急性卒中后肺炎对卒中近期预后影响的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨急性卒中后肺炎对卒中近期预后的影响.方法 对上海交通大学附属第六人民医院金山分院神经内科自2008年1月1日至2010年6月30日住院治疗的急性卒中患者进行前瞻性研究观察,比较肺炎组与非肺炎组入院时和入院后21 d神经功能缺损程度(NIHSS)、残障程度(mRS)及日常生活能力(BI),比较2组患者其他并发症发生率、病死率、住院时间及治疗费用.结果 (1)人院后21 d,市炎组NIHSS改善程度明显低于非肺炎组[改善值-(1.04±1.20)vs(1.37±2.48)],但差异无统计学意义(P=0.663);mRS、BI改善程度明显低于非肺炎组[改善值-(0.12±0.33)vs-(0.64±0.82);3.00±6.55 vs 14.70±19.45],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)肺炎组其他并发症发生率、病死率明显高于非肺炎组(80.0%vs19.0%;16.7%vs2.5%),差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(3)肺炎组住院时间明显长于非肺炎组[(35±17)dvs(23±11)d],住院总费用及药物费用均明显高于非肺炎组[(8509±4425)元vs(4867±1648)元;(4089±2709)元vs(2168±795)元],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 急性卒中后肺炎是导致卒中病死率增加、近期临床预后不良、住院时间延长、医疗费用增加的重要因素.

Abstract：

Objective To study the influence of acute post-stroke pneumonia on short-term prognosis of acute stroke. Methods A prospective, observational study of inpatients with acute stroke,admitted to our hospital from January 1, 2008 to June 30, 2010, was carried out. All the selected patients were divided into pneumonia group and non-pneumonia group. Neurological deficit (NIHSS), disability (modified Rankin Scale, mRS) and activity of daily living (Barthel Index, BI) between these 2 groups were compared on the day of admission and the 21st day of admission; the incidence of other complications, the mortality rate, the hospital length of stay (LOS), and the total costs of hospitalization and drugs between these 2 groups were compared. Results The improvement (NIHSS) in pneumonia group (-[1.04±1.20]) was less significant than that in non-pneumonia group (-[1.37±2.48]), but their differences were not statistically significant (P=0.663); the improvement (mRS and BI, respectively) in pneumonia group (-[0.12±0.33], 3.00±6.55) was obviously less significant than that in non-pneumonia group (-[0.64±0.82], 14.70±19.45, P＜0.05). The incidences of other complications and mortality rate in pneumonia group were significantly higher than those in non-pneumonia group (80.0% vs. 19.0%, 16.7%vs. 2.5%, P＜0.05). As compared with those in patients of pneumonia group, patients of non-pneumonia group had shorter LOS[(23±11) d vs. (35±17) d, P＜0.05], less total costs ofhospitalization[(4867±1648)$ vs. (8509±4425)$, P＜0.05] and less drug costs [(2168±795)$ vs. (4089±2709)$, P＜0.05].Conclusion Acute post-stroke pneumonia was an important factor that leads to increased acute stroke mortality rate, poor short-term clinical prognosis, prolonged LOS and increased treatment costs.     

住院卒中患者合并营养不良相关因素分析

目的 观察住院急性卒中患者营养不良发生情况;研究卒中后合并营养不良的相关因素与营养不良的关系。方法 选取连续住院的203例急性卒中患者为研究对象进行横断面研究。以血清前白蛋白水平作为营养学指标,观察其变化趋势。以血清前白蛋白<200mg/L作为营养不良的诊断标准,研究基线资料、主要合并症、神经功能等因素与营养不良的相关性。结果 随着住院时间的延长,不同时间点血清前白蛋白水平有下降趋势（P <0.05）。有110例患者出现营养不良,住院脑卒中患者营养不良发生率为54.2％。随着住院时间的延长合并营养不良的发生率逐渐增加。男性、年龄、合并消化道出血、腹泻、发热、感染、认知功能障碍、卒中后抑郁、美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）、吞咽障碍以及禁食和（或）胃肠减压、胃肠营养等治疗措施与营养不良发生均有相关性（P <0.05）。年龄（OR =1.723,95%CI 2.204～15.498）、卒中后抑郁（OR =4.604,95%CI 1.952～10.860）、NI HSS（OR =1.159,95%CI 1.020～1.316）是卒中患者合并营养不良的独立危险因素。结论 急性卒中住院患者合并营养不良有较高的发生率。随着住院时间的延长,合并营养不良的发生率逐渐增加。年龄、卒中后抑郁、NIHS评分是卒中患者合并营养不良的独立危险因素。     

佛山市急性脑血管病住院患者糖代谢异常调查

目的 调查佛山地区急性脑血管疾病住院患者糖代谢异常的情况,以帮助医生制定更合理的诊断和治疗方案,改善预后.方法 选取2007年6月至2008年4月在我院神经内科住院的符合急性脑血管病诊断纳入标准的患者为研究对象,共收集有效病例557例,记录患者性别、年龄、高血糖史、吸烟情况,测量身高、体重、血压、腰围及随机血糖、空腹血糖,对未确诊糖尿病的患者进行口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)检测空腹和餐后2 h血糖,以判断糖代谢状况.结果 脑血管病住院患者中发现糖代谢异常368例(66.1%),其中糖尿病185例(33.2%),糖调节受损183例(32.9%),正常糖耐量189例(33.9%),若不进行OGTT试验仅依靠空腹血糖,则有89.1%(189/368)的糖调节受损患者和14.1%(26/185)糖尿病患者被漏诊.结论 佛山地区急性脑血管疾病患者大多数合并糖代谢异常,通过OGTY可以及时准确地发现这些合并糖代谢异常的患者,有利于我们下一步制定更合理的治疗方案.     

急性缺血性脑卒中后高血糖患者糖代谢异常的研究

目的 研究并探讨急性缺血性脑卒中后高血糖与糖代谢之间的关系.方法 采用前瞻性观察的办法,对发病72h以内、无糖尿病史、入院后第2天空腹血糖≥6.1mmol/L的68例急性缺血性脑卒中患者,在住院后1周内及出院后3个月随访时进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),以判断糖代谢状况.结果 急性缺血性脑卒中患者急性期新诊断的糖调节受损患者28例(41.18%),糖尿病患者26例(35.29%),总的糖代谢异常54例(76.47%).若不进行OGTT试验,仅依靠检测空腹血糖,将有67.86%糖调节异常患者和58.33%糖尿病患者被漏诊.结论 OGTT与空腹血糖相比,OGTT明显提高糖代谢异常的检出率.大多数急性缺血性脑卒中后高血糖并不单是机体的一种应激反应,而是糖代谢异常的表现.     

成都卒中登记方法及3123例患者基本特征和功能结局

目的 探讨卒中登记方法、了解卒中患者基本特征和功能结局.方法 前瞻性、连续性登记自2002年3月1日起在四川大学华西医院神经内科住院的卒中患者.由统一培训的专科医师填写卒中登记表,登记患者临床特点、住院诊治情况,并随访各时点结局(发病后7d,1、3、6和12个月末的死亡和残疾).结果 纳入自2002年3月1日至2006年8月31日连续性登记的卒中患者共3123例.其中65.5％来自城区,34.5％来自农村.年龄14～98(63.05±17.98)岁,男性占60.3％,住院期间完成头颅CT和(或)MRI者占97％(3028/3123).2002年3月至2004年9月纳入各类卒中患者共1804例.其中缺血性卒中62.1％ (1120/1804),脑出血 28.4％(513/1804),蛛网膜下腔出血4.0％ (72/1804),TIA 5.5％ (99/1804).2004年10月后未纳入蛛网膜下腔出血和TIA患者.入院时中位NIHSS评分脑出血患者8(3 ～ 15)分,脑梗死5(2 ～10)分.糖尿病(OR=2.427,95％ CI1.811 ～3.253,P=0.000)、房颤(OR =6.121,95％ CI3.535 ～ 10.60,P=0.000)、冠心病(OR=4.144,95％ CI2.944～5.832,P=0.000)、TIA史(OR =4.342,95％ CI1.726 ～ 10.92,P=0.001)发生比例脑梗死组高于脑出血组,而饮酒史脑梗死组低于脑出血组(OR=0.740,95％ CI0.611 ～0.896,P=0.002).缺血性卒中患者溶栓占0.9％(20例),抗血小板治疗83.0％,甘露醇23.5％,神经保护剂(胞二磷胆碱)68.1％,中成药89.7％.7d和1个月病死率脑出血组分别为10.7％和13.9％,脑梗死组分别为3.0％和5.2％.3、6及12个月死亡或残疾率脑出血组分别为40.4％、40.3％和38.9％;脑梗死组分别为37.1％、35.0％和33.4％.结论 本研究是国内目前报告的最大样本、最长时间的前瞻性连续性单中心卒中登记项目,提供了深入研究卒中临床特点的重要平台;本组患者病情偏轻,近期病死率及远期病死或残疾率低于国外,中国卒中防治的干预性临床试验设计应注意考虑这些特点.     

急性缺血性卒中后抑郁危险因素的前瞻性队列研究

目的 在前瞻性队列研究中调查卒中单元模式下的缺血性卒中急性期卒中后抑郁（post-strokedepression,PSD）发生的独立危险因素。方法 收集发病14 d内的缺血性卒中患者,收集患者的人口学资料、既往病史、相关临床指标及影像学资料。发病后14 d进行神经功能缺损和心理量表的评定,分为PSD组和非PSD组,比较两组的人口学资料和临床资料差异,分析缺血性卒中急性期卒中后抑郁的危险因素。结果 共有268例患者入组,其中PSD组116例,非PSD组152例。PSD组女性、糖尿病史、性格急躁和内向的患者的比例高于非PSD组;PSD组发病后14 d NIHSS分值高于非PSD组,MMSE低于非PSD组;PSD组梗死病灶累及基底节的比例高于非PSD组;PSD组双侧内侧颞叶、右侧顶叶、双侧枕叶脑萎缩出现率高于非PSD组。女性（P <0.0001,OR 7.064,95%CI 3.334～14.966）、发病14 d NIHSS（P =0.0020,OR 1.158,95%CI 1.055～1.272）是PSD发生的独立危险因素;病前性格随和（P＝0.0264,OR 0.447,95%CI 0.220～0.910）是避免急性期卒中后抑郁发生的保护性因素。结论 女性、发病后14 d的神经功能缺损水平是卒中急性期发生抑郁的独立危险因素,病前性格随和是避免发生PSD的保护性因素。     

卒中危险因素:糖代谢异常的控制

我国是卒中发病率和复发率最高的国家之一。近年来,我们的临床医生逐渐建立起了卒中要防治并重的观念。但如何规范化预防?虽然国内2005年颁布了脑血管病指南,但其已经不能适应目前临床预防工作的需求。2010年初,中国缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南的公布提供了基于国内外循证医学证据并结合了我国国情的的预防推荐,为我国临床医师开展和普及缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作的规范化二级预防提供了标准化的工具。从许多患者仍错误地认为春秋两季输液就能预防卒中,到由医师遵循指南,结合患者的自身情况制定个性化二级预防方案,从而系统的降低危险因素,预防复发,我们还有很长的路要走。在这个过程中,遵循指南是基本原则,但又并不是机械的恪守。正如二级预防指南引言中所说:指南的目的是为临床医师提供参考,并不能用来代替临床思考!。因此我们邀请部分参与编写二级预防指南的专家,进一步解读指南,以帮助临床医师更好地理解和运用这个循证医学中有力的工具。徐安定     

446例急性缺血性脑卒中患者早期持续心电图异常对预后不利影响的多中心前瞻性研究

目的本研究旨在探寻急性缺血性脑卒中患者心电图异常的发生时间与患者不良预后的关系,并分析心电图异常的主要表现方式。方法分别在上海市和武汉市的23家医院神经内科住院患者中,入选发病48 h内的急性脑梗死患者446例。于发病48 h内和第7天分别进行常规12导联心电图检查,以改良Rankin’s评分作为评价指标在出院时与发病第90天对患者的预后进行随访。结果①完全前循环梗死以及持续心电图异常为急性缺血性脑卒中患者近期及发病90d预后不良的独立预测因子。②急性脑梗死患者中有70.1%的患者存在至少1次心电图异常;在发病48 h内和第7天的心电图检查中有45.9%的患者均存在异常。③心电图异常以心肌缺血样改变最为常见,其次为心律失常;心脏功能单表现为T波改变对急性缺血性脑卒中的预后没有评价意义。结论急性缺血性脑卒中发病早期易出现心脏缺血性损伤,偶发单次的心电图异常对预后无明显影响;发病48 h内即开始出现心电图异常并持续1周以上对预后有独立预测价值,其发生预后不良的概率是心电图正常患者的2倍以上。     

社区老年人认知功能变化及其预后的五年前瞻性研究

目的 观察一个社区居住的老年人群体的认知功能随年龄变化的发生和发展速度,以及与预后的关系。方法 在北京市≥６０岁的老年和５５￣５９岁的亚老年人群（在此统称老年人）中抽取一个样本,对其进行前瞻性研究,即分别于１９９２年和５年后检查认知功能。结果 基线调查时２０４７名老年人中有２４１人（１１．８％）认知功能异常。随访发现,认知功能异常者５年死亡率４２．９％,明显高于认知功能正常老人的死亡率（１９．８％     

加拿大阿尔伯塔省卒中策略——急性卒中患者住院医疗指南

卒中患者急性期治疗阶段是治疗的关键时期。卒中医疗的统一的、模式化的方法目的是预防卒中进展、卒中复发、卒中并发症及规范卒中后治疗等。指南采用的证据类别及等级的定义如下：     

609例缺血性卒中住院患者糖调节异常的横断面研究

目的 了解北京地区首发缺血性卒中（first-ever ischemic stroke,FIS）住院患者的糖调节异常（abnormal glucose regulation,AGR）情况;了解口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）在糖调节异常诊断中的重要意义。方法 选取2008年8月至2009年11月在北京天坛医院神经内科住院并连续入组的FIS患者为研究对象,有效病例609例。记录患者的年龄、性别、既往糖尿病（diabetes mellitus,DM）史、血压、各项生化指标及入院时美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表（National Institute of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分及格拉斯哥昏迷量表（Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS）评分等。于患者发病后（14±3）天行口服OGTT检查,了解FIS患者糖代谢异常情况,并采用Kappa一致性检验比较空腹血糖诊断糖调节异常标准与OGTT诊断标准间差异。结果 在609例FIS患者中,既往有明确糖尿病史患者120例,新诊断DM143例,新诊断糖调节受损（impaired glucose regulation,IGR）137例,AGR总患病率为65.7%,其中DM的患病率为43.2%,IGR的患病率为22.5%。如果仅检测空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）,则漏诊122例IGR患者,漏诊率为89.1%,同时会漏诊95例新诊断DM患者,漏诊率为66.4%。在糖调节异常诊断上,以OGTT诊断标准为金标准,将空腹血糖标准与OGTT标准行Kappa检验,得出Kappa值=0.226,P＜0.05,提示两种诊断标准一致性较差。结论 北京地区住院FIS患者大多数合并AGR。但如果仅检测FPG则会漏诊很多AGR患者,故对入院FIS患者行OGTT筛查非常必要。空腹血糖标准不能替代OGTT标准。     

Outcomes of Acute Stroke Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation: Study Protocol for the SPICE Multicenter Prospective Observational Study

Neurocritical Care - Care pathways and long-term outcomes of acute stroke patients requiring mechanical ventilation have not been thoroughly studied. Stroke Prognosis in Intensive Care (SPICE) is a...     

急性缺血性卒中血压调控研究进展

高血压是缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,缺血性卒中患者血压的管理直接影响患者的预后,但目前缺血性卒中急性期的血压管理存在许多争议。本文主要介绍血压管理对缺血性卒中的影响及急性期血压调控的争论,重点探讨国际国内相关研究的结论及今后的研究方向,明确缺血性卒中急性期血压调控对临床的指导意义。     

血糖和脑梗死患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的相关性研究

目的 探讨血糖对脑梗死患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的影响.方法 对172例急性缺血性卒中患者的颈动脉分叉处内膜中层厚度(IMT)和糖尿病史、空腹血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)进行相关性分析,同时分析糖尿病患者的血糖水平和颈动脉IMT的相关性.结果 颈动脉IMT增厚组的年龄(P<0.01)、糖尿病比例(P<0.01)、入院时的空腹血糖(P=0.035)及HbAlc(P=0.051)明显增高,其中,年龄(P=0.023)及糖尿病史(P<0.01)和颈动脉IMT的增厚存在独立相关性.在糖尿病患者中,空腹血糖及HbA1c的增高和颈动脉IMT的增厚无显著相关性(P>0.05).结论 急性缺血性卒中患者中,年龄及糖尿病史为颈动脉IMT增厚的独立危险因素.     

Decannulation and Functional Outcome After Tracheostomy in Patients with Severe Stroke (DECAST): A Prospective Observational Study

Background

Elevated red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been associated with thrombotic disorders including myocardial infarction, venous thromboembolism, and ischemic stroke, independent of other inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine whether elevated RDW is associated with cerebral infarction and poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Methods

In this retrospective single-center cohort of aSAH patients (October 2009–September 2014), elevated RDW was defined as a mean RDW >14.5 % during the first 14 days after aSAH. Outcomes included cerebral infarction (CI) by any mechanism and poor functional outcome, defined as discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS) >4, indicating severe disability or death.

Results

Of 179 patients, 27 % had a high Hunt–Hess grade (IV–V), and 76 % were women. Twenty-four patients (13.4 %) underwent red blood cell (RBC) transfusion and compared to patients with normal RDW, patients with an elevated RDW were at greater odds of RBC transfusion (OR 2.56 [95 % CI, 1.07–6.11], p = 0.035). In univariate analysis, more patients with elevated RDW experienced CI (30.8 vs. 13.7 %, p = 0.017). In the multivariable model, elevated RDW was significantly associated with CI (OR 3.08 [95 % CI, 1.30–7.32], p = 0.011), independent of known confounders including but not limited to age, sex, race, high Hunt–Hess grade, and RBC transfusion. In multivariable analysis, RDW elevation was also associated with poor functional outcome (mRS > 4) at discharge (OR 2.59 [95 % CI, 1.04–629], p = 0.040).

Conclusions

RDW elevation is associated with cerebral infarction and poor outcome after aSAH. Further evaluation of this association is warranted as it may shed light on mechanistic relations between anemia, inflammation, and thrombosis after aSAH.

     

Plasma Levels of miR-125b-5p and miR-206 in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients After Recanalization Treatment: A Prospective Observational Study

Introduction: Multiple microRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the response to hypoxic/ischemic and ischemia-reperfusion events. However, the expression of these miRNAs in circulation from patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) receiving recanalization treatment has not been examined, and whether they are associated with the severity and outcome of stroke is still unknown. Materials and methods: In this prospective cohort study, plasma levels of miR-125b-5p, miR-15a-3p, miR-15a-5p, and miR-206 were measured at 24 hours after thrombolysis with or without endovascular treatment in 94 patients with AIS, as determined by qRT-PCR. Stroke severity was assessed based on National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and infarct lesion. Intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) was recorded. An unfavorable outcome was defined as a modified Rankin Scale score greater than 2 at day 90 after stroke. Results: miR-125b-5p and miR-206 levels were correlated with NIHSS scores (P = .014 and P = .002) and cerebral infarction volumes (P = .025 and P = .030). miR-125b-5p levels were significantly higher in patients with an unfavorable outcome than in patients with a favorable outcome (P = .002) and showed good diagnostic accuracy in discriminating the presence of an unfavorable outcome (area under the curve .735, 95% confidence interval .623-.829, P < .001). No association was found between different miRNAs and ICH. Conclusions: In AIS patients after thrombolysis with or without endovascular treatment, miR-125b-5p is a novel prognostic biomarker highly associated with an unfavorable outcome. miR-125b-5p and miR-206 levels are associated with stroke severity.     

糖调节异常对缺血性卒中患者脑组织毛细血管渗透性和出血转化的影响

目的 观察急性缺血性卒中患者脑缺血组织毛细血管渗透性变化特点,分析糖调节异常对缺血组织 毛细血管渗透性和发生出血转化的影响。 方法 连续入组的急性缺血性卒中患者,收集患者人口学资料、既往病史、临床信息、实验室指标、 影像资料等。采用口服葡萄糖耐量试验（oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT）进行糖调节异常类型的 诊断。对患者进行计算机体层扫描（computer tomography,CT）灌注成像和渗透性表面（permeabili ty surface,PS）彩色图像叠加后处理,评价缺血脑组织的毛细血管渗透性。对患者进行头颅磁共振梯度 回波成像或CT平扫,评价缺血组织发生出血转化情况。采用Logistic回归模型分析糖调节异常对出血 转化（hemorrhagic transformation,HT）的影响。 结果 研究期间共入组420例急性缺血性卒中患者。与糖调节正常患者相比,合并糖尿病的缺血性卒中 患者脑组织低灌注区的毛细血管渗透性显著升高（P =0.006）。发生出血转化的患者缺血组织毛细血管 渗透性较未发生出血转化者有增加趋势（[ 5.79±3.01）ml/（100 m·l min）vs（4.82±3.29）ml/（100 m·l min）, P =0.530]。Logistic回归分析显示,校正混杂因素后,发病（14±3）d空腹血糖升高,是缺血性卒中后 发生出血转化的独立危险因素[比值比（odd ratios,OR）1.448,95%可信区间（confidence interval,CI） 1.017～2.061,P =0.04）]。 结论 合并糖尿病的缺血性卒中患者缺血组织毛细血管渗透性显著升高;糖调节异常可能通过增 加缺血组织毛细血管渗透性,继而增加卒中患者HT的风险。     

Risk of Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke Based on Continuous Glucose Monitoring

BackgroundIn patients with acute ischemic stroke, current guidelines recommend maintaining blood glucose levels in a range of 140-180 mg/dL and closely monitoring to prevent hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL). We aimed to assess glucose variability by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and to demonstrate the risk of acute ischemic stroke patients with glucose levels outside of the glucose management recommendations.MethodsPatients with ischemic stroke admitted within 7 days after onset were prospectively enrolled, and their blood glucose levels were monitored every 15 minutes for 72-hour period using the FreeStyle Libre Pro. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to analyze potential predictors for hyperglycemic (>180 mg/dL) and hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dL) events.ResultsA total of 39 acute ischemic stroke patients (mean age 75.9 ± 11.5 years) were enrolled, and CGM was started from 58.6 ± 41.9 hours after stroke onset. CGM showed hypoglycemic events in 19 patients and hyperglycemic events in 21 patients, and the frequencies of hypo- and hyperglycemic events during CGM were 10.1 ± 15.7% and 11.9 ± 22.5%, respectively. Hypoglycemic events were mainly observed in the night-time in patients with normoglycemia at admission. Logistic regression analyses demonstrated significant associations between the blood glucose level at admission and hypo- and hyperglycemic events on CGM.ConclusionsThis study of CGM found that many stroke patients have blood glucose levels outside the recommended guideline range in the acute phase. Blood glucose level on admission may be used as a predictor for hypo- and hyperglycemic events after admission.     

Aggressive Glucose Control for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients by Insulin Infusion

Background and Purpose

Hyperglycemia after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with poor outcomes. However, there is no consensus as to the optimal method for glycemic control. We designed an insulin infusion protocol for aggressive glucose control and investigated its efficacy and safety.

Methods

We applied our protocol to patients within 48 hours after AIS or transient ischemic attack (TIA) with an initial capillary glucose level of between 100 and 399 mg/dL (5.6-22.2 mmol/L). An insulin solution comprising 40 or 50 U of human regular insulin in 500 mL of 5% dextrose was administered for 24 hours. Capillary glucose was measured every 2 hours and the infusion rate was adjusted according to a nomogram with a target range of 80-129 mg/dL (4.4-7.2 mmol/L). Changes in glucose and overall glucose levels during insulin infusion were analyzed according to the presence of diabetes or admission hyperglycemia (admission glucose >139 mg/dL or 7.7 mmol/L) by the generalized estimating equation method.

Results

The study cohort comprised 115 consecutive patients. Glucose was significantly lowered from 160±57 mg/dL (8.9±3.2 mmol/L) at admission to 93±28 mg/dL (5.2±1.6 mmol/L) during insulin infusion (p<0.05). Laboratory hypoglycemia (capillary glucose <80 mg/dL or 4.4 mmol/L) occurred in 91 (71%) patients, 11 (10%) of whom had symptomatic hypoglycemia. Although glucose levels were significantly lowered and maintained within the target range in all patients, overall glucose levels were significantly higher in patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Our insulin-infusion protocol was effective in glycemic control for patients with AIS or TIA. Further modification is needed to improve the efficacy and safety of this procedure, and tailored intervention should be considered according to glycemic status.     

Hematoma Expansion Predictors: Laboratory and Radiological Risk Factors in Patients with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is considered a devastating neurologic emergency and carried a higher morbidity and mortality rates. Early hematoma expansion (HE) is considered one of the poor prognostic factors after ICH. Consequently, determination of the possible risk factors for HE could be effective in early detection of high-risk patients and hence directing management course aiming to improving ICH outcome.MethodsOne-hundred and thirty-six spontaneous ICH patients were included and prospectively evaluated for the presence of HE. Demographic, laboratory, and certain radiological factors were studied and compared between those with HE and those without, the in-hospital mortality rates were assessed as well.ResultsHE was observed in 30% of the studied cohort, those who developed HE had more neurologic impairment (Glasgow coma scale, median 9; National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, median 34), and higher in-hospital mortality rate (53.6%) than those without HE. HE was related to the presence of higher red blood cell distribution width (RDW), reduced total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C), and Ca levels. Among the radiological factors, hematoma density (heterogeneous), and shape (irregular) are highly related to the occurrence of HE. The computed tomography angiography (CTA) spot sign among patients with ICH was associated with HE development.ConclusionsAbnormal RDW; low cholesterol, LDL, and Ca level; heterogeneous density, irregular shape hemorrhage, and presence of CTA spot sign were associated with the development of HE in the setting of spontaneous ICH.