纳米流体分散稳定性的分子动力学研究初探

纳米流体的制备和分散稳定性是纳米流体研究工作的前提。本文利用平衡分子动力学模拟方法,尝试从微观角度研究纳米流体的分散稳定性。以纳米颗粒Cu在液态CO_2中的分散稳定为算例,通过跟踪每个固体分子和液体分子的位置,分别观察了颗粒周围的液体吸附现象和颗粒的团聚现象。通过改变固液分子间的引力和斥力,观察其对颗粒周围液体分子的密...     

纳米Fe3O4磁性液体稳定性的研究

从理论上解析了磁性颗粒之间的相互作用对纳米磁性液体稳定性的影响 ,指出磁粒半径和浓度 ,表面活性剂的包覆是影响磁液稳定性的重要因素 .采用湿化学共沉淀法制备了纳米Fe3O4 磁性液体 ,经过TEM等手段的表征 ,证明平均粒径为 10nm ,稳定性良好 .实验研究了加料方式、搅拌速度、分散作用、表面活性剂包覆时机、包覆时间和加入量以及pH值诸多工艺因素对磁液稳定性的影响 ,并分析了这些因素的影响机制     

基于动态光散射的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体分散稳定性初探

基于动态光散射法,采用同差探测实现了纳米流体分散体系的粒度测量。对体积分数为0.005%和0.0025%浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体颗粒粒径进行了测量,粒径的实验值的平均偏差分别为1.37%和1.39%,可以满足纳米颗粒粒径的高精度测量要求。两种浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体的平均粒径基本一致,偏差在实验的不确定度以内,且随时间无明显变化,证明了颗粒分散的稳定性,本方法可以用于纳米流体分散稳定性的评价。     

纳米强化氨水发生过程机理分析

提出一种可以直接测试有、无纳米氨水溶液氨气发生量的氨水纳米降膜发生实验装置,通过有、无纳米的氨水溶液对比实验,发现添加合适纳米颗粒能够增加氨气发生率。结合氨水纳米溶液降膜发生过程试验结果,以及前人关于纳米颗粒强化传热传质方面的研究,分别从纳米粒子的微运动、界面效应、Marangoni效应、纳米流体物性等方面进行强化发生机理分析,证明纳米流体的粒子微运动和纳米流体的物性是纳米流体强化氨水降膜发生的两大主要因素。     

γ-Al_2O_3纳米流体导热系数与稳定性影响因素分析

通过两步法制备了不同体积浓度的γ-Al_2O_3纳米流体,并添加不同质量分数的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDS)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为分散剂。分析了温度以及两种表面活性剂对γ-Al_2O_3纳米流体稳定性和导热系数的影响。试验结果表明,非离子型表面活性剂PVP比阴离子表面活性剂SDS具有更好的分散效果。随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,纳米流体的导热系数呈先增加后减小的趋势,适当的粒子浓度与活性剂浓度比例有利于提高纳米流体的导热系数。     

二氧化钛纳米流体的固液相变特性

采用“两步法”制备出不同浓度的TiO2-H2O纳米流体,选用紫外分光光度法对纳米流体的分散稳定性进行了评价,使用差示扫描量热仪对纳米流体以及基液一去离子水的固液相变过程进行了测试。实验结果表明：纳米流体的分散稳定性随着TiO2粒子质量浓度的增大先增强后减弱;添加纳米颗粒可以促进去离子水的异质成核,减小其固液相变过冷度;...     

表面活性剂对气-液界面纳米颗粒吸附规律的影响

通过测定及分析纳米颗粒和表面活性剂-纳米颗粒复配体系在自由吸附过程与动态收缩过程中表面张力的变化,总结了纳米颗粒在气-液界面的吸附排布规律以及表面活性剂对其吸附规律的影响.实验结果表明,自由吸附过程中,随矿化度增加、阳离子活性剂浓度增加,平衡表面张力降低,这与颗粒吸附密度增加及颗粒润湿性改变有关.浓度低于临界胶束浓度(CMC)时,阳离子活性剂体系与混合体系的表面张力差异证明了阳离子活性剂可以通过静电作用吸附于纳米颗粒表面,进而部分溶解于水相;而阴离子活性剂与纳米颗粒相互作用力较弱,对表面张力影响较小.纳米颗粒体系在液滴收缩过程中,表面张力从自由吸附平衡态进一步降低大约9 m N/m,说明自由吸附过程中纳米颗粒不能达到紧密排布;同时表面张力呈现为缓慢降低、快速降低和达到平衡三部分,表面压缩模量可达70 m N/m,满足了液膜Gibbs稳定准则,这将有助于提高泡沫或者乳液稳定性.纳米颗粒-表面活性剂体系在液滴收缩过程中表面张力降低值随活性剂浓度增加而减小;表面压缩模量由高到低依次为:纳米颗粒>阳离子活性剂-纳米颗粒>阴离子-纳米颗粒>表面活性剂.     

散射效应强化纳米颗粒悬浮液太阳能吸收性能

本文基于有限元法-蒙特卡洛法研究了散射效应对纳米流体太阳能吸收性能的影响。结果表明,在一定范围内增强纳米流体的散射能力可以提高纳米流体的太阳吸收效率。此外,将具有强散射能力的TiO₂纳米颗粒分散到Au纳米流体中,通过调控TiO₂纳米颗粒的体积分数(f_v-TiO₂),在考虑纳米流体稳定性的同时,可以提高混合纳米流体的太阳能吸收效率。当f_v-TiO₂=0.05%时,混合纳米流体的太阳吸收效率提高了16.6%(f_v-Au=0.0005%,厚度d=5.0 cm)。对于强散射的纳米流体,增大d,可以进一步提高混合纳米流体的太阳能吸收效率。当d=5.0 cm时,混合纳米流体的太阳吸收效率为78.7%,比d=1.0 cm时高35.7%(f_v-Au=0.0005%,f_v-TiO₂=0.05%)。     

纳米颗粒聚集形态对纳米流体导热系数的影响

纳米流体中悬浮的纳米颗粒可以增强其导热性能已经得到广泛认可,然而纳米流体颗粒增强传热的机理目前尚不清楚.研究表明,纳米颗粒的聚集是纳米流体导热系数增大的重要机制,而且纳米颗粒聚集的形态对纳米流体的导热系数有重要影响,但是目前的导热系数模型大多是建立在Maxwell有效介质理论的"静态"和"均匀分散"假设基础上.本文用平衡分子动力学模拟Cu-Ar纳米流体,采用Green-Kubo公式计算导热系数,采用Schmidt-Ott关系式计算不同聚集形态下的分形维数.对比导热系数与分形维数可以发现:在相同体积分数下,较低的分形维数会有更高的导热系数,分析了分形维数与导热系数的定量关系.此外,通过径向分布函数可以看出纳米颗粒紧密聚集与松散聚集的差异,基液分子在纳米颗粒附近的纳米薄层中处于动态平衡状态.研究结果有助于理解纳米颗粒聚集形态对导热系数的影响机理.     

纳米颗粒在制冷剂中的分散特性研究

本文利用沉降观察法和分光光度计吸收测量法,实验研究了纳米颗粒在制冷剂中的分散特性.结果表明:纳米颗粒属性和制冷剂属性对分散稳定性影响较大,制冷剂的极性和介电常数是主要的影响因素.     

电加热结构内纳米流体稳定性实验研究

实验以比例为4:6的乙二醇水溶液(EGW)为基液,采用两步法制备了质量分数为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的Cu-EGW、Al₂O₃-EGW和Fe₃O₄-EGW纳米流体。通过分段加热测试,对比分析了三种纳米流体在电加热结构中的加热效果,并研究了Cu-EGW纳米流体的热稳定性。实验结果表明,在三种纳米流体中Cu-EGW纳米流体获得了最优的加热效果;在30天后再次测试发现以Cu-EGW纳米流体作为加热工质时,中间翅片上部平均温度降低了7.4%,被加热环境平均温度降低了3.8%。     

Optimization of ultrasonication period for better dispersion and stability of TiO2–water nanofluid

Nanofluids are promising in many fields, including engineering and medicine. Stability deterioration may be a critical constraint for potential applications of nanofluids. Proper ultrasonication can improve the stability, and possibility of the safe use of nanofluids in different applications. In this study, stability properties of TiO₂–H₂O nanofluid for varying ultrasonication durations were tested. The nanofluids were prepared through two-step method; and electron microscopies, with particle size distribution and zeta potential analyses were conducted for the evaluation of their stability. Results showed the positive impact of ultrasonication on nanofluid dispersion properties up to some extent. Ultrasonication longer than 150 min resulted in re-agglomeration of nanoparticles. Therefore, ultrasonication for 150 min was the optimum period yielding highest stability. A regression analysis was also done in order to relate the average cluster size and ultrasonication time to zeta potential. It can be concluded that performing analytical imaging and colloidal property evaluation during and after the sample preparation leads to reliable insights.     

Influence of container material on the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids

The average and local thermal conductivity measurements of water-based Ag-nanofluid held in polypropylene and metallic containers using transient hot-wire method revealed a new phenomenon. The local thermal conductivity of water-based Ag nanofluid measured at different locations of containers was found to depend strongly upon the metallic container, but not on the polypropylene container. Similar observations have been found in water-based NiAl nanofluid, but not in water-based Al₂O₃ nanofluid. In contrast, this phenomenon was not observed for ethylene glycol-based Ag nanofluid, possibly due to the insignificant charge on the container wall, which partly explains the diversity in thermal conductivity by different researchers.     

Flow and heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid past a permeable moving surface

A steady flow and heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid past a permeable moving surface is investigated. In this study, 0.1 solid volume fraction of alumina (Al₂O₃) is fixed, then consequently, various solid volume fractions of copper (Cu) are added into the mixture with water as the base fluid to form Cu-Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid. The similarity equations are obtained by converting the governing equations of the hybrid nanofluid using the technique of similarity transformation. The bvp4c function available in Matlab software is used to solve the similarity equations numerically. The numerical results are obtained for selected parameters and discussed in detail. It is found that hybrid nanofluid enhances the heat transfer rate compared to the regular nanofluid. The results show that two solutions exist up to a certain value of the moving parameter and suction strengths. The critical value in which the solution is in existence decreases as nanoparticle volume fractions increase. The temporal stability analysis is conducted in determining the stability of the dual solutions, and it is revealed that only one of them is stable and physically reliable.     

Heat generation/absorption effect on MHD flow of hybrid nanofluid over bidirectional exponential stretching/shrinking sheet

The idea of hybrid nanofluid has triggered many researchers because of its credential in improving the thermal characteristics. Hence, this study performed a mathematical analysis to evaluate the heat generation/absorption effect on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow towards bidirectional exponential stretching/shrinking sheet of hybrid nanofluid. A system of ordinary differential equations was attained through a simplification of governing partial differential equations by employing appropriate similarity transformation and numerically determined via the bvp4c function in MATLAB programming system. The results revealed that the volume fraction of nanoparticle and magnetic parameter applied to the hybrid nanofluid improved the skin friction coefficient in the current work. The rate of heat transfer was strengthened by the intensity of the suction parameter, whereas the appearance of heat generation reduced the heat transfer rate performance. The results are proven to have dual solutions and lead to stability analysis implementation, hence confirming the first solution's achievability.     

纳米流体在热管中应用的研究进展

随着纳米流体用于换热器的强化换热,纳米流体热管换热器的研究逐步扩展到各个领域,从航天到化工,从电子到能源。纳米流体热管由于表面温度低,较高的传热系数和较小的热阻,受到了广泛的关注。文中总结了纳米流体热管国内外的最新研究进展。     

利用格子Boltzmann方法模拟矩形腔内纳米流体Raleigh-Benard对流

利用格 子 Boltzmann方法模拟矩形腔内纳米流体Rayleigh-Benard对流, 得到温度场和流线分布, 比较分析不同Ra数、体积分数、粒径下纳米流体对流换热的变化情况. 结果表明: 在相同的Ra 数和体积分数下, 纳米流体的对流换热随着粒径的增大而减弱; 在相同的Ra数和粒径下, 纳米流体的对流换热随着体积分数增大而增强. 关键词： 纳米流体 Raleigh-Benard 多相流 格子Boltzmann方法     

How the dispersion of magnesium oxide nanoparticles effects on the viscosity of water-ethylene glycol mixture: Experimental evaluation and correlation development

In this paper, the effect of dispersion of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on viscosity of a mixture of water and ethylene glycol (50–50% vol.) was examined experimentally. Experiments were performed for various nanofluid samples at different temperatures and shear rates. Measurements revealed that the nanofluid samples with volume fractions of less than 1.5% had Newtonian behavior, while the sample with volume fraction of 3% showed non-Newtonian behavior. Results showed that the viscosity of nanofluids enhanced with increasing nanoparticles volume fraction and decreasing temperature. Results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the viscosity sensitivity of nanofluid samples to temperature at higher volume fractions is more than that of at lower volume fractions. Finally, because of the inability of the existing model to predict the viscosity of MgO/EG-water nanofluid, an experimental correlation has been proposed for predicting the viscosity of the nanofluid.     

Experimental comparison of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate surfactants on thermal performance of TiO2–deionized water nanofluid in a thermosiphon

This study investigates how TiO₂/deionized water nanofluids affect the thermal performance of a two-phase closed thermosiphon (TPCT) at various states of operation, according to the surfactant types. A straight copper tube with an inner diameter of 13 mm, outer diameter of 15 mm, and length of 1 m was used as the TPCT, i.e., heat pipe. The nanofluid utilizing in experiments was prepared by mixing the TiO₂ nano-particles at the rate of 1.3% and a surfactant at the rate of 0.5% with deionized water. The surfactants used for lowering the surface tension give rise to prevent the flocculation in nanofluids. In order to see the influences of the surfactants on the nanofluid properties, two types surfactants, Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were selected as nonionic and ionic surfactants and used in this study. The nanofluid was charged with in the ratio of 33.3% (equals to 44.2 ml) of the volume of the TPCT. To be able to make experimental comparisons, three different working fluids prepared under the same conditions in the same heat pipe were tested at three different heating powers (200, 300, and 400W) and three different coolant water flow rates (5, 7.5, and 10 g/s). The experiments were conducted for both TiO₂ and Triton X 100–deionized water nanofluid and TiO₂ and SDBS–deionized water nanofluid. The findings obtained from the tests were also compared to each other for showing off to what extent a surfactant affects the nanofluid properties. The maximum improvement in the thermal resistance was achieved by 43.26% in the experiment realized at 200 W input power and 7.5 g/s cooling water mass flow rate, in which the working fluid is TiO₂ and SDBS–deionized water nanofluid.     

ZnO纳米流体对氨水降膜吸收影响的实验研究

通过配制不同浓度ZnO纳米流体的氨水溶液,研究了ZnO纳米流体氨溶液在降膜吸收器内定初始压力条件下对氨气的吸收效果。结果表明:不同浓度的纳米流体体现出对氨水降膜吸收强化的效果有所不同,随着ZnO纳米流体浓度的增大,对氨水降膜吸收的强化影响先增大后减小,且在浓度为0.1wt%时强化效果最佳。从实验还可看出,氨水基液浓度的增加使氨气的吸收量逐渐减小,但纳米流体的添加均可使吸收量得到不同程度的提高,纳米流体的加入,还可放缓由于氨水基液浓度增高引起的吸收速率降低的速度,且强化吸收的最佳纳米流体浓度不随氨水基液浓度的改变而改变。