常规康复干预联合针刺治疗脑卒中后单侧空间忽略的疗效观察

目的观察常规康复干预联合针刺对脑卒中后单侧空间忽略患者运动功能及日常生活活动能力的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将100例脑卒中后单侧空间忽略患者分为常规组及针刺组,每组50例。2组患者均给予常规康复治疗,针刺组在常规康复治疗基础上辅以头针及体针治疗,其中头针为统一选穴,体针则根据患肢运动功能分级选择相应穴位,持续治疗4周。于治疗前、治疗4周后采用数字消去试验、线段删除试验评定患者单侧空间忽略改善情况;采用Fugl9-Meyer运动功能评分（FMA）评定患侧肢体运动功能情况;采用改良Bathel指数（MBI）评定患者日常生活活动能力,采用目测类比评分法（VAS）评定患侧肩痛缓解程度。 结果治疗前2组患者一般情况及各项疗效指标组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗4周后发现针刺组数字消去试验评分［(0.59±0.71)分］、线段删除试验评分［(0.64±0.74)分］、FMA评分［(38.55±22.19)分］及MBI评分［(47.98±20.66)分］均显著优于常规组（P<0.05）,肩痛发生率（34.04%）则明显低于常规组（P<0.05）。 结论常规康复训练联合针刺能显著改善脑卒中患者单侧空间忽略症状,提高其偏瘫肢体运动功能及日常生活活动能力,有效减少脑卒中后肩痛发生,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

音乐疗法对脑卒中所致单侧空间忽略的疗效观察

目的:观察应用音乐疗法对脑卒中单侧空间忽略患者的临床疗效。方法:将发病3个月内的54例脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者随机观察组和对照组,各27例。2组患者均接受常规康复治疗及宣教,观察组在此基础上予以音乐疗法干预,共8周。治疗前后采用凯瑟琳-波哥量表检查(CBS)、上肢简易Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)和改良Barthel指数(MBI)评估2组患者单侧忽略的程度、上肢运动控制情况及日常生活活动能力的变化。结果:治疗8周后,2组CBS评分均较治疗前明显降低(均P0.05),观察组更低于对照组(P0.05);2组FMA及MBI评分较治疗前明显提高(均P0.05),观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:音乐疗法可在卒中后发病初期有效改善单侧空间忽略患者单侧忽略的程度,提高患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

引导性上肢协调训练对脑卒中所致单侧空间忽略的疗效观察

目的:观察应用引导性上肢协调训练治疗脑卒中所致单侧空间忽略患者的疗效。方法:脑卒中所致单侧空间忽略(USN)患者150例,随机分为2组各75例,2组患者均给予针对USN的训练,观察组在此基础上加用引导性上肢协调训练器训练。治疗前后进行空间忽略情况评价、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定日常生活活动能力、简式Fugl-Meyer评分(FMA)评定运动功能。结果:治疗2个月后,2组患者的USN阳性率明显低于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组更低于对照组(P0.05);2组MBI及FMA评分均明显高于治疗前(P0.05),且观察组更高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:在常规康复治疗基础上联合引导性上肢协调训练进行综合治疗能有效改善脑卒中患者的单侧空间忽略,改善患者日常生活能力、提高患侧的运动能力。     

针刺结合运动想象疗法对脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者疗效观察

目的:探讨针刺结合运动想象疗法在脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者治疗中的疗效。方法:对本院脑卒中后偏瘫患者进行神经心理学评测,40例纳入患者随机分为3组,对照组(常规康复疗法)13例,观察组(在常规康复基础上予运动想象疗法)13例,实验组(常规康复治疗同时予针刺结合运动想象疗法)14例。3组治疗前后分别予偏侧忽略行为学量表评定(CBS)、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)评定。结果:1观察组和实验组治疗后CBS较治疗前下降(P0.01),FMA、MBI评分明显高于治疗前(P0.001),对照组治疗前后无明显差异(P0.05)。2 3组治疗前后CBS、FMA、MBI评分差值的平均效应不全相同,经过两两比较,实验组CBS、FMA、MBI评分差值均高于观察组和对照组,观察组3项评分差值均高于对照组(P0.01)。结论:针刺结合运动想象疗法治疗脑卒中后偏侧忽略患者,能够改善忽略,提高患者的运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

针刺结合个体化作业治疗对脑卒中单侧忽略康复疗效的影响

目的探讨针刺结合个体化作业治疗对脑卒中单侧忽略患者康复疗效的影响。 方法对本院收治的脑卒中后偏瘫患者进行神经心理学评测（包括二分线法、删除试验、画钟表、书面临摹图形试验）,确定右侧大脑半球脑卒中后单侧空间忽略患者69例,按随机数字表法随机分为3组：对照组20例(有2例失访,1例死亡),接受常规康复治疗;作业治疗组22例(有1例失访),常规康复基础上给予个体化作业治疗;作业治疗加针刺组23例,常规康复和针刺治疗并结合个体化作业治疗。3组患者治疗前、后均进行神经心理学评测和修订的巴氏指数评定（MBI）。 结果①作业治疗组和作业治疗加针刺组治疗后MBI评分明显高于治疗前(P<0.01),对照组治疗前、后差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）;②3组治疗前、后MBI评分差值经两两比较发现,作业治疗组和作业治疗加针刺组的MBI评分差值均高于对照组(P<0.01),且作业治疗加针刺组的MBI评分差值高于作业治疗组(P<0.01);③3组治疗后二分线法和删除试验阳性结果差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;作业治疗加针刺组和作业治疗组的二分线法阳性结果与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;作业治疗加针刺组的删除试验阳性结果与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论针刺结合个体化作业治疗能改善忽略症状,显著提高脑卒中单侧忽略患者的日常生活活动能力。     

上肢康复机器人在脑卒中单侧空间忽略康复中的作用

目的观察上肢康复机器人对脑卒中偏瘫患者单侧空间忽略的治疗效果。方法脑卒中单侧空间忽略(USN)患者分为对照组(n=15)和观察组(n=15),对照组在生命体征稳定后进行常规康复治疗及USN 综合训练,观察组在接受上述治疗同时进行上肢康复机器人训练,治疗前和治疗8 周后进行简式Fugl-Meyer 运动功能量表(FMA)、改良Barthel 指数(MBI)、USN评定。结果治疗后两组FMA、MBI、USN评定均有明显好转(P<0.01),且观察组3 项指标均明显优于对照组(P<0.01)。结论上肢康复机器人训练可有效提高USN患者上肢运动功能及日常生活活动能力,改善USN程度。     

早期综合康复训练对脑卒中后单侧空间忽略患者预后的影响

目的观察早期综合康复训练对脑卒中后单侧空间忽略(USN)患者康复预后的影响。 方法将脑卒中后单侧空间忽略患者46例随机分为观察组(23例)和对照组(23例),2组均进行常规康复训练,观察组在常规康复训练的基础上增加纠正单侧空间忽略的康复训练。2组患者均于治疗前和治疗4周后进行康复评定。 结果2组患者治疗后单侧空间忽略、日常生活活动(ADL)能力和Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分（FMA）较治疗前均有明显改善(P<0.05),治疗后2组间各项评分差异亦有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论早期进行纠正单侧空间忽略的康复训练可更为显著地改善患侧的肢体运动功能,提高日常生活活动能力。     

脑卒中后单侧空间忽略的行为分析与康复护理干预的研究

目的 探讨脑卒中后单侧空间忽略的行为表现和康复护理干预的价值.方法 对210例脑卒中患者进行忽略功能筛查,分析其单侧空间忽略的行为表现,并将有单侧空间忽略的患者52例随机分成观察组25例和对照组27例.2组均给予常规护理、常规药物治疗和康复治疗,观察组在此基础上给予单侧空间忽略康复护理干预.分别在发病初和住院2,4周时对2组患者进行Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定(FMA)、Barthel指数评定(MBI),并对结果进行比较.结果 住院2周末时2组患者的FMA评分比较差异显著,MBI评分比较差异不明显;住院4周末时2组的FMA和MBI评分比较差异显著,观察组改善效果显著优于对照组.结论 脑卒中后单侧空间忽略的早期行为分析及康复护理干预可以有效地纠正忽略现象,并提高患者的运动功能和日常生活能力.     

强制性使用运动疗法结合电刺激对脑卒中单侧忽略的作用

目的:观察强制性使用运动疗法结合反馈式功能性电刺激对脑卒中单侧空间忽略患者的临床疗效。方法:脑卒中并伴有单侧空间忽略障碍的患者60例,随机分为2组各30例,对照组给予常规的康复治疗和强制性使用运动疗法训练,观察组在此基础上增加反馈式功能性电刺激治疗,治疗前后均进行二等分线段、删除试验和临摹图形评定,凯瑟琳-波哥量表(CBS)评价法、上下肢Fugl-Meyer评价法(FMA),评估患者的单侧空间忽略程度和运动功能。结果:治疗6周后,2组二等分线段、删除试验和临摹图形试验、CBS、FMA评定均有明显好转(P0.05),且观察组各项评定指标均优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:强制性使用运动疗法结合反馈式功能性电刺激治疗可有效改善脑卒中单侧空间忽略患者单侧忽略的程度,提高肢体运动功能,让患者能够更好地参与到日常生活中。     

穴位按摩法配合康复训练对脑卒中单侧忽略患者的效果分析

目的:探讨穴位按摩法配合康复训练对脑卒中单侧忽略患者康复的疗效。方法:对2015年10月—2016年9月在2所医院住院的脑卒中后偏瘫患者进行神经心理学评测,确定158例右大脑半球卒中后单侧空间忽略患者,随机分为两组:试验组79例和对照组79例;对照组给予传统的康复训练和康复指导,试验组除常规传统的康复训练和康复指导外由护士给予穴位按摩,并分别在治疗前及康复后8周对患者进行脑卒中单侧忽略评定及给予日常生活自理能力评定、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评定和简易精神状态检查,并比较。结果:康复8周后试验组单侧忽略的改善程度优于对照组(P0.05);两组患者治疗后经Barthel指数、FMA和MMSE评定,试验组恢复程度优于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P0.05)。结论:采用穴位按摩法配合康复训练可以有效地改善脑卒中患者单侧忽略程度,通过单侧忽略的改善可以更好地提高患者康复训练水平。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。