免疫胶体金检测不孕症患者血清抗精子抗体

目的:建立快速测定抗人精子抗体(AsAb)的新方法。方法:采用人精子膜抗原,以胶体金颗粒结合的羊抗人IgG为标记抗体,根据免疫胶体金技术原理,建立斑点金免疫渗滤法(DIGFA)检测人血清AsAb。共测检137份不孕者血清并与酶联吸附试验(ELISA)作对比。结果:人精子膜抗原与患者血清中的特异性AsAb通过渗滤法在硝酸纤维素膜上反应, 6min内即可直接观察结果。在137份血清标本中,不孕女方阳性21 9%,不孕男方阳性13 19%。与ELISA的结果基本一致。符合率为96 1%,特异性为95 4%,敏感性为90 2%,交叉试验与重复试验结果显示,DIGFA具有良好的特异性及稳定性。结论:DIGFA可快速测定AsAb,具有推广使用的价值。     

斑点金免疫渗滤试验同步检测抗梅毒螺旋体IgM和IgG抗体的研究

目的探求一种可用于梅毒诊断及疗效考核的简便、快速、可靠的方法。方法建立检测抗梅毒螺旋体抗体的斑点金免疫渗滤试验（DIGFA），平行检测梅毒患者血清中IgM和IgG抗体，对患者在治疗前和治疗后血清中特异抗体水平的动态变化进行研究；以梅毒螺旋体血凝试验（TPHA）法为金标准，对临床上疑为梅毒患者的360份血清进行TPHA法和DIGFA法检测对比。结果用DIGFA法对已确诊为Ⅰ期、Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期梅毒患者治疗前血清中特异IgM抗体的检出率分别为82．61％（38／46）、100．00％（24／24）和77．78％（t4／t8）；IgG抗体的检出率分别为60．87％（28／46）、91．67％（22／24）和88．89％（16／18）；在Ⅰ期梅毒患者血清中特异IgM抗体的阳性率高于I{$抗体（P〈0．05），在Ⅱ期和Ⅲ期梅毒患者血清中，两类抗体的阳性率均较高，且差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。58例两类抗体均阳性的梅毒患者经有效药物治疗后3个月、6个月、1年、1．5年、2年连续采血，经DIGFA检测连续观察的结果表明，IgM抗体出现较早，阴转较为明显和迅速，治疗后3个月的阴转率就达31．03％（18／58），1年的阴转率可达93．10％（54／58）；而IgG抗体出现较晚，阴转缓慢，治疗后1年的阴转率仅为34．48％（20／54）。结论DIGFA是检测抗梅毒螺旋体抗体的有效方法，早期梅毒的诊断和疗效考核可检测IgM抗体，而IgG抗体的检测则主要用于回忆性诊断，不适用于判断是否治愈或再感染。     

斑点金免疫渗滤法检测血清抗精子抗体

目的建立检测血清抗精子抗体的斑点金免疫渗滤法 (dot im munogold filtration assay,DIGFA)。方法　采用经 Sephadex G- 75 -抗人全血清柱亲和层析纯化的人精子抗原和胶体金标记的 SPA,根据免疫渗滤原理 ,建立抗精子抗体(ASAb)的斑点金免疫渗滤法检测法。结果　纯化的人精子抗原具有较好的特异性 ;斑点金免疫渗滤法与 EL ISA法比较 ,符合率为 97.7%。特异性为 96 .2 % (TN/ TN+ FP× 10 0 % ) ,敏感性为 88.9% (TP/ TP+ FN× 10 0 % ) ,阳性预测值 84.2 % (TP/TP+ FP) ,阴性预测值 97.2 % (TN/ TN+ FN) .结论　斑点金免疫渗滤法方法检测血清抗精子抗体有较好的特异性和敏感性 ,重复性好 ,试剂稳定 ,操作简便快速 ,具有临床应用价值     

免疫胶体金检测不孕症患者血清ZPAb

目的 :建立快速测定抗人卵透明带抗体 (ZPAb)的新方法。方法 :采用人卵透明带蛋白hu2p3a2 2 -176和hu2 p3b177-3 4 8肽段作为抗原 ,以胶体金颗粒结合的羊抗人IgG为标记抗体 ,根据免疫胶体金技术原理 ,建立斑点金免疫渗滤法 (DIGFA)检测人血清ZPAb。共检测 5 0 0份不孕者血清并与酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)作对比研究。结果 :人卵透明带多肽抗原与患者血清中特异性ZPAb通过渗滤在硝酸纤维素膜上反映 ,6min内即可直接观察结果。在 5 0 0份血清检测中 ,阳性率为 2 1 2 % ,与ELISA的结果基本一致 (x2 =3.6 6 ,P >0 0 5 )符合率 96 1% ,特异性为 95 4 % ,敏感性为 96 3%。交叉试验与重复试验结果显示 ,DIGFA具有较好的特异性及稳定性。结论 :DIGFA可快速测定ZPAb ,具有推广使用的价值。     

斑点金免疫渗滤法检测肿瘤患者血清弓形虫IgG抗体的应用研究

为建立简便、快速的斑点金免疫渗滤法 (DIGFA)检测肿瘤患者血清弓形虫IgG抗体。本文将弓形虫抗原包被于硝酸纤维素薄膜上 ,用来检测肿瘤患者血清中的弓形虫IgG抗体 ,通过胶体金———SPA直接显色 ,阳性者出现红色斑点。用该法对 2 32名肿瘤患者血清和 2 6 0名正常体检者血清进行检测 ,阳性率分别为 11. 2 1%和 1. 92 %。与IHA法对比检测 ,其结果具有良好的一致性 ,总符合率为 99. 39%。结果显示 ,斑点金免疫渗滤法检测肿瘤患者血清中弓形虫抗体简便、快速 ,适于向基层推广。     

抗卵细胞核抗体的研究

系统性自身免疫疾病患者体内出现的抗核抗体可与多种体细胞折胞核发生反应已有较多研究，但其是否可以与卵细胞核发生反应的研究尚少见报道。以鸡卵核为抗原建立了酶联免疫法，检验相应抗体。结果表明；体细胞ＡＮＡ阳性组卵核ＡＮＡ的阳性率为８３．３％，体细胞ＡＮＡ阴性组卵核ＡＮＡ的阳性率为２３．３％，两者具有显著性差异，从而证实ＡＮＡ亦可与卵细胞胞核发生反应。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者血清抗核糖体P蛋白抗体的检测及其临床意义

目的: 观察抗核糖体P蛋白抗体(抗P蛋白抗体)在系统性红斑狼疮 (SLE)患者中的阳性率及其意义。方法:以含有核糖体磷酸蛋白P0、P1、P2全序列的合成蛋白作为抗原, 采用欧盟斑点法(EUROblot), 测定 150份SLE患者血清抗核糖体P蛋白抗体的阳性率, 并分析其与其他自身抗体(抗dsDNA抗体、抗Sm抗体和抗RNP抗体等), 以及患者的临床特征的相关性。结果: 150份患者血清中, 有 36例(24% )抗P蛋白抗体呈阳性。抗P蛋白抗体阳性组肾脏损害、中枢神经系统损害的发生率显著高于阴性组, 而与皮肤、关节、血液及肝脏的损害无关, 也与病情活动指数 (DAI)不相关。抗P蛋白抗体的阳性率与抗dsDNA抗体、抗Sm抗体及抗RNP抗体的阳性率相关。结论: SLE患者抗P蛋白抗体的阳性率高于欧美人群(13% )。该抗体与SLE患者的肾脏及中枢神经损害具有相关性。     

抗核抗体和抗核抗体谱在系统性红斑狼疮中的价值探讨

目的 探讨检测抗核抗体和抗核抗体谱在诊断系统性红斑狼疮中的应用价值.方法 选取我院风湿免疫科确诊为系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的患者50人为实验组,其它结缔组织病患者104例,包括干燥综合征(SS)14例、类风湿关节炎(RF)62例、混合性结缔组织病(MCTD)28例和非自身免疫病患者53例为对照组.检测其ANA定量值和ANA抗体谱的表达.结果 ANA在SLE中表达较高,但与MCTD和SS患者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).抗核抗体谱中与SLE相关性较高的抗体中仅抗nRNP与抗dsDNA与对照组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).抗核抗体联合后灵敏度可大幅提高的组合为nRNP+dsDNA+SSA60,在SLE与SS中无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 抗nRNP抗体,抗SSA/Ro60抗体,抗dsDNA抗体,抗SSA/Ro52抗体在诊断SLE中灵敏度尚可,联合诊断并不能大幅度提高诊断价值.     

滴金免疫渗滤法检测广州管圆线虫抗体的实验研究

目的建立一种检测广州管圆线虫抗体的简便、快速、敏感、特异的新方法。方法以广州管圆线虫成虫抗原为包被抗原，金标记SPA为显色剂，建立检测广州管圆线虫抗体的滴金免疫渗滤法（DIGFA）；并以ELISA平行检测比较。结果用DIGFA检测广州管圆线虫实验感染鼠血清50份，其阳性检出率为96．0％，50份正常鼠血清的阴性符合率达100％。DIGFA分别检测蛲虫阳性鼠血清13份。绦虫阳性鼠血清11份和粪类圆线虫阳性鼠血清18份，前二者均为阴性，后者交叉反应率为5．6％；DIGFA与ELISA平行检测30份广州管圆线虫阳性鼠血清，两法符合率达96，7％。结论DIGFA与ELISA有相似的敏感性和特异性。且具有简便、快速、不需特殊仪器设备等优点。是一种检测广州管圆线虫抗体的新方法。     

403例不孕不育患者血清抗精子抗体分析

目的探讨不孕不育与抗精子抗体（AsAb）的相关性。方法采用金标斑点渗滤法检测403例不孕不育患者血清中AsAb,并与对照组相比较。结果不孕不育组AsAb总阳性检出率为27.30%（110/403）,女性不孕患者阳性率为27.84%（93/334）,男性不育患者阳性率为24.64%（17/69）,不孕不育组与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 AsAb与不孕不育密切相关,检测血清AsAb有助于免疫性不孕不育的诊断。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.