tool for conducting a holistic sustainability impact assessment of SWC scenarios and for studying the most intriguing sustainability problems while providing possible recommendations towards sustainable development. We conclude that participatory impact assessment contributes to an enhanced regional understanding of key linkages between policy effects and sustainable development, which provides the foundation for improved policy decision making. 相似文献
4.
Forest Cover Change,Physiography, Local Economy,and Institutions in a Mountain Watershed in Nepal 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
This study assessed changes in forest cover in a mountain watershed in central Nepal between 1976 and 2000 by comparing classified satellite images coupled by GIS analyses, and examined the association of forest change with major physiographic, economic, and local forest governance parameters. The results showed an increase in forested area (forest plus shrublands) by 7.6% during 1976–2000. Forest dynamism (changes including improvement, deterioration, gain, and loss) was highest in low-elevation, south-facing and less-steep slopes that were closer to roads. Proportionately the highest net improvement and gain to forested area also took place in those locations. Forest degradation occurred at twice the rate of improvement in high elevation areas (> 2300 m). Forests located in urban and semiurban areas (i.e., a market-oriented economy) experienced a proportionately higher amount of net improvement and gain than forests in rural areas (i.e., a subsistence economy). Among the three governance arrangements, proportionately the highest net improvement and gain took place in semigovernment forests (forested area legally under the forest department but with de facto control and claim of ownership by local communities and/or municipality) followed by formalized community forests (including leasehold). Government forests, which were mostly found in the southern high mountains and had virtually open access, remained relatively stable during the study period. Over 50% of the watershed forests have not come under community-based management despite favorable policy and more than two decades of government intervention with continuous donor support. The findings indicate that the present one size fits all approach of community forest handover policy in Nepal needs rethinking to accommodate biophysical and socioeconomic variations across the country. 相似文献
5.
6.
Archi Rastogi Gordon M. Hickey Ruchi Badola Syed Ainul Hussain 《Environmental management》2014,53(5):913-929
Several measures have been recommended to guarantee a sustainable population of tigers: sufficient inviolate spaces for a viable population, sufficient prey populations, trained and skilled manpower to guard against poaching and intrusion, banning trade in tiger products to reduce poaching, and importantly, the political will to precipitate these recommendations into implementation. Of these, the creation of sufficient inviolate spaces (generally in the form of protected areas) has created the most issues with local resource-dependent communities, often resulting in significant challenges for tiger conservation policy and management. Very little empirical research has, however, been done to understand and contextualize the local-level socio-political interactions that may influence the efficacy of tiger conservation in India. In this paper, we present the results of exploratory research into the ways in which local-stakeholder groups affect the management of Corbett Tiger Reserve (CTR). Using a combined grounded theory–case study research design, and the Institutional Analysis and Development framework for analysis, we identify the socio-political processes through which local-stakeholder groups are able to articulate their issues and elicit desirable actions from the management of CTR. Increasing our awareness of these processes can help inform the design and implementation of more effective tiger conservation management and policy strategies that have the potential to create more supportive coalitions of tiger conservation stakeholders at the local level. 相似文献
7.
Local Residents Perception of Benefits and Losses From Protected Areas in India and Nepal 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
High densities of people living around protected areas (PAs) in South Asia require management strategies to balance conservation
goals and livelihood needs. Based on a survey of 777 households around five PAs in India and Nepal, this paper provides a
comparative perspective of Indian and Nepali households’ views of protected area benefits and costs, their attitude toward
conservation in general, and attitude toward protected area staff. Results indicate mixed responses towards tourism, varying
from very favorable in Nepal to less favorable in India. The majority (81%) held positive attitudes towards the existence
and importance of PAs but had negative perceptions of PA staff (69%). Most residents perceived benefits from access to fuel
wood, fodder and other PA resources including benefits from tourism, while crop and livestock losses from wildlife were the
main costs. Households overall positive attitudes towards the PAs and conservation despite high losses from living around
PAs suggests that local residents may support conservation if their livelihood needs are met. Comparisons of household attitudes
and perceptions suggest that locally based strategies rather than top-down approaches are likely to be more effective. Extending
PA benefits to smaller landholders, households that are highly resource-dependent or experiencing higher income losses from
human-wildlife conflicts, and less educated residents are particularly important to balance costs and losses from living around
protected areas. 相似文献
8.
Raphael Abiodun Olawepo 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(2):108-122
Fish production and marketing are as old as the rural communities involved in the lucrative occupation in Badagry area of
Lagos State, Nigeria. A random sampling of 200 fishermen using Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques (PRA) in five Badagry
villages was used to explore coastal fishing and socio-economic development in the study area with a view to enhancing local
productivity and sustainability. The findings show that an average fisherman in Badagry is aware of the resources available
in his environment, and can affect productivity levels positively if given adequate incentives. There are two lessons from
this study; one has to do with what PRA tells us about the fishing community, the other is the importance of facilitators
that have, amongst other things, good listening skills. The experience also revealed that field workers’ ability to listen
and learn from local fishermen was a critical factor in collecting in-depth information that could be used for rural community
planning. 相似文献
9.
Michael Padmanaba Douglas Sheil Imam Basuki Nining Liswanti 《Environmental management》2013,52(2):348-359
Conventional biodiversity surveys play an important role in ensuring good conservation friendly management in tropical forest regions but are demanding in terms of expertise, time, and budget. Can local people help? Here, we illustrate how local knowledge can support low cost conservation surveys. We worked in the Malinau watershed, East Kalimantan, Indonesia, an area currently at risk of extensive forest loss. We selected eight species of regional conservation interest: rafflesia (Rafflesia spp.), black orchid (Coelogyne pandurata), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), tarsier (Tarsius bancanus), slow loris (Nycticebus coucang), proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus), clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi/N. nebulosa), and orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus). We asked 52 informants in seven villages if, where and when they had observed these species. We used maps, based on both geo-referenced and sketched features, to record these observations. Verification concerns and related issues are discussed. Evaluations suggest our local information is reliable. Our study took 6 weeks and cost about USD 5000. Extensive expert based field surveys across the same region would cost one or two orders of magnitude more. The records extend the known distribution for sun bear, tarsier, slow loris, and clouded leopard. Reports of rafflesia, proboscis monkey, and orang-utan are of immediate conservation significance. While quality concerns should never be abandoned, we conclude that local people can help expand our knowledge of large areas in an effective, reliable, and low cost manner and thus contribute to improved management. 相似文献
10.
Stenhouse RN 《Environmental management》2004,34(2):209-222
Reflecting a worldwide trend of devolution of power and responsibilities to local authorities, metropolitan local governments in Australia now have a role in protecting and managing native vegetation (bushland). Reporting on questionnaire and interview results for Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, and Adelaide, this research examines the main disturbances in local government bushlands, local governments efforts in bushland conservation, and universality of issues and responses among the cities and between urban and urban–rural local authorities. A number of disturbances in bushlands are common among the cities, with weeds, development impacts, and urban run off perceived to be the most threatening. Management efforts focus on weed control, whereas other main disturbances are receiving less attention. Community involvement in management is prevalent, although regional coordination among local governments is limited. Local governments are willing to be involved in biodiversity conservation and their capacity would be enhanced with increased funding, staffing, and regional coordination.Published online
Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004. 相似文献
11.
Shana Sampaio Sieber Patrícia Muniz Medeiros Ulysses Paulino Albuquerque 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(5):511-531
The diversity of plant resources in the Brazilian semi-arid region is being compromised by practices related to agriculture,
pastures, and forest harvesting, especially in areas containing Caatinga vegetation (xeric shrublands and thorn forests).
The impact of these practices constitutes a series of complex factors involving local issues, creating a need for further
scientific studies on the social-environmental dynamics of natural resource use. Through participatory methods, the present
study analyzed people’s representations about local environmental change processes in the Brazilian semi-arid region, taking
into consideration local production systems, natural resources, and their importance. Environmental historical graphs were
developed with nine local families to analyze landscape changes with regard to cultivated areas and pastures, and their relationship
with the availability of native vegetation. Punctuation exercises were performed to observe the importance of each unit that
supplied native and cultivated resources. The availability of native resources in the environment is subject to stability,
as observed by a majority of the local families. The role of the production units (crops and pastures) was emphasized by most
families in the study, especially because of the need for products for subsistence needs and income generation. The current
decline of such practices is a consequence of an exodus of field workers and also relates to the conservation of native species
that otherwise would have been deforested in favor of agricultural practices. 相似文献
12.
Municipal solid waste generation in Kathmandu, Nepal 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Dangi MB Pretz CR Urynowicz MA Gerow KG Reddy JM 《Journal of environmental management》2011,92(1):240-249
Waste stream characteristics must be understood to tackle waste management problems in Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Nepal. Three-stage stratified cluster sampling was used to evaluate solid waste data collected from 336 households in KMC. This information was combined with data collected regarding waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets. The study found that 497.3 g capita(-1) day(-1) of solid waste was generated from households and 48.5, 113.3 and 26.1 kg facility(-1) day(-1) of waste was generated from restaurants, hotels and schools, respectively. Street litter measured 69.3 metric tons day(-1). The average municipal solid waste generation rate was 523.8 metric tons day(-1) or 0.66 kg capita(-1) day(-1) as compared to the 320 metric tons day(-1) reported by the city. The coefficient of correlation between the number of people and the amount of waste produced was 0.94. Key household waste constituents included 71% organic wastes, 12% plastics, 7.5% paper and paper products, 5% dirt and construction debris and 1% hazardous wastes. Although the waste composition varied depending on the source, the composition analysis of waste from restaurants, hotels, schools and streets showed a high percentage of organic wastes. These numbers suggest a greater potential for recovery of organic wastes via composting and there is an opportunity for recycling. Because there is no previous inquiry of this scale in reporting comprehensive municipal solid waste generation in Nepal, this study can be treated as a baseline for other Nepalese municipalities. 相似文献
13.
Commercial Medicinal Plant Extraction in the Hills of Nepal: Local Management System and Ecological Sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Helle Overgaard Larsen 《Environmental management》2002,29(1):88-101
This paper presents a case study from Jumla District, Nepal, investigating local management systems and ecological sustainability
of commercial collection of a medicinal plant, spikenard (Nardostachys grandiflora DC, Valerianaceae), growing in alpine meadows. Interviews were undertaken with local collectors, traders, and district forest
office staff, and the dynamics of people–plant interactions are analyzed using the Oakerson model. In all, 110 sample plots
1m square were laid out in three areas with differing collection and grazing pressures for recording of floristic composition
and abundance of spikenard root biomass. Comparisons show significantly more root biomass in uncollected than collected areas
with local management and the interpretation of differences in abundance is discussed. The combination of qualitative and
quantitative investigations can provide a framework for the study of people–plant interactions, and this study can serve as
first step in a compilation of cases to create a more detailed picture of local management systems of Nepali nontimber forest
products in general and commercially collected medicinal and aromatic plants in particular. 相似文献
14.
15.
Local Responses to Inundation and De-Farming in the Reservoir Region of the Three Gorges Project (China) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Large-scale infrastructural developments in rural areas often impose significant direct and indirect impacts on environment
and people. The Three Gorges Project to dam the Yangtze River in China will create a huge reservoir, inundate farmlands and
villages, and incur large-scale resettlement. The concurrent de-farming program to reforest marginal farmlands on steep slopes
imposes additional stresses on local people. This study evaluates the ecological and economic adjustments in rural areas affected
by both projects, and explores villagers’ knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, and expectations vis-à-vis the drastic changes.
Eleven villages in Yunyang County in Sichuan Province, stratified into three zones based on topography and agriculture, were
assessed by field studies, questionnaire surveys, maps, satellite imagery, and census and government reports. Multiple regressions
identified predictors for 17 dependent variables. Spatial variations in the difficult terrain imposed zone-differentiated
agricultural constraints, ecological impacts, and human responses. The dominant farming population—mainly young adults working
as migrant laborers in cities—has adopted some nonagricultural work to supplement incomes. Expected per-capita standardized
farmland (SF) exceeded threshold SF, which surpasses existing SF. Motivations to reclaim more farmlands, de-farm marginal
lands, and become migrant laborers were explained by different multiple-regression predictors. Reduction in farmland stock
by inundation and de-farming, aggravated by unwillingness towards nonlocal resettlement, would impose ecological pressures
and stimulate demands for nonfarming incomes. Common anticipation of better future income and occupation has been subdued
by unfavorable feedbacks from early relocatees. Future environmental and landscape changes are hinged upon changing human
responses. Government policies could be informed by research findings to match economic, ecological, and social realities. 相似文献
16.
This article assesses the role of local institutions in managing irrigation water use. Fifty irrigation systems in each country
were studied in Nepal and Thailand to compare the influence of local institutions on performance of irrigation systems amid
changes in external policy and market pressures. Nepal’s new irrigation policy after the re-instatement of multiparty democracy
in 1990 emphasized participatory irrigation management transferring the management responsibility from state authorities to
water users. The water user associations of traditional farmer-managed irrigation systems were formally recognized by requiring
registration with related state authorities. In Thailand also government policies encouraged people’s participation in irrigation
management. Today water users are directly involved in management of even some large irrigation systems at the level of tertiary
canals. Traditional communal irrigation systems in northern Thailand received support for system infrastructure improvement
but have faced increased interference from government. In Thailand market development supported diversification in farming
practices resulting in increased areas under high water-demanding commercial crops in the dry season. In contrast, the command
areas of most irrigation systems in Nepal include cereal-based subsistence farming with only one-third having commercial farming.
Cropping intensities are higher in Nepal than in Thailand reflecting, in part, differences in availability of land and management.
In both countries local institutions play an important role in maintaining the performance of irrigation systems as external
drivers and local contexts change. Local institutions have provided alternative options for irrigation water use by mediating
external pressures. 相似文献
17.
18.
Stream restoration practices are becoming increasingly common, but biological assessments of these improvements are still
limited. Rock weirs, a type of constructed riffle, were implemented in the upper Cache River in southern Illinois, USA, in
2001 and 2003–2004 to control channel incision and protect high quality riparian wetlands as part of an extensive watershed-level
restoration. Construction of the rock weirs provided an opportunity to examine biological responses to a common in-stream
restoration technique. We compared macroinvertebrate assemblages on previously constructed rock weirs and newly constructed
weirs to those on snags and scoured clay streambed, the two dominant substrates in the unrestored reaches of the river. We
quantitatively sampled macroinvertebrates on these substrates on seven occasions during 2003 and 2004. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera,
and Trichoptera (EPT) biomass and aquatic insect biomass were significantly higher on rock weirs than the streambed for most
sample periods. Snags supported intermediate EPT and aquatic insect biomass compared to rock weirs and the streambed. Nonmetric
multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations for 2003 and 2004 revealed distinct assemblage groups for rock weirs, snags, and
the streambed. Analysis of similarity supported visual interpretation of NMDS plots. All pair-wise substrate comparisons differed
significantly, except recently constructed weirs versus older weirs. Results indicate positive responses by macroinvertebrate
assemblages to in-stream restoration in the Cache River. Moreover, these responses were not evident with more common measures
of total density, biomass, and diversity. 相似文献
19.
Environmental service payments: evaluating biodiversity conservation trade-offs and cost-efficiency in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Barton DN Faith DP Rusch GM Acevedo H Paniagua L Castro M 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):901-911
The cost-efficiency of payments for environmental services (PES) to private landowners in the Osa Conservation Area, Costa Rica, is evaluated in terms of the trade-off between biodiversity representation and opportunity costs of conservation to agricultural and forestry land-use. Using available GIS data and an 'off-the-shelf' software application called TARGET, we find that the PES allocation criteria applied by authorities in 2002-2003 were more than twice as cost-efficient as criteria applied during 1999-2001. Results show that a policy relevant assessment of the cost-effectiveness of PES relative to other conservation policies can be carried out at regional level using available studies and GIS data. However, there are a number of data and conceptual limitations to using heuristic optimisation algorithms in the analysis of the cost-efficiency of PES. Site specific data on probabilities of land-use change, and a detailed specification of opportunity costs of farm land, labour and capital are required to use algorithms such as TARGET for ranking individual sites based on cost-efficiency. Despite its conceptual soundness for regional conservation analysis, biodiversity complementarity presents a practical challenge as a criterion for PES eligibility at farm level because it varies depending on the set of areas under PES contracts at any one time. 相似文献