Efficient quantum computing using coherent photon conversion

Single photons are excellent quantum information carriers: they were used in the earliest demonstrations of entanglement and in the production of the highest-quality entanglement reported so far. However, current schemes for preparing, processing and measuring them are inefficient. For example, down-conversion provides heralded, but randomly timed, single photons, and linear optics gates are inherently probabilistic. Here we introduce a deterministic process--coherent photon conversion (CPC)--that provides a new way to generate and process complex, multiquanta states for photonic quantum information applications. The technique uses classically pumped nonlinearities to induce coherent oscillations between orthogonal states of multiple quantum excitations. One example of CPC, based on a pumped four-wave-mixing interaction, is shown to yield a single, versatile process that provides a full set of photonic quantum processing tools. This set satisfies the DiVincenzo criteria for a scalable quantum computing architecture, including deterministic multiqubit entanglement gates (based on a novel form of photon-photon interaction), high-quality heralded single- and multiphoton states free from higher-order imperfections, and robust, high-efficiency detection. It can also be used to produce heralded multiphoton entanglement, create optically switchable quantum circuits and implement an improved form of down-conversion with reduced higher-order effects. Such tools are valuable building blocks for many quantum-enabled technologies. Finally, using photonic crystal fibres we experimentally demonstrate quantum correlations arising from a four-colour nonlinear process suitable for CPC and use these measurements to study the feasibility of reaching the deterministic regime with current technology. Our scheme, which is based on interacting bosonic fields, is not restricted to optical systems but could also be implemented in optomechanical, electromechanical and superconducting systems with extremely strong intrinsic nonlinearities. Furthermore, exploiting higher-order nonlinearities with multiple pump fields yields a mechanism for multiparty mediation of the complex, coherent dynamics.     

Real-time quantum feedback prepares and stabilizes photon number states

Feedback loops are central to most classical control procedures. A controller compares the signal measured by a sensor (system output) with the target value or set-point. It then adjusts an actuator (system input) to stabilize the signal around the target value. Generalizing this scheme to stabilize a micro-system's quantum state relies on quantum feedback, which must overcome a fundamental difficulty: the sensor measurements cause a random back-action on the system. An optimal compromise uses weak measurements, providing partial information with minimal perturbation. The controller should include the effect of this perturbation in the computation of the actuator's operation, which brings the incrementally perturbed state closer to the target. Although some aspects of this scenario have been experimentally demonstrated for the control of quantum or classical micro-system variables, continuous feedback loop operations that permanently stabilize quantum systems around a target state have not yet been realized. Here we have implemented such a real-time stabilizing quantum feedback scheme following a method inspired by ref. 13. It prepares on demand photon number states (Fock states) of a microwave field in a superconducting cavity, and subsequently reverses the effects of decoherence-induced field quantum jumps. The sensor is a beam of atoms crossing the cavity, which repeatedly performs weak quantum non-demolition measurements of the photon number. The controller is implemented in a real-time computer commanding the actuator, which injects adjusted small classical fields into the cavity between measurements. The microwave field is a quantum oscillator usable as a quantum memory or as a quantum bus swapping information between atoms. Our experiment demonstrates that active control can generate non-classical states of this oscillator and combat their decoherence, and is a significant step towards the implementation of complex quantum information operations.     

基于柔度法单元的钢框架结构连续倒塌分析

基于柔度法理论,运用OpenSees软件对钢框架结构的连续倒塌进行了全过程模拟分析,并采用柔度法单元对梁柱构件进行四段式划分,以实现对构件断裂的模拟.采用抽柱法,给出了结构连续倒塌的动力计算流程.以2个6层平面钢框架为数值算例,分析了结构失效点位移时程、构件塑性铰与断裂顺序,发现失效柱两侧的梁端部首先出现塑性铰,梁端断裂是框架发生整体倒塌的主要原因.最后通过与ABAQUS壳元分析结果及钢框架倒塌试验结果对比,验证了该方法的可行性与正确性,可在实际工程中应用.     

基于抽柱法的钢框架连续倒塌分析

为较准确地进行连续倒塌分析,对抽柱法分析框架连续倒塌时柱失效时间取值、柱失效位置等问题进行研究.采用动力非线性计算方法分别对不同跨度和高度的空间纯框架及框架支撑结构进行连续倒塌模拟分析,得到结构动力效应与柱失效时间的关系曲线和各失效点的位移时程曲线.分析结果表明:随着柱失效时间的减小,结构的动力效应趋于收敛;柱失效位置对剩余结构的影响较大,某些情况下可能会导致剩余结构产生共振.建议在对结构进行连续倒塌分析时,取剩余结构竖向振动周期的1/10,不应大于1/5.柱间支撑作为抗连续倒塌的一道防线起到的缓冲作用能很好地提高结构抗连续倒塌能力.     

一种推扫式光子计数激光雷达点云滤波算法及其验证

提出一种用于推扫式光子计数激光雷达点云滤波方法。定义了一种线性径向基函数,利用这种基函数可以计算密度点密度值;基于此实现了一种粗滤波和精去噪结合的点云滤波算法,经过两个步骤的滤波之后能够对诸如植被等分层地物进行精细滤波。使用NASA的机载激光雷达MABEL的实际飞行数据对这种滤波算法进行了验证,并与中值滤波算法的效果进行了对比。结果表明算法能有效滤除与地面非常接近的噪声点,适合低密度地物目标点云的滤波处理,能够很好保留细节,其中植被滤波精度90.26%,地面点滤波精度96.11%。     

自由空间量子隐形传态实验中远程光符合的电子学系统研制

在两光子自由空间量子隐形传态实验方案中,设计了一套远程光符合的电子学系统,系统最小符合时间窗口约2ns.整个系统包括编码、解码、延时、高压驱动、符合、计数等模块.此系统实现了将实验中的经典信息和量子信息耦合在一起并通过自由空间传送到另一端进行在线符合来判定纠缠光子对.系统中编码模块将Alice端Bell基测量结果的时间标记信息和通道信息叠加在一起,通道信息的编码使用了奇偶校验和汉明码来降低事例丢失率和出错率,解码模块则分离出经典的时间标记信息和通道信息并做相应操作.完成了800m距离的两光子自由空间量子隐形传态实验,实验结果表明用本系统进行远程的实验是可行的.     

Hybridization of electronic states in quantum dots through photon emission

The self-assembly of semiconductor quantum dots has opened up new opportunities in photonics. Quantum dots are usually described as 'artificial atoms', because electron and hole confinement gives rise to discrete energy levels. This picture can be justified from the shell structure observed as a quantum dot is filled either with excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) or with electrons. The discrete energy levels have been most spectacularly exploited in single photon sources that use a single quantum dot as emitter. At low temperatures, the artificial atom picture is strengthened by the long coherence times of excitons in quantum dots, motivating the application of quantum dots in quantum optics and quantum information processing. In this context, excitons in quantum dots have already been manipulated coherently. We show here that quantum dots can also possess electronic states that go far beyond the artificial atom model. These states are a coherent hybridization of localized quantum dot states and extended continuum states: they have no analogue in atomic physics. The states are generated by the emission of a photon from a quantum dot. We show how a new version of the Anderson model that describes interactions between localized and extended states can account for the observed hybridization.     

Generation of nonclassical photon pairs for scalable quantum communication with atomic ensembles

Quantum information science attempts to exploit capabilities from the quantum realm to accomplish tasks that are otherwise impossible in the classical domain. Although sufficient conditions have been formulated for the physical resources required to achieve quantum computation and communication, there is a growing understanding of the power of quantum measurement combined with the conditional evolution of quantum states for accomplishing diverse tasks in quantum information science. For example, a protocol has recently been developed for the realization of scalable long-distance quantum communication and the distribution of entanglement over quantum networks. Here we report the first enabling step in the realization of this protocol, namely the observation of quantum correlations for photon pairs generated in the collective emission from an atomic ensemble. The nonclassical character of the fields is demonstrated by the violation of an inequality involving their normalized correlation functions. Compared to previous investigations of non-classical correlations for photon pairs produced in atomic cascades and in parametric down-conversion, our experiment is distinct in that the correlated photons are separated by a programmable time interval (of about 400 nanoseconds in our initial experiments).     

量子方法研究光子单缝和多缝衍射光强分布

结合量子方法研究光子在单缝和多缝中的衍射.首先利用光子满足的薛定谔方程得出光子在屏上光强表达式,然后通过基尔霍夫公式得出光强与缝宽、缝长、缝厚和光波长的定量关系.与实验和经典理论的对比结果表明,它们之间相互吻合很好.     

基于准单光子光源的非正交诱惑态量子密钥分配

基于准单光子光源HSPS(heralded single photon source),推导了非正交(SARG04)三诱惑态(真空态和2个弱光强态)量子密钥分配方案。为了降低实现难度,将2个弱光强态合并,提出了简化的二诱惑态方案(真空态和一个弱光强态)。此方案将主动诱惑态方案和被动诱惑态方案相结合,不舍弃接收者检测结果中发送端探测器没有响应的脉冲集合,而是用来估计参量和生成密钥。数值仿真表明,被动诱惑态思想的加入,提高了密钥生成效率;二诱惑态方案的密钥生成效率非常趋近于无穷诱惑态方案的理论极限值;在实现难度相同的条件下,SARG04协议的密钥生成效率和传输距离都高于BB84协议。     

SSPD的低抖动SFQ信号读数

运用单磁通量量子(SFQ)读取技术的超导单光子探测器(SSPD)可以实现低抖动信号的读出。通过优化SFQ读出电路的电路参数,输入电流灵敏度被改善到10μA以下,且该结果比SSPD典型的临界电流小。实验使用脉冲发生器作为输入脉冲源,结果显示测出的SFQ读出电路的抖动值远低于目前测量装置系统超过15μA的抖动电流值。SSPD连接到SFQ读出电路的测量抖动值在37 ps的半高全宽(FWHM)时的SSPD偏置电流约为18μA,这是对传统的没有SFQ读出电路,抖动为67 ps的FWHM的显著提高。     

基于GSA规范改进方法的框架结构连续性倒塌分析

为评估框架结构抗连续性倒塌潜力,结合GSA(general services administration)规范,采用备用荷载路径法进行连续性倒塌分析.在介绍GSA规范的基础上提出了一些改进,并阐述了评估结构抗连续性倒塌潜力的方法.基于GSA规范的改进方法,利用有限元软件ANSYS中的Beam188和Shell63单元建立三维框架有限元模型,采用生死单元法分别"杀死"长边中柱、短边中柱、角柱和长边两根柱,评估结构在上述工况下抗连续性倒塌的潜力.结果表明,对于典型的框架结构,长边靠中央的2根柱失效会造成结构的局部连续性倒塌,为建筑物的抗连续性倒塌设计提供了依据.     

Strong coupling of a single photon to a superconducting qubit using circuit quantum electrodynamics

The interaction of matter and light is one of the fundamental processes occurring in nature, and its most elementary form is realized when a single atom interacts with a single photon. Reaching this regime has been a major focus of research in atomic physics and quantum optics for several decades and has generated the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics. Here we perform an experiment in which a superconducting two-level system, playing the role of an artificial atom, is coupled to an on-chip cavity consisting of a superconducting transmission line resonator. We show that the strong coupling regime can be attained in a solid-state system, and we experimentally observe the coherent interaction of a superconducting two-level system with a single microwave photon. The concept of circuit quantum electrodynamics opens many new possibilities for studying the strong interaction of light and matter. This system can also be exploited for quantum information processing and quantum communication and may lead to new approaches for single photon generation and detection.     

基于DSP和CPLD的数粒机计数系统设计

为提高数粒机的的计数速度和精度,设计了一种计数系统。该系统以光电传感器作为检测机构,使用CPLD、DSP双核控制系统,采用多通道相互独立、并行采集的工作方式。系统可实现颗粒药品包装前的计数,并在一定程度上进行残缺药品的检测与识别。理论上每通道计数速度可达3 000粒/min以上,实际计数速度为1 000粒/min左右。对药品直径在3~20 mm的不规则物体均可实现准确计数。     

Fibonacci记数法及其应用

提出了F ibonacc i记数法的概念,定义了F ibonacc i进制数的加、减法及乘法运算,使之能很容易在计算机中实现,并给出F ibonacc i记数法的两个应用.     

界面滑移与油膜破裂

利用数学规划法分析了滑块轴承的界面滑移问题．对于粘塑性极限流变模型，界面滑移使油膜承载力下降；若两个润滑表面全部发生相对界面滑移，则油膜动压效应消失，不能承载．计算结果表明，当润滑油的极限应力参数给定后，轴承有一个极限滑动速度．在此极限速度以下，轴承可以安全工作；否则，将发生油膜破裂．