单纯性肥胖儿童体质状况调查分析

[目的 ]研究单纯性肥胖儿童与正常体重儿童身体形态、机能及素质发育状况。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 1年在济南市市区随机整群抽取 2所小学 ,在 2 3 0 0名 7～ 12岁学生中 ,通过目测 ,按身高标准体重和皮褶厚度并排除病理性肥胖筛选出肥胖儿童 14 3名作为肥胖组 ,以正常体重儿童 60人为对照组 ,检测形态指标 (身高、体重、胸围、皮褶厚度 )、机能指标 (血压、脉搏、肺活量、握力 )和素质指标 (立定跳远、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈、2 5m× 4往返跑 ) ,采用《中国学生体质与健康研究检测细则》对受试儿童进行检测。 [结果 ]肥胖组的形态指标体质指数、胸围、皮褶厚度、肩胛下角皮褶厚度 /肱三头肌皮褶厚度均明显高于对照组 ;功能指标中 ,收缩压、舒张压、脉搏肥胖组均高于对照组 ,肺活量指数、握力指数肥胖组低于对照组 ;素质指标中 ,立定跳远、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈肥胖组均低于对照组 ,2 5m× 4往返跑所用时间肥胖组多于对照组。体质指数、肥胖度、肩胛下角皮褶厚度 /肱三头肌皮褶厚度与血压均存在正相关关系。 [结论 ]单纯性肥胖已明显影响儿童的体质状况 ,已对健康构成危害。     

单纯性肥胖对儿童形态、生理机能和运动能力的影响

【目的】了解单纯性肥胖儿童的生理功能和素质状况,探讨单纯性肥胖对儿童形态机能和运动能力的影响。【方法】随机整群抽取2所小学,在7~12岁的学生中,按身高标准体重并排除病理性肥胖,筛选出肥胖儿童95名作为病例组,按1∶1配对原则,选择体重正常者95名为对照组。以统一方法检测形态指标、生理机能和运动能力指标。【结果】肥胖组的形态指标中,体重、胸围、肱三头肌皮褶厚度(STR)、肩胛下角皮褶厚度、STR均高于对照组;生理机能指标中,肥胖组收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、脉搏均高于对照组,肺活量指数和握力指数低于对照组;运动能力指标中,立定跳远、仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈肥胖组成绩低于对照组,50 m跑、400 m跑(50 m×8往返跑)、25 m×4往返跑所需时间肥胖组多于对照组。【结论】肥胖影响儿童的形态发育、生理机能和体育运动能力,对健康构成危害。     

北京学龄前儿童身体形态指标与身体素质典型相关分析

【目的】 探讨学龄前儿童身体形态指标与身体素质之间的关系。 【方法】 对6 405名学龄前儿童进行身体形态指标(身高、坐高、体重、胸围及皮褶厚度)测量与身体素质(立定跳远、网球掷远、坐位体前屈、10 m往返跑、走平衡木及双脚连续跳)的测试,采用典型相关分析法进行统计分析。 【结果】 选取第一对典型变量进行分析,典型相关系数为0.760(P<0.001)。代表身体形态指标的典型变量为身高、胸围、腹部皮褶厚度及体重,其中身高的作用最大。代表身体素质指标的典型变量为立定跳远、网球掷远及10 m往返跑时间,其中立定跳远的作用最大。身高及胸围指标对身体素质起到积极作用,腹部皮褶厚度及体重对身体素质起到负面影响。 【结论】 学龄前儿童身体形态指标与身体素质指标存在相关性,身高和立定跳远的作用最大。     

重庆市农村不同体型学生的身体机能发育状况

目的　了解重庆市农村不同体型学生的生理功能和素质状况 ,以探讨体型对儿童青少年生理功能和素质发育的影响。方法将 2 1 51名 7～ 1 8岁男女生各年龄组按维尔维克指数分型 ,重点比较粗壮型 (第 1组 )与瘦长型 (第 3组 )肺活量、握力、立定跳远、50m跑、50m× 8往返跑 (7～ 1 2岁男女 )、80 0m跑 (1 3～ 1 8岁女生 )和 1 0 0 0m跑 (1 3～ 1 8岁男生 )的差别。结果　学生的肺活量、握力和立定跳远均值随年龄增加而增大 ,50m跑、50m× 8往返跑、80 0m跑和 1 0 0 0m跑均值随年龄增大而减小 ,各年龄组各项指标皆为男生优于女生 ;同性别、同年龄不同维尔维克指数分型的肺活量和握力均值皆为第 1组 >第 3组 ,各素质指标均值在大多数年龄组也是第 1组优于第 3组。结论　形态指标与生理功能指标和素质指标密切相关。     

营养不良对儿童形态、生理机能和运动能力的影响

目的:探讨营养不良对儿童身体形态、生理机能和运动能力的影响。方法:随机整群抽取2所小学,在7～12岁的男生中按身高标准体重筛选营养不良儿童,以筛查出的营养不良儿童112名为病例组,根据其年龄、性别和年级,选择营养正常儿童112例作为对照组。以统一方法检测形态指标、机能指标和运动素质指标。结果:营养不良组的形态指标中,身高、体重、胸围、皮褶厚度均低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);生理机能指标中,营养不良组肺活量指数、握力指数小于对照组(P<0.01),两组儿童收缩压、舒张压、脉搏差异无显著性(P>0.05);运动素质指标中,营养不良组400m跑所需时间多于对照组(P<0.01),立定跳远、坐位体前屈、仰卧起坐、50m跑、25m×4往返跑两组儿童差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论:营养不良影响儿童形态、机能和运动素质,应积极采取措施预防营养不良的发生。     

京津冀地区不同营养状况中小学生身体素质和生理功能比较

  目的  了解京津冀地区不同营养状况儿童青少年身体素质和生理功能水平及其相关性,为儿童青少年体质健康促进和干预提供参考和帮助。  方法  2019年9—12月,以班级为单位采用分层整群抽样方法,在京津冀地区对4 424名7~18岁中小学生进行营养状况、身体素质和生理功能指标测试。  结果  中小学生消瘦、正常、超重肥胖检出率分别为7.93%,67.36%,24.71%。不同营养状况男生心率、收缩压、舒张压、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、斜身引体/引体向上、立定跳远、50 m跑、1 000 m跑、体能指数水平相比较,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为9.6,55.2,118.6,332.5,122.8,15.6,49.5,47.5,12.6,113.5,P值均＜0.01);不同营养状况女生心率、收缩压、舒张压、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、1 min仰卧起坐、立定跳远、50 m跑、800 m跑、体能指数水平相比较,差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为33.9,24.5,46.5,262.5,102.6,32.5,27.5,33.6,27.6,51.6,P值均＜0.01)。男生体质量指数与收缩压、舒张压、50 m跑、1 000 m跑呈正相关(r值分别为0.27,0.31,0.14,0.16),与心率、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、斜身引体/引体向上、立定跳远、体能指数呈负相关(r值分别为-0.07,-0.62,-0.41,-0.21,-0.35,-0.29)(P值均＜0.05);女生体质量指数与收缩压、舒张压、800 m跑呈正相关(r值分别为0.21,0.27,0.22),与心率、肺活量体重指数、握力体重指数、体能指数呈负相关(r值分别为-0.12,-0.49,-0.32,-0.18)(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  京津冀地区儿童青少年营养状况与身体素质和生理功能存在相关,超重肥胖者身体素质和生理功能较低。应有效控制超重肥胖的发生,以更好促进身体素质和生理功能发展。     

7岁儿童体脂含量与运动素质的关系

目的　研究体脂含量与运动素质的关系。　方法　随机抽取 7岁健康儿童男女各 10 0人 ,测量肱三头肌和肩胛下角部皮脂厚度 ,推算体脂比。测量身高、体质量、血压、肺活量、5 0m跑、立定跳远、斜身引体 (男 )、一分钟仰卧起坐 (女 )、立位体前屈、5 0m× 8往返跑等形态、机能和素质指标。参照《中国学生体质综合评价方法及标准》进行体质综合评价。结果　体脂比与身高、体质量、体质量 /身高指数、血压、肺活量均呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 1) ,男生体脂含量与速度、耐力、下肢爆发力、身体柔韧性素质呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 1) ,女生体脂含量与耐力和身体柔韧性素质呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,体脂含量与男生体质标准分呈显著负相关 (P <0 .0 1)。　结论　体脂含量增加对身体素质发展不利。     

学生血压与形态、机能、素质指标关系的研究

本文分析了湖北省城乡男女学生的血压与身高、体重、体重/身高~3的关系,并采用逐步回归分析方法,研究了学生的血压与身高、坐高、体重、胸围、肩宽、骨盆宽、脉搏、肺活量、50米跑、立定跳远、立位体前屈、仰卧起坐、耐力跑和年龄等14个指标的关系。发现城乡男、女学生的收缩压与舒张压随身高、体重的增加而增长,其幅度远较随年龄而增加的幅度大。收缩压和舒张压与形态指标(身高、体重、胸围等)、脉搏的关系,较血压与年龄及素质指标的关系密切。为此,建议根据不同身高、体重来制定儿童血压标准。     

功能性体能训练对大学男生体质健康水平的影响

探讨功能性体能训练对大学生体质健康的影响,为切实提高大学生体质健康水平提供锻炼方案.方法 将常州工学院土木建筑工程学院2016级全部90名男大学生为研究对象,随机均分为对照组和实验组,在2次/周的90 min体育课上,实验组接受45 min的功能性体能训练,共进行6周;实验前后,对照组和实验组进行肺活量、坐位体前屈、立定跳远、50 m跑、引体向上、1000m测试.结果 经过6周的训练,对照组学生体重、体质量指数(BMI)、50 m跑、立定跳远、肺活量和引体向上6项指标与实验前相比,差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05);实验组体重、BMI 2项指标明显下降,肺活量、50 m跑、立定跳远、1000m跑和引体向上5项指标均有明显的提高,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01),坐位体前屈差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).实验后,实验组各项测试指标除坐位体前屈外均大于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 6周功能性体能训练可以提高大学生体质健康水平,是常规体育课的重要补充手段.     

宁波市中小学生体格与生理功能指标的典则相关分析

探讨中小学生体格成分与身体功能的关系,为制定学生体质干预措施提供参考.方法 利用宁波市3 087名6 ~18岁中小学生2010年全国体质健康调研的部分数据,对年龄、身高、体重、腰围、胸围和臀围等体格成分与立定跳远、50 m跑、握力、坐位体前屈、肺活量等身体功能指标进行典则相关分析.结果 共得到5对典则变量.反映男、女两组典则相关关系主要是第1对典则变量,典则相关系数的贡献率分别达到0.977和0.957(P值均<0.01).对不同性别的典则变量作进一步分析表明,年龄、身高、体重与男生50 m短跑、立定跳远和肺活量关系密切,而与女生肺活量、立定跳远和坐位体前屈关系密切.结论 学生的体格指标与身体功能素质有着密切联系,利用典则相关分析能找出体格变量与功能变量的主要影响因素之间的关系.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.