管线钢疲劳裂纹扩展速率与疲劳寿命关系的研究

通过对管线钢表面缺陷的断裂力学分析,建立了用管线钢的疲劳裂纹扩展数据估算含初始缺陷的管道在运行条件下的疲劳寿命的数学计算方法．用该方法计算了6种管线钢在给定运行条件下的疲劳寿命,并进行了模拟实际条件的疲劳实验,表明管线钢疲劳寿命的计算值与实验值之间存在良好的线形关系,即在疲劳裂纹扩展实验结果的基础上,计算管线钢在实际运行条件下的疲劳寿命是可行的．同时讨论了管线钢的组织对其疲劳性能的影响．     

16MnR钢在不同条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展规律

采用压力容器用16MnR热轧钢不同缺口尺寸、不同厚度的紧凑拉伸 (CT)试样, 进行了不同温度、不同应力比条件的一系列疲劳裂纹扩展实验, 得到了相应实验条件下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率. 讨论了高温环境、缺口半径、应力比及试样厚度对疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响规律. 结果表明: 16MnR钢在环境温度为150和300 ℃时的疲劳裂纹扩展速率比25和425 ℃时低, 300℃时疲劳裂纹扩展速率最低, 300℃以上时随温度的升高裂纹扩展速率增大; 缺口半径的大小对初期疲劳裂纹扩展有较大的影响; 应力比对16MnR钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为没有影响; 疲劳裂纹扩展速率随试样厚度的增大而增大.     

STUDIES OF FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION AND MICROFRACTUREGRAPHY IN HIGH STRENGTH STEELS

本文用宏观和微观方法测量了几种高强度钢的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,用金相和断口复型法观察了疲劳断口的微观形态以及与显微组织的关系。结果表明,宏观与微观测量的结果基本一致;疲劳裂纹扩展速率随平均应力的增加而增加;18CrMn2MoBA钢显微组织中的颗粒相(M+A)可以降低疲劳裂纹扩展速率。     

EFFECTS OF STRESS RATIO AND FREQUENCY ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH MECHANISM IN LOW ALLOY STEELS

Based on theoretical analysis about local strain,strain rate and dissolving rate at crack tip,the corrosion fatigue crack growth rate of steels ZG20SiMn and SM50B-Zc in fresh waterand 3.5% NaCl solution were measured experimentally,and the PH and electrode potentialwithin crack were also measured continuously along with crack propagating.It showed thatthe increase of crack growth rate,caused by both decreasing frequency and raising stressratio,was mainly accelerated by hydrogen embrittlement.     

EFFECIS OF TEMPERATURE AND OVERLOAD RETARDATION ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL

The fatigue crack growth rate (CGR) of ultra high strength steel 30CrMnSiNi2A in distilledwater at 18,35 and 55℃ were measured.It was confirmed that the temperature is strongly af-fected on the corrosion fatigue CGR of ultra high strength steel.An expression concerning theeffects of Δ K and temperature on the CGR was proposed.The fact that the apparentactivation energy (36.6 kJ/mol) resulted from regressive analysis of CGR data was similarto the activation energy of hydrogen diffusion in γ-Fe,strongly supporting the theory ofhydrogen-assisted crack growth.The overload retardation effect was greatly reduced in cor-rosion fatigue crack growth,especially at lower frequency,e.g.,0.1 Hz.This phenomenonmight be due to the increase of the SCC component of CGR after an overload.     

高强度钢压剪疲劳裂纹扩展的实验研究

滚珠轴承接触点附近的高压剪应力是引起轴承疲劳破坏的原因。为获得高强度钢在压剪疲劳加载下的断裂性态,通过轴向裂纹薄壁圆筒的压剪疲劳加载试验,研究了这类材料的疲劳破坏规律。结果表明,复合疲劳加载时门槛值对压应力分量并不敏感,但对扩散速率和临界扩展角却有明显影响。裂纹扩展速率随压应力增加而提高,裂纹较快达到失稳;裂纹扩散角则随压应力增加而减小,疲劳裂纹将向有利于Ⅰ型断裂的方向扩展。这表明轴承滚道内,任何平行于压应力的缺陷、微裂纹都将是十分危险的。     

新型镍基粉末高温合金FGH98的高温疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

测定了新型粉末高温合金FGH98在650℃空气环境中的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,与前两代粉末高温合金FGH95和FGH96的裂纹扩展速率进行了比较分析,研究了合金显微结构以及保载时间对FGH98合金裂纹扩展速率的影响.结果表明,FGH98合金的高温疲劳裂纹扩展抗力较前两代粉末高温合金有了明显提高.控制固溶后以适当的方式冷却,使得二次和三次γ’相均匀匹配析出,可以获得具有良好疲劳裂纹扩展抗力的合金组织.粗晶组织有利于降低FGH98合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率,尤其是在近门隘区.FGH98合金的高温疲劳裂纹扩展速率随保载时间的增加而增加,其断裂模式相应地从穿晶-沿晶混合断裂变为沿晶断裂.     

高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的温度效应和过载迟滞效应

通过在18,35和55℃蒸馏水中疲劳裂纹扩展试验,证明了超高强度钢30CrMnSiNi2A腐蚀疲劳具有强烈的温度效应,得到了ΔK值和温度对裂纹扩展速率影响的复合表达式。由于扩展速率数据拟合得到的表观激活能值(36.7kJ/mol)十分接近于氢在γ-Fe中的扩散激活能值,支持了氢助裂纹扩展的观点。对大气中疲劳裂纹扩展具有重要价值的过载迟滞效应,在腐蚀疲劳时显著地减小,在0.1Hz的低频率下尤其明显。     

EFFECTS OF TRACE Zr ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RATE OF HIGH DAMPING Zn-Al ALLOY

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＲＡＣＥＺｒＯＮＦＡＴＩＧＵＥＣＲＡＣＫＧＲＯＷＴＨＲＡＴＥＯＦＨＩＧＨＤＡＭＰＩＮＧＺｎ－ＡｌＡＬＬＯＹ￥ＺｈｏｕＳｈａｎｃｈｕ；ＬｕｏＢｉｎｇｈｕｉ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅ...     

钢在海水中阴极保护条件下的裂纹扩展特征SCIEI

研究了WFG362钢和A537CL1海洋平台用钢在海水中阴极保护下裂纹扩展的特征。实验结果表明:Ca,Mg沉淀物对裂纹扩展有阻碍作用,使裂纹扩展速率不再随ΔK单调上升,扩展速率曲线成V字型,在一定的ΔK值下扩展速率达到最小值。此外沉积物的作用也使最佳阴极保护电位区间发生了变化,-800—-900mV和-1100—-1500mV为海水中这种材料的最佳保护电位区间,-950—-1000mV范围内为十分有害的区间。     

EFFECT OF NON-PROPORTIONAL OVERLOADING ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The effect of proportional and non-proportional overloading on mode l fatigue crack growthhave been studied,and the influences of crack tip plastic zone,crack tip blunting as well ascrack closure were discussed.Proportional(model I)overloading may cause more seriouscrack growth retardation than non-proportional(mixed mode)overloading.Therefore,forestimating the fatigue life of engineering structures to simplify a real overload which may of-ten be non-proportional as a proportional one is not always safe.     

3.5%NaCl溶液对铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展特性的影响

对高强铝合金7050—T7451在模拟海水(3.5%NaCl溶液)的疲劳裂纹扩展特性进行了试验研究结果表明,3.5%NaCl溶液加速了7050—T7451铝合金的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN.考虑应力比影响的有效应力强度因子面ΔKefT可以满意地表征不同环境中的的da/dN.裂纹面上的腐蚀产物较薄,对疲劳裂纹闭合的影响可以忽略不计.     

CREEP CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF ALLOY 718 DURING HIGH TEMPERATURE EXPOSURE

Alloy 718 is a precipitation strengthened nickel-hased superalloy based on the precipitation of γ’’-Ni3Vb(DO22 structure) and γ‘-Ni3(Al, Ti) (Ll2 structure) phases. Creep crack growth rate (CCGR) was investigated after high temperature exposure at 593, 650 and 677℃ for 2000h in Alloy 718. In addition to the coalescence of γ‘/γ‘‘ and the amount increasing of 6 phase, the existence of a bcc chromium enriched α-Cr phase was observed by SEM, and the weight fraction of α-Cr and other phases were determined by chemical phase analysis methods. The CCGR behavior and regulation have been analyzed by means of strength and structure analysis approaches. The experimental results show higher the exposure temperature and longer the exposure time, lower the CCGR. This is probably attributed to the interaction of material softening and brittling due to complex structure changes during high temperature exposure. Therefore,despite α-Cr phase formation and amount enhancement were run in this test range. It seems to us a small amount of α-Cr will be not harmful for creep crack propagation resistance, which is critical for disk application in aircraft and land-based gas turbine.     

MICROFRACTOGRAPHY OF NEAR-THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH

The fracture surface micromorphology in the near-threshold FCG region was studied inLD-10 aluminum alloy and Ti-6Al-4V allov.The SEM examinations reveal that the frac-ture surface of both alloys at low crack growth rates(1×10~(-7)-1×10~(-5)mm/cycle)takes ona cyclic facet appearance.The typical morphologies were either sawtoothedfacets or terracedfacets for LD-10 aluminum alloy and isolated island facets for Ti-6Al-4V alloy.The mech-anism of near-threshold fatigue crack growth is explicated on the basis of experimental ob-servations.     

腐蚀疲劳过程中裂尖阳极溶解对裂纹扩展的作用

在模拟腐蚀疲劳裂尖介质中,分别用铂丝和40CrNiMo钢为辅助电极测定了在不同拉伸速率下中温回火的40CrNiMo钢的腐蚀电流密度i_(a)与应变速率、塑性应变量的关系,其结果为:利用疲劳裂纹尖端应变的弹塑性有限元计算,得到腐蚀疲劳裂尖阳极溶解引起的裂纹扩展与△K的关系,结果表明:中温回火的40CrNiMo钢在3.5％NaCl水容液中裂尖阳极溶解对腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的直接贡很小,阳极溶解的主要作用是影响为裂尖断裂区氢致开裂提供氢原子的阴极过程。     

喷射沉积SiC_P／Al-7Si复合材料的疲劳裂纹扩展

采用紧凑拉伸试样进行恒载和降K控制的拉--拉疲劳实验, 研究了喷射沉积SiC_p/Al-7Si复合材料及其基体的疲劳裂纹扩展行为. 通过金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察了复合材料及其基体的组织和疲劳裂纹扩展形貌, 研究了SiC颗粒对复合材料疲劳裂纹扩展机制的影响. 结果表明: 复合材料在任何相同的ΔK水平下其抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力优于基体材料, 并表现出较高的疲劳门槛值. 其原因是复合材料中裂纹裂尖遇到增强颗粒时, 裂纹发生偏转, 特别是SiC颗粒自身微裂纹萌生有效降低了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子, 复合材料的裂纹闭合效应也随之增大. 去除裂纹闭合效应的影响, 当有效应力因子ΔK_eff作为裂纹扩展的驱动力时, 复合材料的裂纹扩展速率却高于基体.     

INITIATION AND GROWTH OF SURFACE CRACK UNDER TENSILE FATIGUE LOADING

本文通过初始切口有较大变化范围的LY12R板材疲劳扩展试验,分析了影响形成疲劳裂纹寿命N_i的因素,得到了N_i的关系式lnN_i=a+b△K_c。对LY12R及三种钢和一种钛合金的实验数据进行了分析,分析表明,在所研究的范围内,疲劳裂纹的形状变化规律对材料、试件尺寸、载荷大小不敏感,且上述平板构件中表面裂纹的深度a均可用同一经验关系式△a=f(△c)来估计,估计值与实测值符合很好。分析还表明,直至σ_(N,max)/σ_y=0.9时,表面裂纹的扩展仍为应力强度因子幅值△K所控制。     

MICROFRACTOGRAPHY OF NEAR-THRESHOLD FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN DUAL-PHASE STEELS

SEM microfractography of near-threshold fatigue crack propagation were carried out in thedual-phase steels of 3 martensite morphologies and 6 volume fractions of martensite (V_m).All of them are featured by cyclic cleavage characteristics in near-threshold region,i.e.,main-ly controlled by mode Ⅱ stress.In the higher ΔK regions,the fracture surfaces are character-ized by mixed modes including cyclic cleavage facets,two types of secondary cracks andstriations,etc..The roughness-induced crack closure of fracture surface is attributedprimarily to extreme high fatigue crack growth threshold values.     

RESIDUAL STRESS CONCENTRATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON FATIGUE LIMIT AND SHORT CRACK GROWTH

Residual stress concentration at a notch depends on both notch geometry and yield strength ofthe material.It varies through the depth,and its magnitude may be higher than the theoreticalone.Compressive residual.stress concentration at the notch of shot-peened specimen of softmaterial is easily to he relaxed,with the surface damage during shot-peening results in a mi-nor contribution to the fatigue limit.Compressive residual stress increases the crack closureeffect at the notch and may lead to a non-propagating crack.     

CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOR IN TITANIUM ALLOY TC11AT ROOM AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

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