Production of Palm-Based Esteramine Through Heterogeneous Catalysis

This study involved maximizing the conversion of palm‐based methyl palmitate to esteramine, an intermediate for esterquats via transesterification with triethanolamine, aided by Ca–Al as a heterogeneous catalyst in a 500‐ml reaction unit. The effect of process parameters on the conversion was investigated. The optimum process parameters, consisting of a mole ratio of 1.8:1 (methyl palmitate:triethanolamine), 170 °C, 10 mbar, 0.5 % catalyst and a duration of 2 h, produced more than 90 % conversion. Transesterification employing Ca–Al is more environmentally friendly than the conventional approach using sodium methoxide, simplifies the downstream separation process and the reusability of the catalyst was successfully tested in three subsequent cycles.     

Biolubricant Production of 2‐Ethylhexyl Palmitate by Transesterification Over Unsupported Potassium Carbonate

Owing to the decrease of global oil price, development of downstream value‐added products is important to biodiesel industry. In this study, we used palmitic acid methyl ester (PAME) as a starting material to produce 2‐ethylhexyl palmitate (2‐EHP), an environmentally friendly biolubricant product, which was derived from the transesterification of fatty acid methyl esters and long chain fatty alcohols. Conventional synthetic routes of 2‐EHP have disadvantages, including high catalyst price, low conversion efficiency, and pollution issues. To solve these problems, in situ transesterification of PAME with 2‐ethylhexanol (2‐EH) was conducted over unsupported potassium carbonate as heterogeneous catalyst. The optimal reaction temperature, 2‐EH to PAME molar ratio, and catalyst to PAME mass ratio were 180 °C, 3:1, and 3.0 wt%, respectively. The PAME conversion reached up to 100% within 1 hour under the optimal conditions. In addition, a kinetic model describing the experimental data over a temperature range of 160–180 °C was developed. The dependence of kinetic rate constant (k) on temperature was evaluated, and the activation energy (E_a) for the transesterification of PAME with 2‐EH was calculated to be 57.04 kJ mol^?1.     

Heterogeneous Catalyst of Mixed K Compounds/Ca‐Al‐Graphite Oxide for the Transesterification of Soybean Oil to Biodiesel

A novel heterogeneous solid base catalyst was prepared by loading of Ca‐Al‐graphite oxide with mixed potassium salts and applied in the transesterification of soybean oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. The catalysts were characterized by Hammett indicators, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of the methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio, catalyst amount, reaction temperature, stirring rate, and reaction time were investigated to optimize the transesterification reaction conditions. Moreover, the prepared catalyst retains its activity after being used for four cycles. In particular, the solid base catalyst can be effectively and easily separated from the reaction system, which may provide significant benefits for the development of an environmentally benign and continuous process for preparing biodiesel.     

离子型树脂催化酯交换反应的研究

一种线型强碱型阴离子型树脂与无机材料SiO2的共混物QAPPES/SiO2被制备了出来,作为催化剂应用于大豆油与甲醇的酯交换反应中,制备脂肪酸甲酯.实验结果表明,QAPPES/SiO2在较低的温度下对脂肪酸甘油酯与甲醇的酯交换反应表现出较高的催化活性:在快速的搅拌下,60℃、醇油体积比3:1、催化剂加入量与豆油加入量数值上的关系为1:4(质量/体积)、反应时间为8 h,在此条件下油脂的转化率可达到76%.不同因素对反应影响作用的大小依次为反应物醇油比(体积)>反应搅拌速度＞反应温度＞反应催化剂加入量＞反应时间.     

Transesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyash-based solid catalysts

Flyash-based base catalyst was used in the transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol to methyl esters in a heterogeneous manner. Catalyst preparation variables such as, the KNO₃ loading amount and calcination temperature were optimized. The catalysts were characterized by powder XRD. The catalyst prepared by loading of 5 wt.% KNO₃ on flyash followed by its calcination at 773 K has exhibited maximum oil conversion (87.5 wt.%). The influence of various reaction parameters such as % catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction time, temperature, reusability of the catalyst on the catalytic activity was investigated. K₂O derived from KNO₃ might be an essential component in the catalyst for its efficiency.     

Transesterification of Refined Sunflower Oil to Biodiesel Using a CaO/ZSM-5 Powder Catalyst

The production of biodiesel from refined sunflower vegetable oil over basic CaO/ZSM-5 catalysts was investigated. Several catalysts with various loadings of CaO on ZSM-5 were prepared, calcined at 800 °C, and characterized by N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and CO₂-temperature-programmed desorption techniques. Calcined catalysts were tested in the transesterification reaction and reaction conditions were optimized by varying the catalyst-to-oil ratio and reaction time. The most active catalyst was the CaO/ZSM-5 catalyst with a 35 wt % loading which gave the highest fatty acid methyl ester yield. The high catalytic activity was attributed to the active basic sites generated following CaO addition. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated stability against the leaching process.     

无水硅酸钠催化酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯

以廉价的Na2Si O3·9H2O为原料,通过简单的焙烧处理,制备了系列无水硅酸钠,并将其作为固体碱催化剂应用于碳酸乙烯酯(EC)与CH3OH酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC)的反应。采用TG-DTA、XRD和Hammett指示剂法对无水Na2Si O3进行表征。结果表明,焙烧温度对无水Na2Si O3的碱强度、总碱量及催化活性没有显著影响。当焙烧温度为200℃时,样品(Na2Si O3-200)的碱强度(Ho)为15.0~18.4,总碱量为10.9 mmol/g。以Na2Si O3-200为催化剂,考察了原料配比、温度和时间对酯交换合成DMC反应的影响。当CH3OH与EC的摩尔比为10∶1,在65℃反应2 h后,EC转化率与DMC收率可分别达到89%和88%。即使在室温条件下,Na2Si O3-200也能有效地催化EC与甲醇酯交换反应的进行。此外,经过4次使用后,Na2Si O3-200的催化活性没有出现明显下降的趋势。     

Transesterification of waste cooking palm oil by MnZr with supported alumina as a potential heterogeneous catalyst

The transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WCPO) with methanol into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was investigated using solid acidic mixed oxide catalysts Mn_3.5xZr_0.5yAl_xO₃ prepared via coprecipitation. The effects of reaction temperature, time, molar methanol-to-oil ratio, and catalyst loading were investigated. The stability of the catalytic activity was examined via leaching and reusability tests through five consecutive batch runs. The catalyst achieved a FAME content of more than 93%, and the optimal reaction conditions are as follows: reaction temperature of 150 °C, reaction time of 5 h, molar methanol-to-WCPO ratio of 14:1, and catalyst loading of 2.5 wt.%.     

酯交换法合成D-异抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯及其抗氧化性能

24℃下,2.9gD 异抗坏血酸和3.8g棕榈酸甲酯分别缓慢加入到14mL的浓硫酸中,搅拌反应24h。反应混合物加入到冰水中,用乙醚萃取,洗涤,除去乙醚,粗产品用甲苯重结晶,得到4.6gD 异抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯,产率79%。用FTIR对产品进行了表征。按国标(GB/T5009.37—1996)方法将产品用于新鲜茶籽油进行抗氧化性能实验,结果表明,D 异抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯是一种比L 抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯更好的油溶性抗氧化剂。     

Transesterification Reactions Catalyzed by a Recyclable Heterogeneous Zinc/Imidazole Catalyst

We report the development of a universal and recyclable heterogeneous zinc/imidazole catalyst. The catalyst is recoverable through simple filtration and can be reused at least five times, retaining its catalytic activity. Leached zinc species were not responsible for the observed catalysis based on the hot filtration test and ICP‐MS analysis. The heterogeneous zinc catalyst also promotes chemoselective transesterification over amidation.

     

纳米氧化铁催化合成对叔丁基苯酚的研究

以自制的纳米氧化铁为催化剂,用叔丁基氯和苯酚为原料合成了对叔丁基苯酚。探讨了催化剂烘培温度、催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、原料配比等因素对反应的影响。实验结果表明:350°C下焙烧3 h的纳米氧化铁对苯酚的叔丁基化反应具有很高的催化活性。在催化剂加入量为2g、n(叔丁基氯)∶n(苯酚)=1∶1.2、反应温度50°C、反应时间2 h的条件下,生成对叔丁基苯酚的收率可达76.3%。     

Transesterification of tributyrin with methanol over calcium oxide catalysts prepared from various precursors

Calcium oxide catalysts were prepared by calcining various precursors such as calcium acetate, carbonate, hydroxide, nitrate and oxalate and their catalytic activities were examined in the transesterification of tributyrin with methanol. The prepared calcium oxide catalysts were characterized using thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of CO₂. The calcium oxide catalyst obtained by calcining calcium hydroxide at 600–800 °C showed the highest tributyrin conversion and methyl butyrate yield. The large desorption peak of CO₂ TPD confirmed that its numerous basic sites were responsible for its high activity. The low-temperature decomposition of calcium hydroxide provided many nano-sized pores with strong basic sites. Although the activity of the calcium oxide catalyst prepared from calcium hydroxide was high, its activity was one order of magnitude less than that of sodium hydroxide catalyst. The dissolution of calcium oxide catalysts in products and their repeated uses were also investigated to discuss their advantages as heterogeneous catalysts in the production of biodiesel.     

Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst

In this study, transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst was studied. The reaction mechanism was proposed and the separate effects of the molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and water content were investigated. The experimental results showed that a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 8% CaO catalyst, 65 °C reaction temperature and 2.03% water content in methanol gave the best results, and the biodiesel yield exceeded 95% at 3 h. The catalyst lifetime was longer than that of calcined K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ and KF/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. CaO maintained sustained activity even after being repeatedly used for 20 cycles and the biodiesel yield at 1.5 h was not affected much in the repeated experiments.     

Interesterification of Soybean Oil and Methyl Stearate Catalyzed by Guanidine‐Functionalized SBA‐15 Silica

The main purpose of this study was to develop a heterogeneous interesterification catalyst for the modification of edible oils to enhance their physicochemical and functional performances. To achieve this, 1,3‐dicyclohexyl‐2‐octylguanidine was covalently immobilized on the SBA‐15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous 15) material and then used as solid catalysts for the interesterification between soybean oil and methyl stearate. The characterization of the guanidine‐functionalized SBA‐15 material included Fourier transform infrared spectra, scanning electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques. It was shown that the solid base catalyst could efficiently catalyze the interesterification reaction. After the interesterification, the fatty acid profiles and triacylglycerol compositions of interesterified products were substantially varied. The influence of interesterification parameters, such as the substrate ratio, reaction time, reaction temperature and catalyst loading, on the interesterification reaction was investigated regarding the percentage of stearic acid in interesterified triacylglycerols. The stearic acid percentage of 27.9 % was achieved at 100 °C within 4 h when the methyl stearate/soybean oil molar ratio of 6:1 was employed. The catalyst could be recovered easily by filtration and reused without significant loss of activity.     

Zn-Mg复合氧化物催化大豆油甘油解合成单甘酯

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Zn、Mg物质的量比的Zn-Mg复合氧化物,将其用于催化大豆油甘油解合成单甘酯(MG),采用XRD、氮气吸附-脱附仪、SEM、TEM对Zn-Mg复合氧化物结构与性能进行了表征,并测定了催化剂的表面碱强和碱量。优化了合成单甘酯的工艺条件,并考察了Zn-Mg复合氧化物的重复使用性能。结果表明,改变Zn、Mg物质的量比不仅可以调控Zn-Mg复合氧化物的碱强与碱量,还可以调控其比表面积、孔容等结构参数;不同Zn、Mg物质的量比复合氧化物的催化活性变化趋势与其碱强度(H)在15.0H17.2间碱量变化趋势相一致;n(Zn)/n(Mg)=0.1时,复合氧化物(ZM0.1)具有最好的催化甘油解反应活性;使用该催化剂合成单甘酯的适宜条件为:n(甘油)∶n(大豆油)=3∶1,反应温度210℃,反应时间2 h,催化剂用量为大豆油质量的0.6%,该条件下大豆油转化率达95.6%,单甘酯收率为58.5%。ZM0.1催化剂重复使用4次时大豆油转化率仍达80.9%。     

Reaction Kinetics of Soybean Oil Transesterification Using Heterogeneous Metal Oxide Catalysts

Homogeneous acid or base catalysts dissolve fully in the glycerol layer and partially in the fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) layer in the triglyceride transesterification process. Heterogeneous (solid) catalysts, on the other hand, can prevent catalyst contamination making product separation much simpler. In the present work, the transesterification kinetics of five different solid catalysts with soybean oil is presented. It is found that heterogeneous catalysts require much higher temperatures and pressures to achieve acceptable conversion levels compared to homogeneous catalysts. Subsequent to preliminary investigations, transesterifications were conducted for selected high performance solid catalysts, i.e., MgO, CaO, BaO, PbO, and MnO₂ in a high pressure reactor up to a temperature of 215 °C. The yield of the fatty acid methyl esters and the kinetics (rate constant and order) of the reaction are estimated and are compared for each catalyst.     

A Nano-Hybrid of Molybdenum Oxide Intercalated by Dithiocarbamate as an Oxidation Catalyst

A novel nano-layered material based on molybdenum oxide has been synthesized by hydrothermal method using dithiocarbamate. On the basis of the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy results, a possible arrangement of organic ligands in the interlayer space of molybdenum oxide has been proposed. Moreover, the catalytic activity of the synthesized nanohybrid of molybdenum oxide was investigated in oxygen transfer reactions. This reagent can oxidize alkenes, alcohols, sulfides, and amines in the presence of hydrogen peroxide with high yield and selectivity.     

钛硅分子筛催化丙烯环氧化工艺研究

以钛硅分子筛TS-2为催化剂,过氧化氢为氧化剂,甲醇为溶剂,研究TS-2催化剂催化丙烯生成环氧丙烷.考察了停留时间、反应温度、反应压力和催化剂用量对环氧丙烷收率和选择性的影响.实验结果表明,合适的反应条件为50℃,0.30 MPa,催化剂用量为反应物质量的3.44%,停留时间90 min.在该条件下反应,过氧化氢的平均转化率和环氧丙烷的选择性分别为45%和96%左右.TS-2催化剂的重复使用实验表明,TS-2催化剂在催化丙烯环氧化制环氧丙烷的反应中具有较好的催化活性和稳定性.     

乙烯氧化制环氧乙烷银催化剂研究进展

综述了乙烯氧化制环氧乙烷银催化剂的重要研究进展。包括通过调整添加组分及配比、改进载体结构、控制载体中各种杂质含量等方法改进载体;通过各种共促进剂的使用、改进载体浸渍方法和催化剂活化过程,提高Ag-Re-Cs体系催化剂的性能;通过低浓度CO2进料、高温预处理、反应抑制剂控制、反应失控控制和使用微通道反应器等工艺方法改善催化剂的使用性能。     

多金属氰化络合物催化环氧丙烷的聚合

用多金属氰化络合物(MMC)催化环氧丙烷开环均聚,考察了酸及起始剂对聚合诱导期的影响,以及转化单体/起始剂摩尔比、酸用量、加料方式及催化剂等对聚合物相对分子质量及其分布的影响。并用FTIR、1HNMR、SEC-MALLS对聚合产物结构进行了表征。结果表明,以MMC为催化剂,在w(H2SO4)<5×10-5、温度130℃、连续加料、w(MMC)>1×10-4时,所合成聚醚相对分子质量分布较窄(Mw/Mn=1.1~1.2),且相对分子质量可控;FTIR、1HNMR及SEC-MALLS分析结果表明,所合成聚醚具有预期结构。实验发现,聚合反应体系只存在一种活性中心,其机理可能为配位阳离子聚合。