基于GIS的天山北坡城市群人居环境自然适宜性评价

以GIS为平台,使用5 km×5 km栅格单元为基本单位,选择土地覆被、地形起伏度、气候适宜度、水文条件以及土地沙化适宜度等自然因子结合社会经济数据,对天山北坡不同地区的人居环境适宜性进行探讨,揭示了天山北坡人居环境自然适宜性的空间分布格局,并进一步探讨其形成的原因。结果表明:天山北坡城市群的人居环境指数(HEI)介于10.72—80.19之间,地形起伏度、水文条件以及土地沙化适宜度为天山北坡城市群人居环境自然适宜性空间分布差异的主要限制因素,人居环境自然适宜性整体呈现“屋脊式”空间结构特征,具体表现为以乌鲁木齐市-奎屯市为中轴线逐渐向两侧递减的态势,并出现以石河子市、奎屯市为“双核心式”的空间差异特征。其中一般适宜区域分布面积最广,占天山北坡城市群总面积的39.79%;比较适宜区次之,占25.2%,分布着研究区43.87%的人口;然后是临界适宜区,占18%;不适宜区域占研究区总面积10.8%;高度适宜区最小,仅为研究区总面积的6.19%。     

海岛型城市人居环境质量评价——基于厦门市和平潭综合实验区的对比

21世纪是海洋世纪,海岛地位日益凸显,人居环境是海岛型城市发展质量的重要表征,然而目前学术界针对海岛城市人居环境质量评价的成果还较为鲜见。基于人居环境理论,构建了海岛型城市人居环境质量评价体系,选取厦门市和平潭综合实验区两个处于不同发展阶段的典型海岛型城市作为研究对象,综合评价了两个城市人居环境质量及动态变化。结果显示:(1)厦门和平潭人居环境质量均处于稳定提升状态,厦门人居环境宜居度更高,二者差距呈增大趋势;(2)城市人居环境系统与城市经济子系统二者存在相互协调、制衡的关系,不同发展阶段的协调度呈现一定的差异;(3)海岛城市人居环境质量受到自然、人类、社会、居住和支撑系统等5个子系统的综合影响,且各个子系统在不同发展阶段对人居环境的贡献率有所不同,发展初期的平潭人居环境自然子系统呈负向发展,人类子系统变化不大,社会、居住和支撑子系统得分贡献有所增加;而发展相对成熟的厦门人居环境自然子系统稳定性高,人类子系统虽呈上升趋势但变化幅度较小,社会子系统、居住子系统以及支撑子系统总体状况较好。研究可为厦门市和平潭综合实验区及国内同类海岛城市人居环境优化调控提供借鉴,同时丰富人居环境评估的实证案例与相关理论。     

露天矿区景观生态风险空间分异

以露天矿区为研究对象,评价矿区景观生态风险,并采用ESDA方法定量研究矿区生态风险空间分异特征.结果表明,矿区景观生态风险空间分布以高风险区域为核心,由高到低呈环形包围特征.其中,高风险主要分布在矿业生产及城市生活区域,以土地破坏、压占及城市建设为主要风险来源;中等风险主要分布于自然、半自然功能区,以城市生活与农业生产为主要风险来源;低风险区域以林地、荒草地等植被覆盖区域为主,但大面积植被退化、水土流失导致该区域生态基底较差、环境脆弱,加之露天煤矿作业频繁,整体生态环境质量堪忧.同时,不同功能区的风险高低排序(人工区＞半自然区＞自然区)特征符合常规的区域生态风险等级差异规律.此外,基于ESDA分析矿区景观生态风险,其空间自相关性高达0.7521,风险的空间集聚效应明显;而对比矿区景观生态风险的空间分异特征发现,景观干扰度是高、低风险区域的主要驱动因子;而景观脆弱度则是中等风险区域的驱动因子;基于以上研究结果可对矿区环境管理和风险决策提供一定的数据支撑和理论依据.     

基于多源数据的福州市中心城区人居环境质量评价

城市内部居住环境的客观性评价有助于发现城市发展中暴露出的问题,有针对性地进行调整进而改善城市环境。以福州市中心城区为研究区,居住区为研究单元,利用气象监测数据、遥感影像数据、地图兴趣点数据、国土规划数据等多源数据,从环境健康舒适性、交通便捷性、城市安全性和生活方便性4方面构建城市人居环境监测体系,并使用优劣解距离法进行人居环境质量综合评价。结果表明: 福州市中心城区人居环境水平差异性较大,整体上呈现出中心区域高、边缘地区低的特点。城区中部人居环境指数较高,东部和南部区域较低,西部和北部区域人居环境高值与低值混杂分布。各指标层中,交通便捷性和生活方便性的高-高集聚以及低-低集聚特征与人居环境高低值聚类分布较为一致,便捷的交通以及完备的服务设施对人居环境评价的影响较大;环境健康舒适性呈现城市内部低、边缘高的特点,而城市安全性呈现内部高、边缘低的特点。     

珠三角城市群生态空间游憩服务供需匹配性评价与成因分析——基于改进的两步移动搜寻法

随着休闲时代的来临,生态空间的游憩服务功能越来越受到重视。揭示生态空间游憩服务供需匹配性格局及其成因,对于优化城市群公共游憩空间布局、提升居民福祉至关重要。以珠三角城市群为研究对象,采用改进的两步移动搜寻法对区域内生态空间游憩服务的供需匹配性格局进行评价,并综合分析其成因。研究结果得出:(1)研究区生态空间游憩服务供需匹配性分布特征表现出边缘——核心的圈层式结构,边缘区供需比高于核心区;(2)生态空间游憩服务供需匹配性分布的空间不公平性较大;(3)供需匹配性格局受自然和人文因素的综合影响,其中自然因素主要包括海拔、生态游憩空间分布,人文因素包括人口密度、区域工业化与城镇化格局、规划与政策。珠三角城市群城镇化和工业化模式造就了环境不公平性的现状,核心区生态游憩服务供给不足,人居环境质量较低。城市群景观生态结构优化应注重进行生态修复,优化生态游憩空间分布。未来新城新区建设时应借鉴生态城市建设理念,实现生态游憩空间与生活空间、生产空间协调发展。     

北京市典型公园外来入侵植物分布格局

近年来城市发展迅速,生境破碎化加剧,生物入侵的风险大大增加。外来入侵植物已入侵城市绿地生态系统,部分已成为城市公园生境中的优势种,占据本地植物生存空间、威胁本地植物生物多样性。为研究北京市公园外来入侵植物分布格局,以北京市4个不同功能区(核心区、拓展区、近郊区和远郊区)为研究区域进行外来入侵植物调查,基于19个典型公园的255个样方调查数据,对比不同功能区公园外来入侵植物组成和分布格局。调查共记录外来入侵植物40种,隶属于12科29属,其中菊科为优势科、一年生草本居多,牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora)和小蓬草(Erigeron canadensis)的频次和生态位宽度较大,分布较广泛,大狼杷草(Bidens frondose)和凹头苋(Amaranthus blitum)的优势度最大,资源竞争能力较强。外来入侵植物在拓展区公园的丰富度最高,核心区最低,对四个功能区的对比分析结果表明:(1)拓展区公园的外来入侵植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度和Pielou均匀度指数均显著高于核心区和远郊区,外来入侵植物Simpson指数则呈现出远郊区显著高于拓展区和近郊区的特征(P<0.05),本地植物则正好相反;(2)拓展区公园的外来入侵植物入侵强度系数(Invasion intensity index,III)最高,且显著高于核心区(P=0.008),其他功能区之间无显著差异;(3)核心区公园与其他三个区群落组成不同,其余三个功能区均较为相似。研究表明北京市公园外来入侵植物的丰富度除核心区以外整体上与城市化梯度呈正相关,核心区公园植物群落抵御外来入侵植物的能力较弱,拓展区公园植物群落中外来入侵植物丰富度高、分布均匀并处于优势地位,需及时治理。     

胡焕庸线存在性的大数据分析——中国人口分布特征的生态学及新经济地理学认识

基于大数据分析思路和数据挖掘工具,在县级尺度上,利用2010年第六次人口普查数据,计算各县的平均人口密度,以及合成海拔(地带性因素)、环境脆弱性、人生气候指数、农业生产潜力、适宜水资源偏离度、交通便捷性、区位指数等,克鲁格曼Krugman所谓的区域地理本性特征,对胡焕庸线的存在的地理基础和生态学基础进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)中国人口密度与合成海拔、环境脆弱性、人生气候指数、适宜水资源偏离度、农业生产潜力等生态学因素密切相关,与交通便捷性、GDP和区位指数等显著相关。(2)对大多数省的人口密度的影响的贡献率排在强烈的是合成海拔、农业生产潜力和和水资源适应度,其次是交通便捷性和区位指数;它们是克鲁格曼Krugman新经济地理学认识的第一次区域本性和第二次地理本性因素。(3)新疆、山东、宁夏、内蒙古、黑龙江、江苏、北京和天津的人口分布比较独特,还需引入新的因子来解释其人口分布的影响因素;(4)胡焕庸线沿线是一个生态脆弱地带。研究基本展现了中国人口的空间分布的胡焕庸线的地理学与生态基础。     

基于文献计量的城市空间紧凑度研究知识图谱分析

城市是地球上扩张速度最快的栖息地,城市的无序扩张被称为城市蔓延,城市蔓延带来了一系列社会和环境问题。为了应对城市蔓延所带来的问题,紧凑城市的相关理论逐渐得到重视。城市空间紧凑度量研究是紧凑城市的主要内容之一,以Web of Science数据库为数据源,运用文献计量法绘制城市空间紧凑性度量研究知识图谱,梳理城市空间紧凑性度量研究脉络,以期指导未来的紧凑城市研究。主要有以下发现：(1)城市紧凑性度量指标的研究基本遵循由粗略到详细,由外部到内部,由形态到功能,由静态到动态,由二维到三维的认知过程;(2)城市功能紧凑度研究相比形态紧凑度研究较为不足,中国的可持续发展应更加关注城市的功能效率;(3)新兴众源地理信息数据可以作为遥感数据的重要补充以丰富未来城市紧凑度度量的研究。未来城市紧凑度度量指标应统筹微观和总体,并兼顾公平和效率。     

贵州石漠化区布依族传统村落人居环境适宜度

为了解传统村落人居环境对石漠化及地形地貌的适应性,采用德尔菲法、综合权重法确定了石漠化区布依族传统村落人居环境适宜度评价指标体系及权重,并收集指标数据和确定人居环境适宜度值与阈值,综合分析了人居环境适宜度.结果表明: 10%的布依族传统村落位于强度与极强度石漠化区,且有择优环境的传统;人居环境适宜度指标体系由经济、历史文化、生态、社会、建筑环境适宜度5个一级指标及26个二级指标组成,该指标体系对喀斯特区村落均适宜;总体上,综合环境适宜度值(2.81～3.77)与经济(0.77～1.17)、历史文化(0.39～0.50)、生态(0.83～1.07)、社会环境(0.38～0.53)适宜度值随石漠化强度递增而递减,而建筑(0.43～0.51)则无显著变化,石漠化对经济、历史文化、生态和社会环境影响深远且有协同关系;人居环境适宜度阈值下限为2.93,低于2.93可考虑搬迁或采取措施提高其值;山地半坡传统村落人居环境适宜度值(3.56)高于洼地(3.42)和谷地(3.16);石漠化区传统村落人居环境适宜度比普通村落高,但低于常态地貌,其主因是经济与生态的差异;石漠化区传统村落人居环境提升应加强石漠化综合治理及政策支撑,发展生态经济与旅游及保护历史文化或生态移民.本研究可为喀斯特区村落人居环境保护规划、建设等提供理论依据.     

中国芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度分布格局及其驱动因素

明确大尺度物种丰富度的分布格局及其影响因素一直是生态学及生物地理学领域的核心议题之一,其对于预测全球环境变化背景下生物多样性的响应和制定减少生物多样性丧失的保护方案有着重要意义。本文基于全国芦苇(Phragmites australis)沼泽野外调查数据,结合气候、地理、土壤等环境因子,探讨了中国芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度的分布格局及其驱动机制。结果表明:(1)中国的芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度总体表现为亚热带湿润区和温带湿润半湿润区较高,青藏高原区、温带干旱半干旱区和滨海区较低的特点;(2)芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度与年降水、土壤有机碳、土壤总氮、纬度均呈显著正相关,而与年均温、最冷月最低温、土壤pH值、海拔之间表现为显著负相关;(3)土壤因子特别是土壤pH值是影响芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度的最主要因素,其次分别为淹水状况、气候因子和地理因子;(4)结构方程模型结果表明土壤因子、淹水状况和气候因子直接影响植物物种丰富度,而地理因子通过调控土壤因子、淹水状况与气候因子间接影响植物物种丰富度。总体而言,中国芦苇沼泽植物物种丰富度具有空间异质性,其分布格局受到多种因素的共同影响,土壤因子是影响植物物种丰富度...     

杭州市主城区居住生态环境评价

随着社会经济的快速发展和工业化、城市化的快速推进,城市生态环境日益恶化,城市生活诉求逐渐转向对居住生态环境的关注。对居住生态环境进行评价,有助于为城市发展规划、环境规划,以及城市房地产的区域开发模式和开发方向提供科学依据。采用主成分分析方法,定量研究了杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量及其空间格局。结果表明:杭州市主城区居住生态环境质量基本呈从风景旅游区向城市中心区和北部工业区递减的梯度结构;植被、交通、地表温度、人口密度和空气质量是影响居住生态环境的关键因素,决定了杭州市主城区居住生态环境的总体格局,而工业密度和水体覆盖率对少数区域的居住生态环境有着重要影响。良好的居住生态环境是未来杭州市不断增强城市竞争力的重要资本,应根据不同城市区域居住生态环境限制因素的特点,因地制宜地采取相应措施,加大居住生态环境脆弱区的保护和建设。     

基于多源数据的城市住区生态宜居性评价——以深圳市为例

作为反映城市生态环境的重要指标,城市生态宜居性受到学术界越来越多的关注。结合遥感与兴趣点（POI）数据生成分类特征,利用文档主题生成模型进行特征重表达,采用随机森林模型提取住区,为后续的生态宜居性评价提供基本单元;随后,依据多源数据生成多个生态宜居性评价指标,使用基于熵权的TOPSIS方法构建生态宜居评价模型,得出每个住区综合得分;以深圳市为实验区对研究提出的方法进行了验证,并对深圳市的住区生态宜居性进行了空间分析。结果表明：（1）机器学习方法与多源数据结合可得到精细的城市功能分区图,总体精度可达82.1%;（2）基于TOPSIS方法构建的生态宜居评价框架能够对住区生态宜居性进行有效量化,综合得分高的住区多为片区绿化率高、空气质量好、建筑密度较小的住宅区,而得分较低的住区主要集中在城中村等生态环境较差的区域,结果符合客观事实;（3）深圳市内的住区及其评价得分呈现出明显的空间分异,南山、福田、罗湖区域的住宅小区较多;宝安、龙华、龙岗区内部同时包含较多的住宅小区与城中村,导致三个区内部各评价单元的得分差异较为明显;因住区数量少、绿地面积大、空气质量高等客观条件,坪山、盐田和大鹏区生态宜居得分情况较好。以上结果展示了研究方法的有效性,可为城市生态宜居建设及城市规划等提供案例参考和数据支撑。     

Woody trees,green space and park size improve avian biodiversity in urban landscapes of Peninsular Malaysia

Rapid urbanization in major cities has adversely affected avian biodiversity in both developed and developing countries. Due to over-urbanization and little regard for nature conservation, such cities are usually characterized by poor biodiversity. In contrast to central business district areas, suburbs may support greater levels of biodiversity through an increase in green areas. We examined urban bird species richness, abundance, and composition in Klang Valley, Peninsular Malaysia. We surveyed 141 points for passerines across 80 parks grouped into two different urban zones, namely central business districts and suburbs. Our results revealed that bird richness did not differ significantly (p = 0.994) between central business districts and the suburbs. We found that the abundances of birds were significantly greater in the suburbs than in central business districts. However, species composition was similar between the central business districts and suburbs. We also found that bird richness increased significantly with an increase in size of green areas and park areas, as well as the number of woody trees in both zones. Evidence from this study suggests that creating urban parks and gardens, coupled with tree planting in central business districts, is able to support greater biodiversity, at least for birds in cities similar to those found in the suburbs.     

Effect of urban function and landscape structure on the urban heat island phenomenon in Beijing,China

Rapid urbanization has aggravated the urban thermal risk and highlighted the urban heat island (UHI) effect. To improve understanding on the effect of urbanization on the UHI effect, it is essential to determine the relationship between the UHI effect and the complexities of urban function and landscape structure. For this purpose, 5116 urban function zones (UFZs), representing the basic function units of urban planning, were identified in Beijing. Land cover and land surface temperature (LST) values were extracted based on remote sensing data. UFZ, land cover, and LST were used to represent the urban function, landscape, and UHI characteristics, respectively. Then, the effects of urban function and landscape structure on the UHI effect were examined. The results indicated that the urban thermal environment exhibited obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity due to the variation of urban function and landscape complexity: (1) UFZs showed significantly different LST characteristics for different functions and seasons, and the mean LST gap among different types of UFZ can reach 1.72–3.85 °C. (2) During warm seasons, the UHI region is mainly composed of residential, industrial, and commercial zones, while recreational zones contribute as an important UHI source region during cold seasons. (3) Urban developed land and forest are the most important landscape factors contributing to the UFZ effect in the urban thermal environment. These findings have useful implications for urban landscape zoning to mitigate the UHI effect.

     

基于缓冲带的贵港市城市景观格局梯度分析

运用景观格局指数与城市建成区缓冲带划分相结合的方法,分析了广西贵港市近20a来城市建成区整体景观与主要城市景观类型（公共设施用地、工业用地、居住用地及农田）的圈层梯度变化特征.分析结果表明：贵港市城市建成区可以看作是居住用地与公共设施用地的镶嵌景观,但这种镶嵌景观随着城市化的发展,存在日趋不明显的特征;整个景观层面的指数20a来在31个梯度带内,表现出相似的变化趋势,斑块面积指数显示出贵港市城市建成区存在两个较为明显的商业金融中心;各梯度带内景观的平均面积增大,景观的形状日臻规则,景观多样性随景观类型及均匀度的增加显著上升.2004年主要城市景观类型在缓冲区中间各带能够很好的反映出格局的变化特征,其中工业用地和农田用地的斑块数和斑块密度随缓冲区梯度表现出较为一致的变化特征,而公共设施用地和居住用地的梯度变化趋势相似.各个梯度带中工业用地形状最为复杂,所占比重最低,平均斑块面积最大;公共设施和居住用地形状较为简单,在各带中所占比重较高,平均斑块面积较小;农田景观在各带中所占比例变化不大,近似连续分布,对城市生态环境的调节起到一定作用.     

A gradient analysis based on the buffer zones of urban landscape pattern of the constructed area in Guigang City, Guangxi, China

Over the last century urbanization on the landscape has increased and intensified. Urban development has a great impact on the environment at the local, regional and even global levels. As a driving force in global change, the need to understand the dynamics of urban pattern and its change in an accurate and efficient manner is ever more pressing. Based on aerial color infrared photography in 1985 and QuickBird satellite imagery in 2004 and according to the standard for plan and construction of city land use, the landscape of Guigang City was divided into 11 types. In the landscape classification maps, 31 buffer zones, each being 200 m wide, were divided. With the aid of GIS software ArcView 3.2 and landscape pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS 3.3, the landscape spatial patterns of each buffer zone were analyzed at the landscape level and class level. The landscape indices, such as patch size, patch fractal dimension, diversity index and evenness index, were calculated. The results indicated the following: The total area of the residential land and the communal land in 2004 covered 46.3% of the entire constructed area of Guigang City and the sum of the patch number of the two patch types occupied about 39.7% of the total patch number, while the percentages were respectively 48.2% and 45.4% in 1985. This showed that the mosaic landscape with the residential land and communal facilities land became increasingly unclear following urban development and landscape diversity. Based on the gradient analysis with the landscape-level index and the class-level index, there were two business and finance centers in the constructed area. One was located in the urban center with a range of 0.8 km; the other was from the 10^th to the 16^th zone. In each buffer zone, the mean patch size was larger and the landscape shape was more regular in 2004 than in 1985. Furthermore, the Shannon diversity index of each buffer zone rose in 2004 with patch richness and evenness increasing. The landscape index computed for the main landscape types (communal facilities land, industrial estate land, residential land and farmland) in the middle of the buffer zones clearly indicated the changes taking place in urbanization. The patch size and the patch number of industrial estate land and farmland also pointed to these changes, while communal facilities land and residential land assumed another similar tendency towards changes. In each gradient zone, industrial estate land had the most complex shape, the lowest area percentage of each zone and the biggest mean patch size, whereas communal facilities land and residential land were opposite to industrial estate land. Farmland had a steady percentage along the buffer zone and its continuous distribution had an important impact on the urban eco-environment. The question of how to relate the pattern of changing characteristics along the buffer zone to the urban ecological process and urban ecological planning remains to be studied further in the future.     

Association of depressive symptoms with habitual sleep duration and sleep timing in junior high school students

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate independent associations of habitual sleep durations and sleep timings on weekdays and weekends with depressive symptoms in adolescents who have classes in the morning. We studied grade 7–9 students (942 males and 940 females, aged 12–15 years), who had classes in the morning, at public junior high schools in Japan in a cross-sectional design. The students answered a self-report questionnaire, which covers habitual sleep durations, bedtimes and wake-up times on weekdays and weekends, and depressive symptoms. The Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) was used to determine the level of depressive symptoms. The relationship between the variables on sleep habits and the SMFQ score were studied using multivariate linear regression and generalized additive models (GAM), controlling for sex, age and school. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that sleep duration on weekdays and relative mid-sleep time on weekdays (i.e. mid-sleep time on weekdays – mid-sleep time on weekends) were independently significantly (p < .001) associated with the SMFQ score. GAM analysis also revealed that sleep duration on weekdays (a reverse J-shaped relationship) and the relative mid-sleep time on weekdays (a negative monotonic/linear relationship) were independently significantly (p < .001) associated with the SMFQ score. These associations were confirmed in both males and females when they were analyzed separately. These results suggest that sleep duration on weekdays and the relative mid-sleep time on weekdays may be independently associated with the level of depressive symptoms in junior high school students who have classes in the morning. These findings may have important implications for the development of novel strategies for preventing mental health problems in adolescents.     

景观生态学原理在城市土地利用分类中的应用

根据城市相同土地利用类型具有相似景观格局特征的原理,探讨了融合景观格局特征指数和遥感技术的城市土地利用信息提取的新方法。以北京市五环内建城区为例,研究表明,在斑块类型水平和景观水平上,居住用地和非居住用地内景观斑块的大小、形状、边缘特征、空间连接度、核心区面积特征、多样性、均匀性等特征都有极显著的差异。进一步融合TM遥感影像和这些景观格局特征指数,提取了居民用地和非居民用地类型,总分类精度是79.7%,Kappa系数达到59.8%。研究揭示,景观生态学原理的引入,为传统的遥感技术应用提供了新的思路,在格局复杂的城市土地利用信息提取中有很大的应用发展潜力。     

The Influence of Study Schedules and Work on the Sleep–Wake Cycle of College Students

College students usually exhibit an irregular sleep-wake cycle characterized by great phase delays on weekends and short sleep length on weekdays. As the temporal organization of social activities is an important synchronizer of human biological rhythms, we investigated the role played by study's schedules and work on the sleep-wake cycle. Three groups of female college students were investigated: (1) no-job morning group, (2) no-job evening group, (3) job evening group. The volunteers answered a sleep questionnaire in the classroom. The effects of day of the week and group on the sleep schedules and sleep length were analyzed by a two way ANOVA for repeated measures. The three groups showed delays in the wake up time on weekends. No-job evening and morning groups also delayed bedtime, but the job evening group slept at the same time on weekdays as on weekends. Sleep length increased on weekends for morning group and job evening group, whereas the no-job evening group maintained the amount of sleep from weekdays to weekends. This survey showed that the tendency of phase delay on weekends was differently expressed according to study's schedules and work.     

基于不同样带的干旱区城市景观格局时空演变特征——以张掖市为例

景观格局的变化影响着区域生态安全及可持续发展，研究干旱区城市景观格局时空变化特征，对干旱区景观格局优化具有一定的指导意义。基于1987、1995、2000、2006、2011和2016年6期土地利用数据，利用景观格局指数计算方法，研究张掖市景观格局的时空演变特征。结果表明：(1)2016年张掖市景观类型主要为未利用地，最大斑块指数和斑块聚集度最高，草地和耕地次之，草地的斑块个数和密度最大。(2)张掖市景观格局呈现明显的地域分异特征，圈层梯度带上揭示了绿洲-荒漠用地变化，研究期内第1梯度带内破碎度先上升后下降，城市在2006—2016年扩张较快，其余梯度带破碎度逐年升高；空间演变上，居住地在圈层上的变化呈“L”型，未利用地呈“N”型，张掖市从中心城区到外围区域依次为绿洲城市区、绿洲农业区和自然景观区。(3)水平样带揭示了山地-绿洲-荒漠的用地变化，将张掖市分为4类区域，分别为绿洲城市区、绿洲农业区、荒漠区、山地区；西北-东南样带上景观破碎度年变化不规律，在空间上经过居民点波动变化；东北-西南样带研究期内景观水平指数经过居民点波动变化，其余范围内年变化较稳定，中心城区景观异质性较强。(4)...