A new robust video watermarking algorithm based on SURF features and block classification

In this paper, we propose a robust block classification based semi-blind video watermarking algorithm using visual cryptography and SURF (Speed-Up Robust Features) features to enhance the robustness, stability, imperceptibility and real-time performance. A method of selecting the best frames in each shot and the best regions or blocks within best frames is proposed to avoid employing frame–by-frame method for generating owner’s share in order to enhance robustness as well as reducing time complexity. In our method, Owner’s share is generated using the classification of selected robust blocks within the chosen frames along with corresponding watermark information. In extraction process, the SURF features are employed to match the feature points of selected frames with all frames to detect selected frames. Moreover, we resynchronize the embedded regions from distorted video to original sequence using SURF feature points matching. Afterwards, based on these matched feature points, rotation and scaling parameters are estimated next, selected blocks are retrieved using side information being stored eventually, watermark information is reconstructed successfully. Selecting Best frames, best regions, and employing surf features make our method to be highly robust against various kinds of attacks including image processing attacks, geometrical attacks and temporal attacks. Experimental results confirm the superiority of our scheme in case of being applicable in the real world, enhancing robustness and exploiting idea imperceptibility, over previous related methods.     

鲁棒视频水印研究进展

数字视频在当前通信世界中被认为是一种重要而有效的媒体,广泛应用于新闻、短视频和有线网络广播视频节目中。随着计算机与互联网技术的发展,数字视频内容容易被侵权使用者肆意复制和传播,如何保护视频版权日益成为人们关注的问题。鲁棒视频水印是实现视频版权保护的一种有效手段。作为数字视频水印的分支,鲁棒视频水印是一种通过特定算法在需要被保护的视频对象中嵌入秘密信息——水印来证明版权归属的技术。本文对当前的视频水印技术进行了概述,对视频水印的概念、应用场景、分类方式、设计要求、发展历程和相关经典方法进行了介绍和梳理。本文归纳总结了2016—2021年鲁棒视频水印相关研究工作,包括基于内容的、基于码流的、基于深度学习和其他类型视频水印,并对其中部分工作进行了相应的性能比较和分析。其中,基于内容的视频水印方法将视频看做帧序列,由于在每一帧上应用水印算法,不考虑视频的编解码过程,这类方法实现简单,计算效率高;基于码流的视频水印方法将水印嵌入到编码比特流中,该方案更快速,故可支持实时视频水印应用;基于深度学习的方法取代了依靠手工设计的特征来提高水印的性能。最后分析了鲁棒视频水印的未来发展趋势。     

基于H.264的AAQIM水印算法*

针对网络视频传输过程中的版权保护问题,提出基于H.264的自适应活性量化索引调制(AAQIM)水印算法,以块的活性为载体信号,引入自适应机制,采用一个区域嵌入一位水印信息,使误差被块的几个系数分担。实验表明,水印具有良好的不可见性,对后续帧影响小,对重编码、加噪及滤波等攻击具有很强的鲁棒性;水印的提取不需要原始视频,算法简单、调制方便,能够满足实时要求,有较高的实用性。     

基于小波视觉模型的乘性水印算法

虽然小波域加性水印算法具有较好的不可感知性,但其鲁棒性较弱。因此,结合小波域视觉模型,提出了一种基于小波视觉模型的乘性图像水印算法。在水印嵌入过程中,为平衡水印的不可感知性和鲁棒性,以中频子带作为水印嵌入空间,并根据图像的频域敏感度、亮度敏感度、纹理复杂度确定水印的嵌入强度。在水印检测过程中,采用广义高斯分布(GGD)对小波系数的统计特性进行刻画,并通过奈曼-皮尔逊(NP)准则确定水印系统的检测阈值,给出了水印系统的虚警概率和检测概率之间的接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线关系。最后通过实验测试了该算法在抗压缩、叠加噪声、缩放和剪切等攻击时的鲁棒性能。仿真结果表明：该算法具有较好的检测性能以及在抗攻击时具有较强的鲁棒性。     

A robust rotation resilient video watermarking scheme based on the SIFT

This paper proposes a blind and robust video watermarking algorithm for copyright protection of the video in the wavelet transform. The watermark bit is embedded by modifying two random high frequency coefficients in the first level discrete wavelet transform of the frames of the video. The watermark is encrypted before embedding by using the cat map for better security. During the watermark extraction phase, it is verified whether the video is attacked by rotation attack. Frame restoration against rotation attack is done based on matching at least two feature points each generated by the scale invariant feature transform in the original video frame and the watermarked one. The angle between the two lines formed by joining these feature points is used to restore the video frames to the original position. Experimental results show the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed method against variety of attacks. It is especially robust against rotation attack in comparison with other popular watermarking methods. Normalized Correlation, Structural Similarity Index and Peak Signal-to-Noise-Ratio are nearly 100%, 1, above 48 dB respectively against the various attacks.     

基于DCT和SVD的图像哈希水印算法

为使频域水印技术更好地应用于数字图像的版权保护,提出一种基于离散余弦变换和奇异值分解相结合的图像哈希水印算法。利用DWT变换提取载体图像的低频系数矩阵构造水印;对载体图像进行分块DCT变换,提取每个子块的低频系数;对低频系数所组成的矩阵进行SVD变换,在对角阵上嵌入水印;对频域系数进行逆变换得到含水印图。将已有算法和当前所提出的算法进行对比,实验结果表明,所提水印算法具有良好的不可感知性和鲁棒性。     

Perceptual differential energy watermarking for H.264/AVC

This paper presents a novel watermark embedding scheme for H.264/AVC video using a spatio-temporal just-noticeable difference (JND) model, which is based on 4?×?4 DCT blocks. Combined with the proposed JND model, a previous differential energy watermarking (DEW) algorithm is modified for better imperceptibility. Low-density parity-check (LDPC) and spread spectrum are used to enhance robustness of the watermark. The watermarked video has good robustness against common video attacks such as re-compression, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), salt-and-pepper noise, Gauss filtering, circular averaging filtering and frame averaging. The watermarked video also has good visual quality due to the introduced JND model.     

利用DCT系数映射关系快速实现视频水印嵌入

针对MPEG-2视频压缩标准,提出一种具备快速实现能力的鲁棒性视频水印嵌入方案。利用视频帧分块DCT系数与整体DCT系数间的映射关系,在水印嵌入和提取过程中避免对视频进行完全解码,减小计算量,提高水印算法实时嵌入、实时检测能力。实验结果表明,该方法能抵抗缩小攻击、高斯白噪声攻击、MPEG-2重编码压缩攻击,而且能够快速实现。     

基于分块模运算数字图像水印算法性能分析

基于分块模运算的数字图像水印算法通过在图像特征边缘点附近选择n×n像素点所组成的子块,并调整该块的平均亮度对于一个正整数2p取模的值来嵌入水印。分块大小n以及模数2p对于水印的不可感知性及稳健性具有重要影响。文章基于理论分析和实验验证研究了采用不同参数嵌入水印对于算法性能的影响,并对算法的安全性进行了简要讨论。其结论将有助于该类算法的实际应用。     

基于神经网络的自适应彩色图像盲水印算法

文中提出的算法是自适应地将水印嵌入,并利用神经网络实现水印的盲提取。首先将二值水印嵌入到YIQ色彩空间的Y分量小波分解的低频系数中,为达到平衡水印图像的鲁棒性和不可见性,嵌入的强度是根据人类视觉特性自适应调整至最佳;利用BP神经网络的学习和自适应的特性和一段已知序列训练神经网络,可实现水印的盲提取;在神经网络的输入信号计算上提出选择邻域窗口为3*3方形窗口比十字窗口具有更好的实验效果。仿真实验结果表明该算法对常用的图像处理具有较好的鲁棒性和不可见性。     

人眼视觉特性与SIFT相结合的视频双水印算法

针对视频水印容易遭受几何攻击以及水印的鲁棒性与透明性的平衡问题,提出一种基于人眼视觉特性与尺度不变特征变换（SIFT）相结合的抗几何攻击视频双水印算法。首先获取视频序列中人眼视觉掩蔽阈值作为水印的最大嵌入强度。其次,将视频帧进行离散小波变换（DWT）,对中高频子带系数提出基于视频运动信息的自适应水印算法;针对低频子带,提出基于小波低频系数统计特性的抗几何攻击视频水印算法。最后,以SIFT作为触发器判断视频帧是否遭受几何攻击,对遭受几何攻击的视频帧利用SIFT的尺度与方向不变性进行校正,并对校正后的视频帧提取水印信号;针对非几何攻击的视频帧,直接利用中高频提取算法。所提算法与实时性视频水印算法——基于小波域直方图的视频水印（VW-HDWT）算法比较,峰值性噪比值（PSNR）提高了7.5%;与基于特征区域的水印算法相比,水印嵌入容量提高约10倍。实验结果表明,在保证水印透明度较好的情况下,所提算法对常规几何攻击具有较强的鲁棒性。     

A new watermarking scheme for colour image using QR decomposition and ternary coding

At present, the binary images are often used as the original watermark images of many watermarking methods, but partial methods cannot be easily extended to colour image watermarking methods. For resolving this problem, we propose a new watermarking method using ternary coding and QR decomposition for colour image. In the procedure of embedding watermark, the colour image watermark is coded to ternary information; the colour host image is also separated into image blocks of sized 3?×?3, and these image blocks are further decomposed via QR decomposition; then, one ternary watermark is embedded into one orthogonal matrix Q of QR decomposition by the proposed rules. In the procedure of extracting watermark, the proposed method uses the blind-manner to extract the embedded ternary information. The novelty of this scheme lies in the proposed ternary coding for watermark image, which can improve the imperceptibility, embedded watermark capacity and real-time feature of the watermarking scheme. The results of simulation show the presented technique is better than other compared schemes with respect to imperceptibility, embedded watermark capacity and real-time feature under the similar robustness.

     

An adaptive color image watermarking using RDWT-SVD and artificial bee colony based quality metric strength factor optimization

Image watermarking has emerged as a useful method for solving security issues like authenticity, copyright protection and rightful ownership of digital data. Existing watermarking schemes use either a binary or grayscale image as a watermark. This paper proposes a new robust and adaptive watermarking scheme in which both the host and watermark are the color images of the same size and dimension. The security of the proposed watermarking scheme is enhanced by scrambling both color host and watermark images using Arnold chaotic map. The host image is decomposed by redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) into four sub-bands of the same dimension, and then approximate sub-band undergoes singular value decomposition (SVD) to obtain the principal component (PC). The scrambled watermark is then directly inserted into a principal component of scrambled host image, using an artificial bee colony optimized adaptive multi-scaling factor, obtained by considering both the host and watermark image perceptual quality to overcome the tradeoff between imperceptibility and robustness of the watermarked image. The hybridization of RDWT-SVD provides an advantage of no shift-invariant to achieve higher embedding capacity in the host image and preserving the imperceptibility and robustness by exploiting SVD properties. To measure the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed scheme, both qualitative and quantitative evaluation parameters like peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index metric (SSIM) and normalized cross-correlation (NC) are used. Experiments are performed against several image processing attacks and the results are analyzed and compared with other related existing watermarking schemes which clearly depict the usefulness of the proposed scheme. At the same time, the proposed scheme overcomes the major security problem of false positive error (FPE) that mostly occurs in existing SVD based watermarking schemes.     

A blind video watermarking scheme based on ICA and shot segmentation

With the development of network and multimedia techniques, the digital video copyright protection issues have become more and more important as digital video can be easily pro- duced, replicated, accessed and distributed. Digital video watermark is the ma…     

足球视频镜头分类方法

根据视频语义分析和视频摘要等应用对于视频数据结构化的需求,提出了一种针对足球视频的镜头分类方法.通过logo模板匹配检测并定位出视频中的慢镜头,对其余的正常比赛部分做镜头边界检测完成视频切分.基于分块的思想,对正常比赛镜头帧计算其各块的场地像素比率值作为特征,利用SVM分类器将正常比赛镜头分为远镜头、中镜头、球员特写或场外镜头3类.至此,整个视频流可以表示为结构化的四类镜头类型标示序列.实验结果表明,该方法在视频切分和镜头类型识别的准确性方面具有良好的效果.     

基于信噪比的自适应图像水印算法

提出了一个基于信噪比SNR的完全自适应水印算法,该算法先把原始图像分块DCT,利用信噪比SNR确定各个子块的拉伸因子α,最后水印分量以不同的能量被嵌入到各个子块的DCT低频系数中,实验结果表明该算法具有良好的不可见性和鲁棒性。     

Improving digital image watermarking by means of optimal channel selection

Supporting safe and resilient authentication and integrity of digital images is of critical importance in a time of enormous creation and sharing of these contents. This paper presents an improved digital image watermarking model based on a coefficient quantization technique that intelligently encodes the owner’s information for each color channel to improve imperceptibility and robustness of the hidden information. Concretely, a novel color channel selection mechanism automatically selects the optimal HL4 and LH4 wavelet coefficient blocks for embedding binary bits by adjusting block differences, calculated between LH and HL coefficients of the host image. The channel selection aims to minimize the visual difference between the original image and the embedded image. On the other hand, the strength of the watermark is controlled by a factor to achieve an acceptable tradeoff between robustness and imperceptibility. The arrangement of the watermark pixels before shuffling and the channel into which each pixel is embedded is ciphered in an associated key. This key is utterly required to recover the original watermark, which is extracted through an adaptive clustering thresholding mechanism based on the Otsu’s algorithm. Benchmark results prove the model to support imperceptible watermarking as well as high robustness against common attacks in image processing, including geometric, non-geometric transformations, and lossy JPEG compression. The proposed method enhances more than 4 dB in the watermarked image quality and significantly reduces Bit Error Rate in the comparison of state-of-the-art approaches.     

基于DWT最优多子图和SIFT几何校正的鲁棒水印算法

为提高水印系统鲁棒性,提出一种基于PSO算法优化的DWT多子图水印算法。算法选择DWT变换后的多个子图作DCT变换,然后利用PSO算法寻找最优的多子图组合权重,利用扩展变换QIM原理嵌入和提取水印。为提高算法抵抗几何攻击的性能,提出基于改进SIFT的水印图像抗几何攻击方法,采用一种基于圆的特征点描述方法改进SIFT,然后在水印提取前通过SIFT特征点匹配进行几何校正预处理。实验仿真结果表明,在保证水印不可察觉的基础上,基于PSO算法优化的DWT多子图水印算法的鲁棒性优于基于DWT单一子图的水印算法;加入改进SIFT算法的水印系统抵抗几何攻击的能力明显提高。     

图像盲水印算法的遗传优化

为了提高数字水印的实用性,必须保证水印的鲁棒性和透明性,为此在Cox等人提出的水印稳健性理论的指导下,充分考虑人类视觉系统特性,提出了一种基于遗传算法的图像盲水印算法。通过基于小波边缘的检测,调节系数差,实现了水印透明性和鲁棒性的综合优化。实验结果表明,该算法不仅对于水印的攻击具有强鲁棒性,且兼顾载体图像的质量。     

基于离散余弦变换的自适应盲视频水印算法

设计了一种基于离散余弦变换的自适应盲视频水印算法,先用混沌序列对水印图像加密,再将视频序列进行分帧,提取亮度分量作二维8×8DCT变换,将水印嵌入到DCT分块的低频系数中。水印的提取不需要原始视频信号和原始水印,实现了水印的盲检测。实验结果表明,水印的不可感知性很好,在抵抗椒盐噪声、高斯噪声、帧删除、帧剪切及高斯低通滤波等多种攻击时具有良好的鲁棒性。