逆转录病毒载体介导的HSVtk基因表达及提高重组逆转录病毒滴度的研究

目的 探讨逆转录病毒载体介导的单纯疱疹病毒胸苷激酶(HSVtk)基因表达及提高逆转录病毒滴度的措施。方法 将HSVtk基因插入逆转录病毒载体pRevTRE中,构建重组逆转录病毒载体。通过微乒乓感染法导入包装细胞PA317中,以潮霉素B筛选克隆细胞,浓缩克隆细胞上清制备重组逆转录病毒。在不同时间及不同丁酸钠浓度下,检测分析经筛选获得阳性克隆靶细胞中有无HSVtk基因的表达及如何获得高滴度的重组病毒液。结果 成功构建了重组逆转录病毒载体RevTRE／tk,制备的重组病毒感染靶细胞后有HSVtk基因的表达。结论 通过微乒乓感染法在包装细胞PA317培养30h和10mmol／L丁酸钠浓度下,经冷冻超速离心能获得携HSVtk基因的高滴度逆转录病毒颗粒,为其基因治疗的应用及研究奠定了基础。     

双色荧光定量PCR快速分型、定量高危型人乳头状瘤病毒

目的针对高危型人乳头状瘤病毒（humanpapillomavims，HPV）亚型的多样性以及感染病毒载量的高低，旨在建立高危型HPV的定量与分型的快速检测方法，为HPV筛查与治疗提供依据。方法利用2种荧光染料分别标记HPV-16、HPV-33／52／58／67和HPV-18／45、HPV-31探针，同时以B球蛋白基因作为内对照，对120份疑为HPV感染的宫颈脱落细胞样本进行I{I＇V分型与定量，定量范围为5×10^1-5×10^7拷贝/ml，以HC-2杂交捕获法作为“金标准”，评价该方法的特异性与灵敏度。结果荧光定量PCR阳性检出率为52．5％（631120），其中HPV-16、HPV-18／45、HPV-31和m．V-33，52，58，67阳性率分别为36．51％（23／63）、11．11％（7／63）、12．70％（8／63）、58．73％（37／63）；HPV感染的平均病毒载量为1．08×10^7拷贝/ml。荧光定量PCR的特异性为100％，灵敏度为81．82％。结论双色荧光定量PCR能快速分型、定量高危型HPV，可用于HPV感染的筛查与宫颈病变程度预测以及疗效观察。     

荧光定量PCR用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度检测的研究

目的：建立一种高效、简便的荧光实时定量PCR方法,用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度的检测.方法：利用Bac-to-Bac载体系统在E.coli菌株DH10 Bac中构建重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒（Bacmid）和在昆虫细胞中构建含人IL-18基因的重组杆状病毒,纯化的重组Bacmid作为PCR检测的标准模板,由昆虫细胞中收获的病毒母液用于空斑测定和病毒DNA提取.以10倍梯度稀释的重组Bacmid作为标准模板,进行荧光定量PCR扩增IL18基因片段并绘制标准曲线,然后以提取的重组杆状病毒DNA作为模板,采用同样体系进行实时PCR反应检测.同时,以琼脂糖空斑法测定病毒母液的滴度.结果：成功构建了重组杆状病毒并建立了病毒滴度的实时荧光PCR检测方法.运用标准模板进行的PCR反应显示该方法的线形范围为101～108拷贝,病毒母液的DNA拷贝浓度（vg/ml）值约为空斑检测的滴度pfu/ml值的10倍.结论：荧光定量PCR方法可灵敏快速地鉴定重组杆状病毒,并在较大的线性范围内检测重组杆状病毒滴度,较之空斑法更准确地反映了重组杆状病毒的实际数量.     

胰岛素样生长因子-1基因真核表达载体的构建

目的构建胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)基因重组逆转录病毒,为将IGF-1基因应用于神经系统疾病的治疗打下基础。方法质粒pcDNA3.1-IGF-1经EcoR I和Xho I双酶切后亚克隆至逆转录病毒载体pLXSN,构建成重组逆转录病毒表达载体pLXSN-IGF-1,采用酶切及测序对重组体进行鉴定。而后脂质体转染pLXSN-IGF-1至包装细胞pA317,检测培养上清病毒滴度。结果重组真核基因表达载体pLXSN-IGF-1经EcoR I和Xho I双酶切后,得到了400 bp和6.0 kb两条带;以重组体为模板进行PCR检测,400 bp的目的基因片段呈阳性;重组体测序结果与预期结果完全一致;建立了细胞系PA317-IGF-1,其培养上清平均病毒滴度为6.5×105CFU/ml。结论成功构建了IGF-1基因重组逆转录病毒。     

荧光定量PCR用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度检测的研究

目的：建立一种高效﹑简便的荧光实时定量PCR方法，用于重组杆状病毒鉴定及病毒滴度的检测。方法：利用Bac-to-Bac载体系统在昆虫细胞中构建含人IL-18基因的重组杆状病毒，收获的病毒母液以10倍梯度系列稀释后，提取病毒基因组DNA。以10倍梯度稀释的重组杆状病毒穿梭质粒（bacmid）作为标准模板，进行荧光定量PCR反应扩增IL-18基因片段并绘制标准曲线，然后以上述的重组杆状病毒基因组DNA作为模板，采用同样体系进行实时PCR反应检测，同时用琼脂糖空斑法测定病毒母液的滴度。结果：成功构建了重组杆状病毒并建立了病毒滴度的实时荧光PCR检测方法。运用标准模板进行的PCR反应显示该方法的线形范围为101-108拷贝，病毒母液的DNA拷贝浓度（vg/mL）值约为空斑检测的滴度 pfu/mL值的10倍。结论：荧光定量PCR方法可灵敏快速地鉴定重组杆状病毒，并在较大的线形范围内检测重组杆状病毒滴度，较之空斑法更准确地反映了重组杆状病毒的实际数量。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白2重组逆转录病毒的构建及表达

目的　寻找在真核细胞中表达Epstein Barr(EB)病毒潜伏膜蛋白 2 (Latentmembraneprotein 2 ,LMP2 )的有效途径 ,研究LMP2蛋白功能及深入探讨其在诱导细胞免疫应答中的作用。方法　将EB病毒LMP2蛋白的基因重组至逆转录病毒载体LXSN上 ,通过脂质体将重组质粒导入PT6 7细胞 ,G418筛选抗性克隆 ,收集含重组病毒的上清 ,将其感染小鼠成纤维细胞NIH 3T3 ,测定病毒滴度 ,提取转染细胞DNA进行PCR鉴定 ,间接免疫荧光法检测外源基因在感染病毒的NIH 3T3中的表达。结果　培养上清的病毒滴度为 5 .8× 10 5 PFU ml,聚合酶链反应 (PCR)结果证实 ,转染细胞的DNA中含有目的基因的特异性片段。免疫荧光结果表明EBV LMP2基因在小鼠成纤维细胞中获得表达。结论　重组逆转录病毒成功地将EB病毒LMP2基因整合到细胞中并得以表达     

携带vIL-10的逆转录病毒重组体的构建及体外表达研究

目的构建携带vIL-10表达序列的重组逆转录病毒rRV-vIL-10并检测该重组病毒对体外培养的兔滑膜细胞的转染情况和目的基因的表达水平。方法①设计带有酶切位点的引物,对含有目的基因的质粒进行PCR扩增并纯化目的基因片段。②双酶切目的基因vIL-10与逆转录病毒载体pLXSN,将pLXSN与vIL-10进行定向克隆连接,筛出阳性克隆并进行鉴定。③扩增逆转录病毒重组体rRV-vIL-10,与辅助质粒pVSVG通过磷酸钙-共沉淀法共转染GP-293包装细胞,收集病毒并测定滴度。④将获得的重组逆转录病毒rRV-vIL-10转染体外培养的兔滑膜成纤维样细胞。细胞免疫组化测定目的蛋白的表达。结果①成功构建了携带治疗基因的重组逆转录病毒rRV-vIL-10,病毒滴度为5×106cfu/ml。②rRV-vIL-10能有效转染体外培养的兔滑膜成纤维样细胞,细胞免疫组化法可检测到vIL-10的表达。结论①成功构建了携带治疗基因vIL-10的重组逆转录病毒rRV-vIL-10。②以逆转录病毒为载体可以成功地将vIL-10基因导入体外培养的兔滑膜成纤维样细胞并表达vIL-10蛋白。     

小鼠noggin基因的重组腺病毒构建与鉴定

目的：构建小鼠 noggin 基因的重组腺病毒载体并鉴定。方法：采用基因工程技术。经过2次亚克隆将 noggin 基因片段克隆至穿梭质粒 AdTrack-CMV 上,利用 pAdEasy-1系统进行细菌内同源重组后,脂质体转染 293T 细胞包装、扩增。采用 PCR 方法对重组体腺病毒进行鉴定,利用穿梭质粒中带有绿色荧光蛋白 GFP 报告基因,对病毒滴度和感染效率进行监测。结果：酶切鉴定及 PCR 结果证明 noggin 基因重组腺病毒载体构建成功,病毒滴度达6．3×10~(10)pfu/ml。结论：应用细菌内同源重组法成功构建了含小鼠 noggin 基因的重组腺病毒载体。     

分泌人可溶性FL基因转染细胞及其生物学活性分析

应用基因重组技术构建了人可溶性FL基因逆转录病毒载体pLXSN FL ,经转染PA317细胞和G4 18筛选抗性细胞克隆 ,获得重组病毒液。NIH3T3细胞进行病毒滴度测定后 ,选择适当滴度的重组病毒 (5× 10 5CFU/ml)感染ECV30 4细胞 ;应用聚合酶链反应 (PCR )及反转录聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR )检测感染ECV30 4细胞FL的DNA及mRNA表达 ;应用ELISA测定rhFL在ECV30 4中的表达水平 ,用荧光标记和流式细胞仪检测转基因上清对单个核细胞来源DC的表型影响及3 H TdR掺入法测定DC对T细胞的促增殖作用。结果表明 ,外源性rhFL基因整合到ECV30 4细胞染色体DNA并有效地转录和翻译 ,稳定表达水平为 82 4ng (10 6细胞 /2 4h )的人FL。转基因ECV细胞培养上清能有效诱导人PBMC来源DC的分化和增强DC对T细胞的激发作用。外源性FL基因可以转移到ECV30 4细胞并稳定表达 ,有助于体外研究内皮细胞与免疫细胞的相互作用     

大鼠ferroportin 1过表达慢病毒载体构建及其转染PC12细胞

目的:构建含大鼠ferroportin 1(FP1,膜铁转运蛋白1)基因和EGFP(绿色荧光蛋白)基因的过表达慢病毒载体并转染PC12细胞。方法:化学合成含有目的基因FP1的质粒,将酶切获得的目的基因连接入线性化慢病毒载体,构建重组质粒PGC-FU-FP1并进行测序鉴定;鉴定正确的阳性克隆采用Lipofectamine2000转染293T细胞,通过荧光显微镜和Western Blot检测FP1表达情况;在脂质体介导下将PGC-FU-FP1、pHelper1.0和pHelper2.0三质粒系统共转染入293T细胞,包装产生慢病毒,并通过实时荧光定量PCR法检测病毒滴度。以重组慢病毒载体质粒PGC-FU-FP1转染PC12细胞,荧光显微镜下观察EGFP的表达,实时荧光定量PCR和Western Blot法分别检测FP1mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果:FP1基因序列经测序后与GeneBank报道的序列完全一致;重组质粒PGC-FU-FP1中携带有正确的FP1基因并能在293T细胞中表达;病毒滴度为2×108TU/ml。荧光显微镜、实时荧光定量PCR和Western Blot法证实目的基因FP1能被重组慢病毒高效导入PC12细胞并得到过表达。结论:成功构建携带FP1基因的慢病毒载体,并获得FP1基因修饰的PC12基因工程细胞。为进一步研究FP1在帕金森病中的作用及基因治疗奠定基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.