分析有机物污染土壤修复技术应用

在修复有机物污染土壤时,需要相关人员对有机物污染土壤的危害有所了解,还需要结合各项技术手段强化有机物污染土壤修复效果,降低有机物污染土壤修复难度,确保有机物污染土壤修复水平有所提升.同时还应从多个角度出发分析有机物污染土壤修复过程中涉及的技术,扩展各项技术在有机物污染土壤修复中的应用范围,并在合理技术支持下推进有机物土...     

The effect of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) on soil organic matter biodegradation and other soil chemical properties

The effects of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) on soil organic matter biodegradation, nutritional mineral elements and bacterial colonies were studied in the laboratory. The air‐dried basil plant tissues incorporated at five different rates (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 g per 50 g of soil) resulted in increases in organic carbon mineralization, mineral nitrogen forms in organic phosphorus and available potassium. The level of available forms of manganese and zinc was increased at all the rates of added basil whereas copper was increased at the two upper rates. Also, the addition of basil resulted in a decrease in soil bacterial colonies. The results of this study indicated that the basil could be used as a cover crop for suppressing weed or pathogens in organic soils, with a positive effect on soil productivity. In addition, the incorporation of basil in soil could reduce the number of bacterial colonies. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征--测试文章

研究了六盘山林区土壤物理性质分布特征及其与海拔和林型的关系,结果表明：六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤有机质和饱和导水率显著高于针叶林地,土壤容重显著低于针叶林地,阔叶林地0～10 cm和10～20 cm土层土壤有机质和饱和导水率分别比针叶林地高27.7%、21.2%和38.0%、42.2%,容重比针叶林地低13.8%和7.6%; 高海拔处林地土壤有机质含量较高,容重较低; 研究区土壤饱和导水率不受海拔影响,土壤水稳性团聚体分布不受林型和海拔的影响; 阔叶林地0～20 cm土层土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径平均值分别比针叶林地高3.46%和5.21%,但不受海拔影响,大团聚体数量与饱和导水率极显著正相关。研究表明六盘山林区阔叶林地土壤物理性状显著优于针叶林地,林地土壤结构的改良主要体现在大团聚体增加方面。     

Comparison of neem or oregano with thiram on organic matter decomposition of a sand loam soil amended with compost,and on soil biological activity

BACKGROUND: Oregano essential oil and neem have been reported to be effective against soil‐borne pathogens and nematodes. The possibility of having an effect on soil properties was the aim of this investigation. Moreover, thiram, a common widely used chemical pesticide, was used for comparison. RESULTS: The effects of all three above‐mentioned substances were investigated during an incubation experiment, for 15 weeks. Crushed neem pellets were added at 1.0, 2.0 or 3.0 g per 50 g of soil. Oregano dry matter was applied at 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 g per 50 g of soil. Finally, thiram was applied at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 g per 50 g of soil. The addition of neem resulted in a decrease in organic carbon mineralisation, higher than that of oregano, but not as prominently as thiram. The addition of neem resulted in an increase in the content of nitrate, organic P, bioavailable P, bioavailable K and bioavailable Mn. Oregano had a slight negative effect on organic matter biodegradation, but caused an increase of nutritional mineral elements. Microbe colonies in soil were increased by the addition of neem cake granules, whereas oregano and thiram treatments caused a decrease. The addition of thiram reduced nitrate and available Mn contents, but at the lowest dose increased organic P and available K. Thiram reduced prominently available Cu at the upper rates, but it increased these forms at the lowest rate, while available Zn content was increased in two lowest rates. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that neem or oregano could be applied to the soil without any extremely negative effect on the available forms of nutritional mineral elements, as thiram does. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

绿肥、鸡粪和钙肥使用对新垦红壤土壤肥力和烟草生长的影响

两年的盆栽试验结果表明:种植绿肥提高了土壤有机质的含量,显著改善土壤微生物的活力和微生物功能多样性。施用钙肥显著促进了烟草生长,增加叶片数、叶长和叶宽,与单施化肥相比,烟叶干重增加6.1倍;而鸡粪肥配施化肥更加显著地促进了烟草的生长,与单施化肥处理相比烟叶干重增加24.2倍。施用钙肥和鸡粪肥料显著提高了烟草对营养元素的吸收量。在鸡粪肥料与化肥配施的基础上再施用钙肥虽然也增加了烟叶Ca和Mg的吸收量,但却显著降低了烟叶P、K、B、Mn的吸收量。 因此 鸡粪与化肥配施后,再施用钙肥的作用不大。所以,在该基地新垦红壤上种植绿肥、使用优质禽畜粪肥将是获得较好的烟叶产、质量的前提措施。       

Variation of organic carbon and nitrogen in aggregate size fractions of a paddy soil under fertilisation practices from Tai Lake Region,China

Long‐term changes in agricultural management can affect soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient dynamics, which can be monitored by determining the distribution of microbial activity and nutrient pools in soil aggregates of different size fractions. The objective of the present study was to investigate the changes in SOC and total nitrogen (N_t) distribution in aggregates of different size fractions from a paddy soil (Ferric‐accumulic Stagnic Anthrosols) under a long‐term fertilisation trial. Undisturbed samples of topsoil (0–5 and 5–15 cm depths) were collected from a field experiment farm located in Tai Lake Region, China, with the plots receiving no fertiliser (NF), chemical fertilisers (CF), chemical fertilisers with straw return (CFS) or chemical fertilisers plus pig manure (CFM). In the surface layer, SOC and N_t concentrations appeared as a bimodal peak in the 2000–250 and < 2 µm fractions. SOC concentration increased by 38.6, 40.8 and 17.2% and N_t concentration by 30.0, 16.8 and 38.4% in the 2000–250 µm fractions under CFM, CFS and CF respectively as compared with NF treatment. There were slight changes in SOC and N_t in the < 2 µm fractions from different fertilisation plots. Continuous addition of manure or straw increased storage of SOC and N_t mainly in the coarser aggregate fractions. SOC increases due to straw or pig manure application predominated in the 2000–250 µm fractions, with SOC seeming to be physically protected within macro‐aggregates. Thus straw and manure are likely to play an important role in carbon and nitrogen storage in paddy soil under long‐term combined chemical and organic fertilisation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

Long‐term impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield,soil nutrients and biochemical parameters of tea

A field experiment was conducted with tea cultivar UPASI‐9 over a period of 9 years to evaluate the long‐term effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on yield, biochemical parameters, soil and leaf nutrient status. The yield increase was as high as 66% over the control for N application of 450 kg ha^?1 year^?1. Polyphenol and amino acid contents increased with increase in K application rate. Positive and significant correlation was found between nitrate reductase activity and the amino acid content of the tea shoots. While ammoniacal nitrogen in the soil was not affected by the application of fertilizer, ammonium acetate extractable K increased. The failure to apply fertilizer resulted in depletion of the organic matter status of the soil. Although increased rate of nitrogen application increased the overall yield of made tea (kg ha^?1 year^?1), the specific yield (kg kg^?1 N) declined. The soil tended to become acidic from frequent application of high doses of nitrogenous fertilizer. The leaf NK status was significantly influenced by the various treatments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

重庆典型烟区土壤有机质及其活性组分的分布特征

为了解重庆典型烟区土壤有机质数量和质量状况,采用现场调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对重庆彭水、丰都和巫山3个典型烟区土壤有机质及其活性组分的分布特征及相互关系进行了研究。结果表明,3个典型烟区土壤有机质(SOM)含量为3.35～53.94 g/kg,在适宜植烟范围(15～30 g/kg)内的比例呈现出丰都>巫山>彭水的趋势,变异系数为巫山烟区大于丰都和彭水烟区。用33、167和333 mmol/L KMnO₄测得的高活性有机质(HLOM)、中活性有机质(MLOM)、活性有机质(LOM)占SOM的比例分别表现为巫山>丰都>彭水、丰都>巫山>彭水、丰都>彭水>巫山,与各烟区的SOM含量均呈极显著正相关,说明土壤活性组分不仅可以很好的反映土壤碳素动态变化,还可用作评价重庆植烟土壤肥力和土壤质量的指标之一。     

翻压绿肥对植烟土壤活性有机质和土壤酶的影响

在化肥减量情况下研究了绿肥翻压量对土壤活性有机质和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,当化肥用量降到当地常规施肥量的85%时,翻压绿肥可以明显提高土壤活性有机质含量,但土壤活性有机质的提高量和绿肥翻压量之间没有明显的线性关系。当化肥用量降到常规用量的70%时,翻压绿肥对土壤活性有机质基本没有影响。化肥用量为常规用量85%时,翻压绿肥可以较大幅度提高烟叶旺长期土壤脲酶活性;适当的化肥用量(85%～100%化肥之间)和绿肥翻压量低于22 500kg/hm2时,翻压绿肥可以提高土壤磷酸酶活性。     

非挥发性有机酸与卷烟主流烟气总粒相物pH关系研究

以国内具有代表性的卷烟为研究对象,分别对卷烟样品的非挥发性有机酸含量和卷烟主流烟气粒相物pH进行了测定,通过数学分析研究了非挥发性有机酸含量对烟气粒相物pH的影响.主流烟气粒相物pH值评价指标与有机酸的关联分析结果表明,苹果酸、十五酸、油酸对主流烟气粒相物pH值相对影响较大.对影响主流烟气粒相物pH值的11种非挥发性有机酸的主成分分析结果表明,亚油酸,油酸,苹果酸,棕榈酸,草酸和亚麻酸对主流烟气粒相物pH值相对影响较大.综上可得,苹果酸和油酸对主流烟气粒相物pH值具有较大影响.     

曲靖市植烟土壤有效锌含量状况及与土壤因素的关系分析

研究了曲靖烟区土壤有效锌的分布状况及其与土壤类型、土壤质地与机械组成、pH、有机质的关系.结果表明:(1)曲靖烟区土壤有效锌含量较高,平均为4.37±8.45 mg/kg,变幅为0.05~194.19 mg/kg,变异系数高达193.09%,少部分烟区存在缺锌状况;(2)土壤有效锌含量随海拔升高、有机质含量增加而增大,随土壤粘粒含量增加、pH值升高呈现抛物线趋势;(3)不同土壤类型有效锌含量表现为:红壤>新积土>水稻土>石灰岩土>黄壤>酸性紫色土.     

The contribution of fertiliser nitrogen to leachable nitrogen in the UK: A review

Evidence relating to nitrate leaching was taken from series of extensive field experiments conducted to support guidance on fertiliser use. Over the last 50 years, it is estimated that increased fertiliser N use on intensive wheat in the UK, has resulted in an increase of 36 kg N ha^?1 year^?1 leachable nitrate. Probably more than one-third of this change is due to larger yields resulting in a gradual build up in soil organic matter, the remainder to annual effects of fertiliser application. This justifies the association generally made between fertiliser used and nitrate leached and supports the value of some control of fertiliser use in order to restrict nitrate concentrations in drinking water.